{"id":21815,"date":"2024-03-07T18:14:26","date_gmt":"2024-03-07T18:14:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/jedna-fotografie-mnoho-osudu"},"modified":"2024-03-07T18:14:26","modified_gmt":"2024-03-07T18:14:26","slug":"jedna-fotografie-mnoho-osudu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cs\/jedna-fotografie-mnoho-osudu","title":{"rendered":"Jedna fotografie, mnoho osud\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>V roce 2011 jsem vydal 624str\u00e1nkovou knihu o islandsk\u00e9m komunistick\u00e9m hnut\u00ed. Nebylo m\u00fdm p\u016fvodn\u00edm z\u00e1m\u011brem napsat takovou knihu. M\u016fj b\u00fdval\u00fd u\u010ditel, profesor historie Thor Whitehead, se zab\u00fdval islandsk\u00fdm komunismem a j\u00e1 si nedok\u00e1zal p\u0159edstavit nikoho, kdo by pro to m\u011bl v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed kvalifikaci. V letech 2008-2009 jsem v\u0161ak p\u0159elo\u017eil <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/THEBLACKBOOKOFCOMMUNISM_201802\"><br \/>\n  <em>\u010cernou knihu komunismu<\/em><br \/>\n<\/a> do island\u0161tiny, v\u0161ech 828 stran. Toto monument\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u00edlo vy\u0161lo poprv\u00e9 ve Francii v roce 1997 pod redakc\u00ed profesora St\u00e9phana Courtoise, a to s vyu\u017eit\u00edm mnoha materi\u00e1l\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly k dispozici po p\u00e1du komunismu ve st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b a v Rusku. V mnoha p\u0159ekladech <em>\u010cern\u00e9 knihy<\/em> byly p\u0159\u00edlohy o m\u00edstn\u00edch komunistech a jejich spojen\u00ed s mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm hnut\u00edm. Cht\u011bl jsem takovou p\u0159\u00edlohu p\u0159idat ke sv\u00e9mu p\u0159ekladu, mo\u017en\u00e1 50-100 stran. Brzy jsem v\u0161ak zjistil, \u017ee mnoho ot\u00e1zek t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se islandsk\u00e9ho komunistick\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed nebylo dostate\u010dn\u011b prozkoum\u00e1no, tak\u017ee jsem se musel pustit do nez\u00e1visl\u00e9ho studia. Whiteheadovy dv\u011b knihy na toto t\u00e9ma byly vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed, ale bylo t\u0159eba ud\u011blat je\u0161t\u011b mnoho pr\u00e1ce. V\u00fdsledkem byla moje kniha, <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=PrReEAAAQBAJ\">z<\/a> n\u00ed\u017e jsem vydal i <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=PrReEAAAQBAJ\">v\u00fdtah v angli\u010dtin\u011b<\/a> (2021).<\/p>\n<h3>Island\u0161t\u00ed deleg\u00e1ti<\/h3>\n<p>P\u0159i sv\u00e9m archivn\u00edm b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed v Islandsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed knihovn\u011b jsem narazil na historickou fotografii, pohled do evropsk\u00fdch d\u011bjin, kterou bych r\u00e1d reprodukoval (naho\u0159e) a o kter\u00e9 zde pojedn\u00e1v\u00e1m. Uk\u00e1zal 21 mlad\u00fdch deleg\u00e1t\u016f na II. kongresu Komunistick\u00e9 internacion\u00e1ly (Kominterny) v Moskv\u011b v l\u00e9t\u011b 1920. Byli tak\u00e9 deleg\u00e1ty sjezdu Komunistick\u00e9 internacion\u00e1ly mlad\u00fdch, kter\u00fd se konal ve stejn\u00e9 dob\u011b. Tato fotografie byla publikov\u00e1na v n\u011bkolika knih\u00e1ch, ale pouze u sedmi z 21 identifikovan\u00fdch osob. Pova\u017eoval jsem to za v\u00fdzvu zjistit, kdo dal\u0161\u00ed byl na t\u00e9to fotografii a co se s n\u00edm stalo. Historie nen\u00ed jen o \u010d\u00edslech. Je tak\u00e9 o jednotlivc\u00edch a jejich osudech ve sv\u011bt\u011b, kde je n\u011bkdy nutn\u00e9 u\u010dinit tragick\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed.