{"id":23122,"date":"2024-03-21T22:08:33","date_gmt":"2024-03-21T22:08:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/pohled-do-historie"},"modified":"2024-03-21T22:09:29","modified_gmt":"2024-03-21T22:09:29","slug":"pohled-do-historie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cs\/pohled-do-historie","title":{"rendered":"Pohled do historie"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Levicov\u00ed intelektu\u00e1lov\u00e9 zjistili, \u017ee &#8222;my\u0161lenkov\u00fd kolektiv&#8220; s n\u00e1zvem <a href=\"https:\/\/www.montpelerin.org\/event\/429dba23-fc64-4838-aea3-b847011022a4\/websitePage:d0c34bd9-1aa4-48df-a55e-4be50dfb57ee\">Mont Pelerin Society<\/a> m\u00e1 v posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00edch tich\u00fd vliv. Nyn\u00ed o tom vyd\u00e1vaj\u00ed jednu <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com.br\/books?id=GPTaizKUbK0C\">knihu<\/a> za <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com.br\/books\/edition\/Reinventing_Liberalism\/NCLNDwAAQBAJ\">druhou<\/a> a obvi\u0148uj\u00ed z \u00fasp\u011bchu to, \u010demu \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed &#8222;neoliberalismus&#8220;. Mo\u017en\u00e1 p\u0159ece\u0148uj\u00ed vliv Spole\u010dnosti. John Maynard Keynes tvrdil p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho, kdy\u017e napsal: &#8222;My\u0161lenky ekonom\u016f a politick\u00fdch filosof\u016f, a\u0165 u\u017e maj\u00ed pravdu, nebo se m\u00fdl\u00ed, jsou mocn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e se b\u011b\u017en\u011b ch\u00e1pe. Ve skute\u010dnosti sv\u011btu vl\u00e1dne jen m\u00e1loco jin\u00e9ho. Prakti\u010dt\u00ed lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee jsou zcela opro\u0161t\u011bni od jak\u00fdchkoli intelektu\u00e1ln\u00edch vliv\u016f, jsou obvykle otroky n\u011bjak\u00e9ho zanikl\u00e9ho ekonoma. John Stuart Mill byl rozumn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, kdy\u017e tvrdil, \u017ee ideje maj\u00ed vliv pouze tehdy, kdy\u017e se s nimi spiknou vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed okolnosti. V 80. a 90. letech 20. stolet\u00ed se vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed okolnosti rozhodn\u011b spikly s my\u0161lenkami voln\u00e9ho obchodu, soukrom\u00e9ho vlastnictv\u00ed a omezen\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy, co\u017e jsou t\u0159i pil\u00ed\u0159e toho, co jsem nazval konzervativn\u00edm liberalismem. Centr\u00e1ln\u00ed pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed v komunistick\u00fdch zem\u00edch neslavn\u011b selhalo, zat\u00edmco soci\u00e1ln\u00ed demokrat\u00e9 na Z\u00e1pad\u011b ke sv\u00e9mu zd\u011b\u0161en\u00ed zjistili, \u017ee probl\u00e9my nelze \u0159e\u0161it t\u00edm, \u017ee se na n\u011b vrhnou pen\u00edze da\u0148ov\u00fdch poplatn\u00edk\u016f.<\/p>\n<h3>Spole\u010dnost Mont Pelerin<\/h3>\n<p>Mont Pelerin Society byla <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com.br\/books\/edition\/Mont_P%C3%A8lerin_1947\/q4g_EAAAQBAJ\">zalo\u017eena v roce 1947<\/a> z iniciativy anglo-rakousk\u00e9ho ekonoma Friedricha Augusta von Hayeka. O t\u0159i roky d\u0159\u00edve Hayek publikoval <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.mises.org\/Road%20to%20serfdom.pdf\"><br \/>\n  <em>Cesta k nevolnictv\u00ed<\/em><br \/>\n<\/a>v\u00fdmluvn\u00e9 varov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed socialismem, a to nejen p\u0159ed nacismem a stalinismem, ale tak\u00e9 p\u0159ed