{"id":22981,"date":"2024-03-18T15:29:31","date_gmt":"2024-03-18T15:29:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/zakon-o-digitalnim-trhu-zacina-fungovat"},"modified":"2024-03-18T15:29:31","modified_gmt":"2024-03-18T15:29:31","slug":"zakon-o-digitalnim-trhu-zacina-fungovat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cs\/zakon-o-digitalnim-trhu-zacina-fungovat","title":{"rendered":"Z\u00e1kon o digit\u00e1ln\u00edm trhu za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 fungovat"},"content":{"rendered":"

Od 7. b\u0159ezna plat\u00ed v EU nov\u00e1 pravidla. \u0160est velk\u00fdch technologick\u00fdch a dvaadvacet dot\u010den\u00fdch slu\u017eeb<\/em><\/h4>\n

Od 7. b\u0159ezna 2024 za\u010dnou platit povinnosti vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed ze z\u00e1kona o digit\u00e1ln\u00edm trhu, na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 cht\u011bla Evropsk\u00e1 unie spravedliv\u011bji a pe\u010dliv\u011bji upravit syst\u00e9m hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 sout\u011b\u017ee ve sv\u011bt\u011b slu\u017eeb nab\u00edzen\u00fdch na digit\u00e1ln\u00edm trhu. Na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed navrhla Evropsk\u00e1 komise na konci roku 2020. Podle pl\u00e1novan\u00e9ho harmonogramu m\u011blo na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed po p\u0159ijet\u00ed Evropsk\u00fdm parlamentem a Evropskou radou vstoupit v platnost 1. listopadu 2022. Od kv\u011btna 2023 se za\u010dala uplat\u0148ovat pravidla.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kon o digit\u00e1ln\u00edch trz\u00edch zav\u00e1d\u00ed nov\u00e9 regula\u010dn\u00ed ustanoven\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na omezen\u00ed nekal\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch praktik, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 zajistit konkuren\u010dn\u00ed re\u017eim, jen\u017e podporuje lep\u0161\u00ed rovnov\u00e1hu mezi ve\u0159ejn\u00fdmi a soukrom\u00fdmi z\u00e1jmy, co\u017e m\u00e1 zlep\u0161it spr\u00e1vu digit\u00e1ln\u00edho sv\u011bta.<\/p>\n

Identifikace str\u00e1\u017ec\u016f a regula\u010dn\u00edch ustanoven\u00ed<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Z\u00e1konem o digit\u00e1ln\u00edch trz\u00edch („DMA“) cht\u011bla EU nejprve regulovat postaven\u00ed tzv. velk\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed na digit\u00e1ln\u00edm trhu. Term\u00edn „big tech“ ozna\u010duje spole\u010dnosti, kter\u00e9 dnes maj\u00ed monopol v digit\u00e1ln\u00edm odv\u011btv\u00ed a jejich\u017e kapit\u00e1lov\u00fd obrat se pohybuje od 500 miliard do 2 bilion\u016f USD.<\/p>\n

EU p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm stanovila objektivn\u00ed krit\u00e9ria pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 k ur\u010den\u00ed tzv. „str\u00e1\u017ec\u016f“, tj. velk\u00fdch platforem, kter\u00e9 poskytuj\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00ed slu\u017eby. Do tohoto seznamu byly okam\u017eit\u011b za\u0159azeny nap\u0159\u00edklad vyhled\u00e1va\u010de, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b a slu\u017eby rychl\u00e9ho zas\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed zpr\u00e1v. Na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed stanov\u00ed, jak\u00e9 povinnosti mus\u00ed str\u00e1\u017eci dodr\u017eovat, aby mohli pracovat v Evropsk\u00e9 unii, a jak\u00e9 \u010dinnosti jsou zak\u00e1z\u00e1ny. Aby zajistila dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed ustanoven\u00ed DMA, provedla Evropsk\u00e1 komise pr\u016fzkumy trhu, jednak aby kvalifikovala spole\u010dnosti jako str\u00e1\u017ece, jak to vy\u017eaduje na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, a jednak aby v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby aktualizovala povinnosti, kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba vym\u00e1hat, a poskytla u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje a strategie k zabr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed stanovilo, \u017ee od kv\u011btna 2023 budou muset dot\u010den\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti do dvou m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f informovat Evropskou komisi, zda mohou splnit po\u017eadovan\u00e1 krit\u00e9ria pro p\u016fsoben\u00ed v EU. Komise by m\u011bla o ur\u010den\u00ed str\u00e1\u017ec\u016f rozhodnout do 45 dn\u016f. Ur\u010den\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti by pak musely do \u0161esti m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f od rozhodnut\u00ed Komise splnit po\u017eadavky DMA.<\/p>\n