<\/p><div class='related_content'><span>RELATED<\/span><ul><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cs\/eu-spousti-uplny-system-vstupu-vystupu-digitalni-revize-hranicnich-kontrol'>EU spou\u0161t\u00ed \u00fapln\u00fd syst\u00e9m vstupu\/v\u00fdstupu: Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed revize hrani\u010dn\u00edch kontrol<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cs\/energie-geopolitika-a-zavislosti-odlozeni-zakazu-ruske-ropy-ze-strany-evropy'>Energie, geopolitika a z\u00e1vislosti: Odlo\u017een\u00ed z\u00e1kazu rusk\u00e9 ropy ze strany Evropy<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cs\/rozsireni-pod-palbou-ukrajinske-dilema-evropy-po-ctyrech-letech-valky'>Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed pod palbou: ukrajinsk\u00e9 dilema Evropy po \u010dty\u0159ech letech v\u00e1lky<\/li><\/a><\/ul><\/div>\n<p>Dv\u011b identifikace se uk\u00e1zaly jako snadn\u00e9. Dva deleg\u00e1ti stoj\u00edc\u00ed v prav\u00e9m horn\u00edm rohu byli Islan\u010fan\u00e9 na kongresu Kominterny, Brynjolfur Bjarnason (prvn\u00ed zprava) a Hendrik S. Ottosson (druh\u00fd zprava). Jako studenti v Kodani se v letech 1918-1919 stali komunisty a od sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho agenta ve Skandin\u00e1vii obdr\u017eeli finan\u010dn\u00ed pomoc na \u00fa\u010dast na kongresu v Moskv\u011b. Brynjolfur Bjarnason (1898-1989) byl pozd\u011bji prvn\u00edm a jedin\u00fdm p\u0159edsedou Komunistick\u00e9 strany Islandu, kter\u00e1 p\u016fsobila v letech 1930-1938 jako pobo\u010dka Kominterny. Pot\u00e9 se stal vedouc\u00edm \u010dlenem Strany socialistick\u00e9 jednoty a v letech 1944-1947 dokonce ministrem vl\u00e1dy. Po cel\u00fd \u017eivot z\u016fstal p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00fdm stalinistou. V roce 1948 uplynulo t\u0159icet let od doby, kdy se sv\u00fdmi spolu\u017e\u00e1ky z presti\u017en\u00edho gymn\u00e1zia v Reykjav\u00edku maturoval. Bylo napl\u00e1nov\u00e1no setk\u00e1n\u00ed. Jeden z organiz\u00e1tor\u016f ho kontaktoval a zeptal se ho, zda se z\u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed. &#8222;Jak bych se mohl z\u00fa\u010dastnit ve\u010d\u00edrku,&#8220; op\u00e1\u010dil Brynjolfur, &#8222;kde nakonec budu muset nechat n\u011bkter\u00e9 hosty zast\u0159elit?&#8220; Kdy\u017e se v roce 1970 v Moskv\u011b slavilo Leninovo 100. v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed, byl Brynjolfur pozv\u00e1n jako jeden z m\u00e1la \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed se s Leninem setkali. (V roce 1920 si vyslechl n\u011bkolik jeho projev\u016f, ale ve skute\u010dnosti s n\u00edm nemluvil.)<\/p>\n<p>Hendrik S. Ottosson (1897-1966) se stal zahrani\u010dn\u00edm report\u00e9rem islandsk\u00e9ho rozhlasu. V roce 1934 byl kr\u00e1tce vylou\u010den z komunistick\u00e9 strany za &#8222;oportunismus&#8220;, ale brzy byl op\u011bt p\u0159ijat. Kdy\u017e Lenin v roce 1920 v Moskv\u011b p\u0159ednesl zpr\u00e1vu V\u00fdkonn\u00e9mu v\u00fdboru Kominterny, poznamenal, \u017ee v\u0161ichni v\u011bd\u00ed o strategick\u00e9m v\u00fdznamu Islandu v nov\u00e9 \u00e9\u0159e letadel a ponorek. To byla jist\u011b pravda: Britov\u00e9 na ja\u0159e 1940 urychlen\u011b obsadili Island a v roce 1941 p\u0159evzaly Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty obranu Islandu, kter\u00fd m\u011bl hr\u00e1t kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli p\u0159i dod\u00e1vk\u00e1ch zbran\u00ed a zbo\u017e\u00ed z Ameriky do Evropy, v neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b do Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu.Island byl d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd i v dob\u011b studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. Cestu do Moskvy v roce 1920 Hendrik barvit\u011b popsal v knize vydan\u00e9 v roce 1948.