demokratick\u00fdm socialismem, kter\u00fd by mohl necht\u011bn\u011b v\u00e9st k policejn\u00edmu st\u00e1tu: pokud m\u00e1 centr\u00e1ln\u00ed pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed fungovat, je t\u0159eba manipulovat s individu\u00e1ln\u00edmi preferencemi a n\u011bkdy je potla\u010dovat. K Hayekovu p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed se kniha stala bestsellerem a on byl pozv\u00e1n na p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161kov\u00e9 turn\u00e9 do n\u011bkolika zem\u00ed, kde se setkal s n\u011bkolika podobn\u011b sm\u00fd\u0161lej\u00edc\u00edmi lidmi. Z\u00edskal finan\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky na svol\u00e1n\u00ed sch\u016fzky o sou\u010dasn\u00fdch probl\u00e9mech na Mont P\u00e8lerin ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku, kter\u00e9 se z\u00fa\u010dastnilo n\u011bkolik v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch myslitel\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b anglo-rakousk\u00e9ho filozofa Karla R. Poppera, rakousk\u00e9ho ekonoma Ludwiga von Misese, americk\u00fdch ekonom\u016f Franka H. Knighta, Miltona Friedmana a George J. Stiglera, dvou v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch Francouz\u016f, filozofa Bertranda de Jouvenela a ekonoma Maurice Allaise, a n\u011bmeck\u00fdch ekonom\u016f Waltera Euckena a Wilhelma R\u00f6pkeho. Mises byl spolu s Carlem Mengerem zakladatelem rakousk\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 \u0161koly, k n\u00ed\u017e pat\u0159il i Hayek, Knight byl zakladatelem chicagsk\u00e9 \u0161koly, k n\u00ed\u017e v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bli Friedman a Stigler, a Eucken a R\u00f6pke byli otci tzv. ordoliberalismu v N\u011bmecku (pojmenovan\u00e9ho podle jejich \u010dasopisu).  <em>Ordo<\/em>).<\/p><div class='related_content'><span>RELATED<\/span><ul><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cs\/evropa-po-orbanovi-a-posledni-prezivsi-zena'>Evropa po Orb\u00e1novi a posledn\u00ed p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00ed \u017eena<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cs\/evropska-strategie-spolecnosti-chery-vyuziti-alianci-k-rozsireni-vyrobniho-prostoru'>Evropsk\u00e1 strategie spole\u010dnosti Chery: Vyu\u017eit\u00ed alianc\u00ed k roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed v\u00fdrobn\u00edho prostoru<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cs\/madarsko-orbanismus-bez-orbana'>Ma\u010farsko: Orb\u00e1nismus bez Orb\u00e1na?<\/li><\/a><\/ul><\/div>\n<p>\u00da\u010dastn\u00edci setk\u00e1n\u00ed v roce 1947 se rozhodli zalo\u017eit spole\u010dnost, kter\u00e1 by se sch\u00e1zela p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b jednou za dva roky a diskutovala o probl\u00e9mech a perspektiv\u00e1ch svobodn\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti zalo\u017een\u00e9 na svobodn\u00e9m obchodu, soukrom\u00e9m vlastnictv\u00ed a omezen\u00e9 vl\u00e1d\u011b. Na p\u016fvodn\u00ed setk\u00e1n\u00ed byl pozv\u00e1n italsk\u00fd ekonom Luigi Einaudi, kter\u00fd se v\u0161ak nemohl z\u00fa\u010dastnit, a Hayek ho tak mohl za\u0159adit mezi zakl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dleny. Po funkci guvern\u00e9ra centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky a ministra financ\u00ed se Einaudi stal v roce 1948 italsk\u00fdm prezidentem. Spolu s Alcidem de Gasperim polo\u017eil z\u00e1klady &#8222;italsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1zraku&#8220; konce 