Dosud se do n\u011bj zapojilo \u0161est tzv. velk\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed, a to Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, ByteDance, Meta a Microsoft, celkem 22 slu\u017eeb, kter\u00e9 spadaj\u00ed do p\u016fsobnosti nov\u00e9ho evropsk\u00e9ho na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b nap\u0159\u00edklad soci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b Facebook, TikTok a Instagram, slu\u017eby rychl\u00e9ho zas\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed zpr\u00e1v, jako jsou WhatsApp a Messenger, vyhled\u00e1va\u010de Chrome a Safari a opera\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my (Google Android, iOs a Windows Pc Os. Do projektu je zapojeno 6 takzvan\u00fdch Big Teck\u016f.<\/p>\n

EU je jednou z prvn\u00edch zem\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b (jak na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed, tak na n\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u00farovni), kter\u00e1 se touto problematikou za\u010dala zab\u00fdvat, a proto je DMA jedn\u00edm z prvn\u00edch pr\u00e1vn\u00edch p\u0159edpis\u016f, kter\u00e9 stanovuj\u00ed pravidla v tomto hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m a obchodn\u00edm odv\u011btv\u00ed. Doposud spole\u010dnosti p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed na digit\u00e1ln\u00edm trhu vykon\u00e1valy svou \u010dinnost bez zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch pravidel nebo se spol\u00e9haly na pravidla vydan\u00e1 v p\u0159eddigit\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00e9\u0159e. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem chce EU omezit dominanci velk\u00fdch technologick\u00fdch firem a podpo\u0159it \u00fa\u010dast dal\u0161\u00edch hr\u00e1\u010d\u016f.<\/p>\n

Je v\u0161ak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 zd\u016fraznit a objasnit, \u017ee DMA nezasahuje zm\u011bnou syst\u00e9mu pravidel hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 sout\u011b\u017ee, kter\u00e1 ji\u017e v EU plat\u00ed, ale dopl\u0148uje ji\u017e uplat\u0148ovan\u00e1 pravidla.<\/p>\n

Jak\u00e9 jsou v\u0161ak tyto povinnosti a z\u00e1kazy z\u00e1kona o digit\u00e1ln\u00edm trhu? Mezi „v\u011bcmi k vy\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed“ (tj. povinnostmi) najdeme nap\u0159\u00edklad mo\u017enost umo\u017enit t\u0159et\u00edm stran\u00e1m, aby mohly komunikovat se slu\u017ebami spr\u00e1vce br\u00e1ny; umo\u017enit u\u017eivatel\u016fm platformy propagovat nab\u00eddky a uzav\u00edrat nov\u00e9 smlouvy se sv\u00fdmi z\u00e1kazn\u00edky i mimo platformu spr\u00e1vce br\u00e1ny; umo\u017enit t\u011bm, kte\u0159\u00ed na platform\u00e1ch zve\u0159ej\u0148uj\u00ed inzer\u00e1ty, prov\u00e1d\u011bt nez\u00e1visl\u00e1 ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a poskytovat k tomu ve\u0161ker\u00e9 u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje a informace. Mezi „z\u00e1kazy“ (tj. z\u00e1kazy) pat\u0159\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad zv\u00fdhod\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00edch slu\u017eeb oproti podobn\u00fdm slu\u017eb\u00e1m nebo produkt\u016fm nab\u00edzen\u00fdm t\u0159et\u00edmi stranami, br\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed spot\u0159ebitel\u016fm v propojen\u00ed se spole\u010dnostmi mimo platformy, br\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed odinstalov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edinstalovan\u00e9ho softwaru a aplikac\u00ed, sledov\u00e1n\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u016f a zas\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed reklamy bez v\u00fdslovn\u00e9ho souhlasu.<\/p>\n

Jednotn\u00e1 pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u00faprava a sankce<\/strong><\/h2>\n