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0160\u00e9f rud\u00e9 propagandy<\/h3>\n<p>K identifikaci dal\u0161\u00edch osob na t\u00e9to historick\u00e9 fotografii, kter\u00e1 byla oti\u0161t\u011bna v knize Williho M\u00fcnzenberga <em>Die dritte Front<\/em> z roku 1930, jsem pou\u017eil n\u011bkolik zdroj\u016f. Sedm osob uveden\u00fdch v t\u00e9to knize sed\u00ed v prvn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b zleva: Walter Loewenheim, N\u011bmecko, Maria Leitnerov\u00e1, Ma\u010farsko, Lazar \u0160atskin, Rusko, Oskar Samuelsson, \u0160v\u00e9dsko, Luigi Polano, It\u00e1lie, Willi M\u00fcnzenberg, N\u011bmecko, a Max Barthel, N\u011bmecko. Mysl\u00edm, \u017ee v prvn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b hned za t\u011bmito sedmi sed\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed dva lid\u00e9: Ruth Fischerov\u00e1, N\u011bmecko, a Raymond Lefebvre, Francie.<\/p>\n<p>Ze v\u0161ech t\u011bchto osobnost\u00ed byl \u0161est\u00fd zleva, <a href=\"https:\/\/newcriterion.com\/issues\/1993\/11\/lying-for-the-truth-manzenberg-and-the-comintern\">Willi M\u00fcnzenberg<\/a> (1889-1940), bezpochyby nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Prvn\u00ed sv\u011btovou v\u00e1lku str\u00e1vil ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku, kde se sezn\u00e1mil s v\u016fdcem rusk\u00fdch bol\u0161evik\u016f Vladim\u00edrem Leninem. V letech 1919-1920 st\u00e1l M\u00fcnzenberg v \u010dele Mlad\u00e9 komunistick\u00e9 internacion\u00e1ly, pot\u00e9 se stal ne\u00fanavn\u00fdm a velmi \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdm \u0161\u00e9fem propagandy Komunistick\u00e9 strany N\u011bmecka, vynikal ve sh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed pen\u011bz pro v\u011bc a \u0159\u00eddil komunistick\u00e9 frontov\u00e9 organizace, jako byly P\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu a Liga proti imperialismu. V N\u011bmecku ovl\u00e1dal levicov\u00e9 medi\u00e1ln\u00ed imp\u00e9rium a n\u011bkdy se mu \u0159\u00edkalo <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/yale-scholarship-online\/book\/22358\">&#8222;rud\u00fd milion\u00e1\u0159<\/a>&#8222;. \u0158\u00edk\u00e1 se, \u017ee Joseph Goebbels se z jeho taktiky hodn\u011b nau\u010dil.<\/p>\n<p>Po Hitlerov\u011b p\u0159evzet\u00ed moci p\u0159esunul M\u00fcnzenberg sv\u00e9 aktivity do Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ee. Spolupracoval zde s anglo-ma\u010farsk\u00fdm spisovatelem Arthurem Koestlerem, kter\u00fd ho barvit\u011b popsal v knize <em>The God That Failed (B\u016fh, kter\u00fd selhal<\/em>), sb\u00edrce esej\u016f b\u00fdval\u00fdch zklaman\u00fdch komunist\u016f a souputn\u00edk\u016f z roku 1949. V d\u016fsledku \u010distek v Sov\u011btsk\u00e9m svazu se M\u00fcnzenberg nepohodl se Stalinem a byl vylou\u010den z komunistick\u00e9 strany. V roce 1939 se postavil proti paktu o ne\u00fato\u010den\u00ed mezi Hitlerem a Stalinem a v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei vyd\u00e1val nez\u00e1visl\u00fd levicov\u00fd \u010dasopis <em>Die Zukunft (Budoucnost <\/em>), do n\u011bho\u017e p\u0159isp\u00edvala \u0159ada zn\u00e1m\u00fdch spisovatel\u016f. Kdy\u017e nacist\u00e9 v roce 1940 napadli Francii, byl francouzskou vl\u00e1dou internov\u00e1n. Z interna\u010dn\u00edho t\u00e1bora se mu poda\u0159ilo uprchnout, ale v l\u00e9t\u011b 1940 byl zavra\u017ed\u011bn, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b na Stalin\u016fv rozkaz, v lese na jihu Francie. O M\u00fcnzenbergovi bylo naps\u00e1no mnoho knih a v rom\u00e1nu Christophera Isherwooda <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/in.ernet.dli.2015.182637\">Pan <em>Norris m\u011bn\u00ed vlaky<\/em><\/a> se kr\u00e1tce objevuje jako &#8222;Ludwig Bayer&#8220;. (Mo\u017en\u00e1 to neislandsk\u00fdm \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016fm mnoho ne\u0159ekne, ale islandsk\u00fd nositel Nobelovy ceny za literaturu Halldor K. Laxness ve sv\u00fdch pam\u011btech <em>Skaldatimi<\/em> (B\u00e1sn\u00edk\u016fv \u010das) popisuje M\u00fcnzenberga tak\u00e9 velmi podobn\u011b jako Koestler a Isherwood. M\u00fcnzenberg z\u00edskal pro Laxnesse pozv\u00e1n\u00ed k n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bv\u011b Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu v roce 1932.)<\/p>\n<h3>Sv\u011btov\u00e9 d\u011bjiny nejsou pot\u0159eba<\/h3>\n<p>V roce 1920 bylo t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 p\u0159edv\u00eddat, co se stane s mlad\u00fdmi lidmi, kte\u0159\u00ed sed\u011bli s M\u00fcnzenbergem v prvn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b. Walter Loewenheim (1896-1977) m\u011bl na sjezdu v Moskv\u011b p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost mluvit s Leninem, kter\u00fd mu na map\u011b uk\u00e1zal, jak Rud\u00e1 arm\u00e1da postupuje do Polska. Lenin v\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee jakmile arm\u00e1da p\u0159ekro\u010d\u00ed hranice V\u00fdchodn\u00edho Pruska, n\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed d\u011bln\u00edci ji uv\u00edtaj\u00ed. Roz\u010d\u00edlilo ho, kdy\u017e vid\u011bl, \u017ee Loewenheim a dal\u0161\u00ed dva N\u011bmci, kte\u0159\u00ed ho doprov\u00e1zeli, o tom pochybuj\u00ed. Kdy\u017e ru\u0161t\u00ed voj\u00e1ci p\u0159ekro\u010dili hranice, byli okam\u017eit\u011b a bez boje internov\u00e1ni. V roce 1927 Loewenheim vystoupil z Komunistick\u00e9 strany N\u011bmecka a stal se soci\u00e1ln\u00edm demokratem. V nacistick\u00e9m N\u011bmecku byl \u010dlenem tajn\u00e9 disidentsk\u00e9 skupiny, ale v roce 1935 uprchl p\u0159es \u010ceskoslovensko do Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie. Tam si \u0159\u00edkal Walter Lowe, vedl se sv\u00fdm bratrem stroj\u00edrenskou firmu a stal se antikomunistou. (Je pon\u011bkud matouc\u00ed, \u017ee v knize z roku 1930, kde byla fotografie oti\u0161t\u011bna, a v online n\u011bmeck\u00e9m Bundesarchivu, BildY 10-775-1274-69, je jeho jm\u00e9no ps\u00e1no L\u00f6wenhain.)<\/p>\n<p>Maria Leitnerov\u00e1 (1892-1942) byla ma\u010farsk\u00e1 \u017didovka, kter\u00e1 ve 20. letech 20. stolet\u00ed pracovala jako novin\u00e1\u0159ka a spisovatelka v N\u011bmecku a vydala knihy o sv\u00fdch cest\u00e1ch <em>Hotel Amerika<\/em> (1930) a <em>Eine Frau reist durch die Welt<\/em> (\u017dena cestuje <em>sv\u011btem<\/em>, 1932). Ve 30. letech 20. stolet\u00ed, po Hitlerov\u011b p\u0159evzet\u00ed moci, se musela p\u0159est\u011bhovat do Francie, kde sotva p\u0159e\u017eila. V roce 1940 byla internov\u00e1na, ale poda\u0159ilo se j\u00ed uprchnout a skr\u00fdvala se na jihu Francie, kde zmizela. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b zem\u0159ela hladem a nemoc\u00ed v Marseille v roce 1942.<\/p>\n<p>Lazar Shatskin (1902-1937) poch\u00e1zel z polsk\u00e9 \u017eidovsk\u00e9 rodiny. Ve 20. letech p\u016fsobil v Rusku jako organiz\u00e1tor ml\u00e1de\u017ee, ale dostal se do sporu se Stalinem a v roce 1937 byl zast\u0159elen, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ve sklep\u011b nechvaln\u011b proslul\u00e9 moskevsk\u00e9 v\u011bznice Lubjanka.<\/p>\n<p>Oskar Samuelsson (1885-1947) p\u016fsobil v Komunistick\u00e9 stran\u011b \u0160v\u00e9dska, ale v roce 1929 byl vylou\u010den a stal se antistalinistou. Z\u016fstal v\u0161ak levicov\u011b orientovan\u00fd a n\u011bjakou dobu byl \u010dlenem stockholmsk\u00e9 m\u011bstsk\u00e9 rady, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se \u017eivil jako poji\u0161\u0165ovac\u00ed agent.<\/p>\n<p>Luigi Polano (1897-1984) poch\u00e1zel ze Sardinie a byl jedn\u00edm ze zakladatel\u016f Komunistick\u00e9 strany It\u00e1lie v roce 1921. Za fa\u0161ismu byl n\u011bjakou dobu v\u011bzn\u011bn, pot\u00e9 emigroval do Moskvy a plnil r\u016fzn\u00e9 tajn\u00e9 \u00fakoly pro Komunistickou internacion\u00e1lu, Kominternu. P\u0159e\u017eil Stalinovy \u010distky a v roce 1945 se vr\u00e1til do It\u00e1lie, kde se stal poslancem a pozd\u011bji sen\u00e1torem za Komunistickou stranu Sardinie.<\/p>\n<p>Max Barthel (1893-1975) byl b\u00e1sn\u00edk a prozaik, kter\u00fd ve 20. letech 20. stolet\u00ed vystoupil z komunistick\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed a ve 30. letech se stal sympatizantem nacismu. Na konci druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky se ocitl v sov\u011btsk\u00e9 okupa\u010dn\u00ed z\u00f3n\u011b a byl posl\u00e1n do pracovn\u00edho t\u00e1bora, ale v roce 1948 uprchl do z\u00e1padn\u00edho N\u011bmecka. Svou autobiografii napsal pod v\u00fdmluvn\u00fdm n\u00e1zvem <em>Kein Bedarf an Weltgeschichte<\/em> (Nen\u00ed t\u0159eba <em>sv\u011btov\u00fdch d\u011bjin<\/em> ). Po zbytek \u017eivota se \u017eivil novina\u0159inou a psan\u00edm knih pro d\u011bti.<\/p>\n<h3>Sv\u011bdectv\u00ed proti komunist\u016fm<\/h3>\n<p>Ruth Fischerov\u00e1 (1895-1981) se dostala z jednoho extr\u00e9mu do druh\u00e9ho. Narodila se jako Elfriede Eislerov\u00e1 a jej\u00ed dva brat\u0159i, skladatel Hanns Eisler a novin\u00e1\u0159 Gerhart Eisler, se stali zn\u00e1m\u00fdmi komunisty. V roce 1918 byla zakl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dlenkou Komunistick\u00e9 strany Rakouska, ale p\u0159est\u011bhovala se do N\u011bmecka a stala se jednou z v\u016fd\u010d\u00edch osobnost\u00ed tamn\u00ed komunistick\u00e9 strany. Po intenzivn\u00edch boj\u00edch o moc ve stran\u011b byla spolu se sv\u00fdm milencem Arkadijem Maslowem v roce 1926 vylou\u010dena, na\u010de\u017e vytvo\u0159ili radik\u00e1ln\u00ed od\u0161t\u011bpeneckou skupinu. Kdy\u017e Hitler p\u0159evzal moc, uprchla s Maslowem do Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ee a v roce 1940 p\u0159es ji\u017en\u00ed Francii do \u0160pan\u011blska a Portugalska a odtud na Kubu, kde Maslow n\u00e1hle zem\u0159el, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b zavra\u017ed\u011bn sov\u011btsk\u00fdmi agenty. Fischerov\u00e1 ode\u0161la do Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, kde se proslavila jako zaryt\u00e1 antistalinistka. Oba jej\u00ed brat\u0159i tehdy \u017eili v Americe a v roce 1947 proti nim sv\u011bd\u010dila p\u0159ed V\u00fdborem pro neamerickou \u010dinnost Sn\u011bmovny reprezentant\u016f, tak\u017ee Gerhart byl kr\u00e1tce uv\u011bzn\u011bn a Hanns vyho\u0161t\u011bn ze Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. Oba brat\u0159i Eislerov\u00e9 se pozd\u011bji stali prominenty ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edm N\u011bmecku. Ruth pracovala pro americkou rozv\u011bdku (pod kryc\u00edm jm\u00e9nem &#8222;Alice Millerov\u00e1&#8220;), zat\u00edmco jej\u00ed bratr Gerhart byl sov\u011btsk\u00fdm agentem. Ruth Fischerov\u00e1 \u017eila v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei od roku 1955 a\u017e do sv\u00e9 smrti s ambivalentn\u00edm vztahem k Americe. Napsala n\u011bkolik knih o stalinismu, nebo sp\u00ed\u0161e proti n\u011bmu.<\/p>\n<p>Raymond Lefebvre (1891-1920) vydal antimilitaristick\u00fd rom\u00e1n o prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce a pot\u00e9 se stal horliv\u00fdm komunistou. P\u0159i n\u00e1vratu do Francie ze sjezdu Kominterny v roce 1920 zmizel spolu s dal\u0161\u00edmi dv\u011bma Francouzi v Barentsov\u011b mo\u0159i, po kter\u00e9m se plavili na mal\u00e9m \u010dlunu.<\/p>\n<h3>Z\u00e1b\u011br ze sklepa Lubjanky<\/h3>\n<p>Na fotografii stoj\u00ed zleva Sigi Bamatter, \u0160v\u00fdcarsko, Leo Flieg, N\u011bmecko, Sven Linderot, \u0160v\u00e9dsko, Otto Unger, N\u011bmecko, Aron Goldberg (Marcel Ollivier), Francie, Gerda Linderot, \u0160v\u00e9dsko, nezn\u00e1m\u00fd, Hugo Sill\u00e9n, \u0160v\u00e9dsko, Charles Shipman, Richard Sch\u00fcller, Rakousko, a dva ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed Islan\u010fan\u00e9, Hendrik Ottosson a Brynjolfur Bjarnason. U p\u011bti seversk\u00fdch deleg\u00e1t\u016f, kde mi pomohl Lars Gogman z Arbeterr\u00f6relsens Arkiv (Archiv d\u011blnick\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed) ve Stockholmu, jsem si jist\u00fd, zat\u00edmco identifikaci ostatn\u00edch je t\u0159eba pova\u017eovat sp\u00ed\u0161e za kvalifikovan\u00e9 odhady.<\/p>\n<p>Tyto deleg\u00e1ty \u010dekaly r\u016fzn\u00e9 osudy. Sigi Bamatter (1892-1966) byl zakl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edm \u010dlenem Komunistick\u00e9 internacion\u00e1ly ml\u00e1de\u017ee, od roku 1932 \u017eil v Moskv\u011b a pracoval jako kryptograf a agent Kominterny. P\u0159e\u017eil Stalinovy \u010distky, pozd\u011bji pracoval jako novin\u00e1\u0159 pro sov\u011btskou tiskovou agenturu a do rodn\u00e9ho \u0160v\u00fdcarska se ji\u017e nevr\u00e1til.<\/p>\n<p>Leo (Leopold) Flieg (1893-1939) byl \u017did a jeden ze zakl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edch \u010dlen\u016f Komunistick\u00e9 strany N\u011bmecka. Po p\u0159evzet\u00ed moci Hitlerem se stal agentem Kominterny, kter\u00fd p\u016fsobil v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei, dohl\u00ed\u017eel na v\u00fdrobu fale\u0161n\u00fdch pas\u016f a fale\u0161n\u00fdch pen\u011bz, \u0159\u00eddil radisty a kur\u00fdry a \u00fazce spolupracoval se sov\u011btskou tajnou polici\u00ed. V roce 1937 byl p\u0159edvol\u00e1n do Moskvy a o rok pozd\u011bji byl zat\u010den za to, \u017ee je pravicov\u00fdm trockistou. Byl mu\u010den tak dlouho, dokud nepodepsal p\u0159izn\u00e1n\u00ed, v n\u011bm\u017e obvinil i sv\u00e9 b\u00fdval\u00e9 soudruhy, a pak byl zast\u0159elen, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ve sklep\u011b Lubjanky.