P\u0159ijet\u00ed Aktu o digit\u00e1ln\u00edm trhu nejen\u017ee vneslo jasno do regulace ekonomicky st\u00e1le d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edho odv\u011btv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 dosud postr\u00e1dalo jasn\u00e1 a ur\u010dit\u00e1 pravidla, ale tak\u00e9 pomohlo sjednotit ustanoven\u00ed v \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech, jejich\u017e vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed p\u0159edpisy v t\u00e9to oblasti p\u0159isp\u00edvaly k rozt\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011bnosti pr\u00e1vn\u00edch p\u0159edpis\u016f EU.<\/p>\n

Na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed stanov\u00ed sankce a\u017e do v\u00fd\u0161e 10 % celkov\u00e9ho obratu pro spole\u010dnosti, kter\u00e9 nepln\u00ed sv\u00e9 povinnosti. Krom\u011b toho na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed stanov\u00ed, \u017ee pokud spole\u010dnost poru\u0161\u00ed pravidla podruh\u00e9, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pokuta zdvojn\u00e1sobena. V reakci na to za\u010dala spole\u010dnost Big Tech oznamovat, \u017ee v nadch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch dojde k z\u00e1sadn\u00edm a podstatn\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m v poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed jej\u00edch slu\u017eeb. Prozat\u00edm v\u0161ak nen\u00ed nic jist\u00e9 a konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed, proto\u017ee spole\u010dnosti \u010dekaj\u00ed na rozhodnut\u00ed Evropsk\u00e9 komise o navrhovan\u00fdch \u00faprav\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Co se m\u011bn\u00ed pro u\u017eivatele a p\u0159\u00edpad spole\u010dnosti Apple<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Jak\u00e9 zm\u011bny tedy nastanou ve vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed slu\u017eeb, kter\u00e9 Evropsk\u00e1 komise ur\u010dila mezi t\u011bmi, kter\u00e9 podl\u00e9haj\u00ed pravidl\u016fm DMA? Spole\u010dnost Meta p\u0159ipravila placen\u00e9 verze slu\u017eeb Facebook a Instagram bez reklam, aby vyhov\u011bla nov\u00fdm evropsk\u00fdm pravidl\u016fm; krom\u011b toho bude nab\u00edzet mo\u017enost zablokovat v\u00fdm\u011bnu dat mezi r\u016fzn\u00fdmi slu\u017ebami, nap\u0159\u00edklad mezi slu\u017ebami Facebook a Instagram. Google si dal novou podobu a pracuje na sv\u00e9m designu, aby nab\u00eddl prostor pro v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed viditelnost ve sv\u00e9m vyhled\u00e1va\u010di slu\u017eb\u00e1m podobn\u00fdm t\u011bm, kter\u00e9 nab\u00edz\u00ed ostatn\u00ed. Spole\u010dnost Google tak\u00e9 ozn\u00e1mila, \u017ee pracuje na zpr\u016fhledn\u011bn\u00ed syst\u00e9mu Google Ads. A kone\u010dn\u011b, stejn\u011b jako Meta, i Google pl\u00e1nuje zav\u00e9st mo\u017enost zablokovat v\u00fdm\u011bnu dat mezi r\u016fzn\u00fdmi nab\u00edzen\u00fdmi slu\u017ebami, nap\u0159\u00edklad mezi Mapami Google a prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010dem Chrome.<\/p>\n

Slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je situace spole\u010dnosti Apple, kter\u00e1 dosud m\u011bla nad nab\u00edzen\u00fdmi slu\u017ebami v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed kontrolu a byla m\u00e9n\u011b otev\u0159en\u00e1 konkurenci. Americk\u00fd technologick\u00fd gigant \u010dek\u00e1 na odpov\u011b\u010f Evropsk\u00e9 komise ohledn\u011b adapta\u010dn\u00edho pl\u00e1nu, ale atmosf\u00e9ra mezi spole\u010dnost\u00ed a EU je ji\u017e nyn\u00ed hork\u00e1 kv\u016fli pokut\u011b, kterou EK v minul\u00fdch t\u00fddnech ud\u011blila ve v\u00fd\u0161i 1,8 miliardy eur za protisout\u011b\u017en\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Podle EK spole\u010dnost Apple konkr\u00e9tn\u011b nedodr\u017eela antimonopoln\u00ed pravidla EU t\u00edm, \u017ee poskytla omezen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 br\u00e1nila u\u017eivatel\u016fm syst\u00e9mu iOS dozv\u011bd\u011bt se o levn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch slu\u017eb\u00e1ch p\u0159edplatn\u00e9ho hudby a vyu\u017e\u00edvat je. Podle EK kalifornsk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost sv\u00fdm jedn\u00e1n\u00edm poru\u0161ila \u010dl\u00e1nek 102 Smlouvy o fungov\u00e1n\u00ed Evropsk\u00e9 unie (SFEU). Margrethe Vestagerov\u00e1 uvedla, \u017ee spole\u010dnost Apple v\u00edce ne\u017e deset let „zneu\u017e\u00edvala sv\u00e9ho dominantn\u00edho postaven\u00ed na trhu“ <\/em>a br\u00e1nila „…v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i informovat spot\u0159ebitele o dostupnosti alternativn\u00edch a levn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch hudebn\u00edch slu\u017eeb mimo ekosyst\u00e9m Apple. To je podle antimonopoln\u00edch pravidel EU nez\u00e1konn\u00e9.<\/em>“ a je, jak ji\u017e bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno, d\u016fvodem pokuty ud\u011blen\u00e9 velk\u00e9 technologick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti se s\u00eddlem v Cupertinu.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto je jednou z prvn\u00edch novinek, kter\u00e9 Apple sv\u00fdm z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016fm nab\u00edz\u00ed, pr\u00e1v\u011b mo\u017enost p\u0159\u00edstupu k alternativn\u00edm a konkuren\u010dn\u00edm obchod\u016fm s aplikacemi.<\/p>\n

Proto o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1me, jak v nadch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch toto nov\u00e9 na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed p\u0159isp\u011bje ke spravedliv\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu trhu v Evrop\u011b a k dal\u0161\u00edmu zlep\u0161en\u00ed slu\u017eeb nab\u00edzen\u00fdch ob\u010dan\u016fm.<\/p>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Od 7. b\u0159ezna plat\u00ed v EU nov\u00e1 pravidla. \u0160est velk\u00fdch technologick\u00fdch a dvaadvacet dot\u010den\u00fdch slu\u017eeb Od 7. b\u0159ezna 2024 za\u010dnou platit povinnosti vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed ze z\u00e1kona o digit\u00e1ln\u00edm trhu, na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 cht\u011bla Evropsk\u00e1 unie spravedliv\u011bji a pe\u010dliv\u011bji upravit syst\u00e9m hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 sout\u011b\u017ee ve sv\u011bt\u011b slu\u017eeb nab\u00edzen\u00fdch na digit\u00e1ln\u00edm trhu. Na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed navrhla Evropsk\u00e1 komise na konci roku 2020. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":22287,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[258],"tags":[1273],"editorial-positions":[42],"regions":[328,339,344,356],"types":[415],"class_list":["post-22981","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pravni","tag-digital-market-act","editorial-positions-focus","regions-central-europe-cs","regions-eastern-europe-cs","regions-northern-europe-cs","regions-southern-europe-cs","types-news-cs"],"yoast_head":"\nZ\u00e1kon o digit\u00e1ln\u00edm trhu za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 fungovat - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cs\/zakon-o-digitalnim-trhu-zacina-fungovat\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Z\u00e1kon o digit\u00e1ln\u00edm trhu za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 fungovat - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Od 7. b\u0159ezna plat\u00ed v EU nov\u00e1 pravidla. \u0160est velk\u00fdch technologick\u00fdch a dvaadvacet dot\u010den\u00fdch slu\u017eeb Od 7. b\u0159ezna 2024 za\u010dnou platit povinnosti vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed ze z\u00e1kona o digit\u00e1ln\u00edm trhu, na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 cht\u011bla Evropsk\u00e1 unie spravedliv\u011bji a pe\u010dliv\u011bji upravit syst\u00e9m hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 sout\u011b\u017ee ve sv\u011bt\u011b slu\u017eeb nab\u00edzen\u00fdch na digit\u00e1ln\u00edm trhu. Na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed navrhla Evropsk\u00e1 komise na konci roku 2020. 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