<\/p>\n<p>Sven Linderot (1889-1956) se stal v\u016fdcem stalinistick\u00e9 frakce v Komunistick\u00e9 stran\u011b \u0160v\u00e9dska, v letech 1929-1951 byl p\u0159edsedou strany a v letech 1939-1949 poslancem parlamentu. Nikdy se od stalinismu neodch\u00fdlil.<\/p>\n<p>Otto Unger (1893-1938) byl n\u011bmeck\u00fd \u017did, kter\u00fd se stal \u010dlenem Komunistick\u00e9 strany N\u011bmecka. Po Hitlerov\u011b p\u0159evzet\u00ed moci dohl\u00ed\u017eel na vyd\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed ileg\u00e1ln\u00edch let\u00e1k\u016f a novin, ale brzy byl nacisty zadr\u017een. Po \u010dase byl propu\u0161t\u011bn a emigroval do Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu, ale v roce 1937 byl b\u011bhem Stalinov\u00fdch \u010distek zat\u010den a zast\u0159elen, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ve sklep\u011b Lubjanky.<\/p>\n<h3>Strani\u010dt\u00ed k\u00e1d\u0159i, spisovatel\u00e9 a kapitalist\u00e9<\/h3>\n<p>Aron Goldberg (1896-1993) byl rumunsk\u00fd \u017did, kter\u00fd vyr\u016fstal ve Francii. V roce 1920 byl zat\u010den v N\u011bmecku p\u0159i n\u00e1vratu z Moskvy. Tehdy p\u0159ijal pseudonym Marcel Ollivier. Dva roky str\u00e1vil ve v\u011bzen\u00ed a pot\u00e9 se vr\u00e1til do Moskvy, kde dlouh\u00e1 l\u00e9ta pracoval jako p\u0159ekladatel. V roce 1929 se vr\u00e1til do Francie, kde se roze\u0161el s Komunistickou stranou Francie a stal se antistalinistou. Kr\u00e1tce se \u00fa\u010dastnil \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky na stran\u011b anarchist\u016f, ale po n\u00e1vratu do Francie v roce 1937 p\u0159estal b\u00fdt politicky aktivn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Gerda Linderotov\u00e1 (1891-1957) byla man\u017eelkou \u0161v\u00e9dsk\u00e9ho komunistick\u00e9ho v\u016fdce Svena Linderota a stejn\u011b jako on byla zarytou stalinistkou. Kr\u00e1tce byla poslankyn\u00ed \u0161v\u00e9dsk\u00e9ho parlamentu.<\/p>\n<p>Hugo Sill\u00e9n (1892-1971) byl vedouc\u00edm \u010dlenem stalinistick\u00e9 frakce Komunistick\u00e9 strany \u0160v\u00e9dska. V roce 1928 podnikl cestu na Island, aby p\u0159ipravil zalo\u017een\u00ed Komunistick\u00e9 strany Islandu v roce 1930. Mimochodem, jeho man\u017eelka Signe Sill\u00e9n byla agentkou GRU, tajn\u00e9 slu\u017eby Rud\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy, a podle informac\u00ed islandsk\u00fdch b\u00fdval\u00fdch komunist\u016f to byla pr\u00e1v\u011b ona, kdo po\u010d\u00e1tkem 30. let p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bl finan\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky z Moskvy islandsk\u00fdm soudruh\u016fm.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1989\/11\/22\/obituaries\/charles-shipman-a-securities-analyst-and-writer-94-dies.html\">Charles Shipman<\/a> (1895-1989) se narodil jako \u017eidovsko-americk\u00fd Charles Phillips. Aby se vyhnul odvodu do prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, uprchl do Mexika, kde nav\u00e1zal kontakty se sov\u011btsk\u00fdmi agenty. N\u011bjakou dobu \u017eil v Chicagu pod pseudonymem Manuel Gomez. Vystupoval tak\u00e9 pod jm\u00e9nem Jesus Ram\u00edrez. Ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech pracoval jako finan\u010dn\u00ed novin\u00e1\u0159 a ke komunismu se obr\u00e1til z\u00e1dy v d\u016fsledku moskevsk\u00fdch p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u011bc\u00edch proces\u016f v letech 1936-1938. Nakonec se stal \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdm podnikatelem ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech a Kanad\u011b. Napsal \u010dtiv\u00e9 pam\u011bti <em>It Had to Be Revolution: Memo\u00e1ry americk\u00e9ho radik\u00e1la<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Richardu Sch\u00fcllerovi (1901-1957) bylo pouh\u00fdch sedmn\u00e1ct let, kdy\u017e se stal zakl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edm \u010dlenem Komunistick\u00e9 strany Rakouska. Byl redaktorem stranick\u00e9ho org\u00e1nu v Rakousku a\u017e do roku 1934, kdy musel uprchnout nejprve do \u010ceskoslovenska a pot\u00e9 do Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu. V roce 1945 se vr\u00e1til do Rakouska a stal se op\u011bt redaktorem stranick\u00e9ho org\u00e1nu.<\/p>\n<h3>\u017d\u00e1dn\u00ed \u0161\u0165astn\u00ed t\u00e1born\u00edci<\/h3>\n<p>Osobu stoj\u00edc\u00ed mezi Gerdou Linderotovou a Hugo Sill\u00e9nem se mi nepoda\u0159ilo s jistotou identifikovat. (Jednou z mo\u017enost\u00ed je indick\u00fd filozof Manabendra Nath Roy, 1887-1954, kter\u00e9mu by v roce 1920 bylo 33 let.) Zb\u00fdv\u00e1 mi tedy 20 osob. Osm z nich p\u0159e\u017eilo a z\u016fstalo po celou dobu v\u011brn\u00fdch komunistick\u00e9mu hnut\u00ed: Luigi Polano, Sigi Bamatter, Sven a Gerda Linderotovi, Hugo Sill\u00e9n, Richard Sch\u00fcller, Hendrik S. Ottosson a Brynjolfur Bjarnason. \u0160est jich p\u0159e\u017eilo, ale stali se z nich odpadl\u00edci, kte\u0159\u00ed odm\u00edtli Kominternu a stalinismus: Walter Loewenheim, Oskar Samuelsson, Ruth Fischerov\u00e1, Max Barthel, Aron Goldberg a Charles Shipman. \u0160est z nich zem\u0159elo n\u00e1silnou smrt\u00ed: Maria Leitnerov\u00e1, Lazar Shatskin, Willi M\u00fcnzenberg, Raymond Lefebvre, Leo Flieg a Otto Unger, \u010dty\u0159i z nich byli popraveni Stalinov\u00fdmi p\u0159isluhova\u010di. T\u011bchto dvacet osobnost\u00ed skute\u010dn\u011b ilustruje Trock\u00e9ho post\u0159eh, \u017ee pokud jste cht\u011bli klidn\u00fd \u017eivot, ud\u011blali jste \u0161patn\u011b, kdy\u017e jste \u017eili ve dvac\u00e1t\u00e9m stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V roce 2011 jsem vydal 624str\u00e1nkovou knihu o islandsk\u00e9m komunistick\u00e9m hnut\u00ed. Nebylo m\u00fdm p\u016fvodn\u00edm z\u00e1m\u011brem napsat takovou knihu. M\u016fj b\u00fdval\u00fd u\u010ditel, profesor historie Thor Whitehead, se zab\u00fdval islandsk\u00fdm komunismem a j\u00e1 si nedok\u00e1zal p\u0159edstavit nikoho, kdo by pro to m\u011bl v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed kvalifikaci. V letech 2008-2009 jsem v\u0161ak p\u0159elo\u017eil \u010cernou knihu komunismu do island\u0161tiny, v\u0161ech 828 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":52,"featured_media":21520,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[181],"tags":[930,1237,1236,214,1235],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[328,339],"types":[449],"class_list":["post-21815","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kultura-cs","tag-communism","tag-jews","tag-nazism","tag-russia","tag-stalinism","regions-central-europe-cs","regions-eastern-europe-cs","types-opinion-cs"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Jedna fotografie, mnoho osud\u016f - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cs\/jedna-fotografie-mnoho-osudu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Jedna fotografie, mnoho osud\u016f - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"V roce 2011 jsem vydal 624str\u00e1nkovou knihu o islandsk\u00e9m komunistick\u00e9m hnut\u00ed. 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