40. a 50. let. V N\u011bmecku m\u011bli Eucken a R\u00f6pke velk\u00fd vliv na Konrada Adenauera a Ludwiga Erharda, kte\u0159\u00ed spole\u010dn\u011b umo\u017enili &#8222;n\u011bmeck\u00fd z\u00e1zrak&#8220;. Erhard se nakonec stal \u010dlenem Spole\u010dnosti. M\u00e1lo se p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1, \u017ee ve stejn\u00e9 dob\u011b do\u0161lo k &#8222;z\u00e1zraku&#8220; tak\u00e9 v Rakousku, a to pod veden\u00edm dal\u0161\u00edho \u010dlena Montpelerinsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, star\u00e9ho Misesova \u017e\u00e1ka Reinharda Kamitze, ministra financ\u00ed v letech 1952-1960 a guvern\u00e9ra centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banky v letech 1960-1968.<\/p>\n<h3>Fotografie z roku 1956<\/h3>\n<p>Kdy\u017e Hayek na ja\u0159e 1980 nav\u0161t\u00edvil Island, pozval m\u011b na dal\u0161\u00ed setk\u00e1n\u00ed Mont Pelerin Society, kter\u00e9 se konalo na podzim ve Stanfordu. \u010clenem jsem se stal v roce 1984 a v letech 1998-2004 jsem byl \u010dlenem p\u0159edstavenstva. Byla to l\u00e9ta monument\u00e1ln\u00edch zm\u011bn. Margaret Thatcherov\u00e1 a Ronald Reagan se dostali k moci ve dvou nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch anglosask\u00fdch zem\u00edch a d\u00edky sv\u00e9mu pevn\u00e9mu veden\u00ed vyhr\u00e1li studenou v\u00e1lku proti Sov\u011btsk\u00e9mu svazu, kter\u00fd byl v roce 1991 rozpu\u0161t\u011bn. Po p\u00e1du komunismu ve st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b se politik\u016fm inspirovan\u00fdm Thatcherovou a Reaganem a ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdm Hayekem a Friedmanem poda\u0159ilo odstranit p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky pokojn\u00e9 transformace jejich ekonomik v demokratick\u00fd kapitalismus. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed z t\u011bchto politik\u016f, zejm\u00e9na <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com.br\/Power-Freedom-Central-Eastern-English-ebook\/dp\/B004LROVH6\/\">Mart Laar<\/a> v Estonsku a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com.br\/Renaissance-Rebirth-Liberty-Heart-Europe\/dp\/1882577477\/\">V\u00e1clav Klaus<\/a> v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice, byli \u010dleny Mont Pelerinsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti. &#8222;Z\u00e1zrak postkomunismu&#8220; byl je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ekvapiv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e n\u011bmeck\u00fd, rakousk\u00fd a italsk\u00fd z\u00e1zrak o \u010dty\u0159icet let d\u0159\u00edve. Zem\u011b st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy, kter\u00e9 dlouho trp\u011bly pod komunistickou kuratelou, se najednou staly op\u011bt norm\u00e1ln\u00edmi zem\u011bmi.<\/p>\n<p>Na valn\u00e9 hromad\u011b Montpelerinsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti v Oslu v roce 2022 mi americk\u00fd \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk Dane Starbuck uk\u00e1zal fotografii ze zased\u00e1n\u00ed spole\u010dnosti v 50. letech. Identifikoval n\u011bkolik vyobrazen\u00fdch Ameri\u010dan\u016f, ale zaj\u00edmalo ho, kdo jsou ti ostatn\u00ed a kdy byl sn\u00edmek po\u0159\u00edzen. Okam\u017eit\u011b jsem poznal t\u0159i Skandin\u00e1vce. Dva z nich jsem poznal na setk\u00e1n\u00edch Mont Pelerin Society, \u0161v\u00e9dsk\u00e9ho profesora ekonomie Svena Rydenfelta a d\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho aktivistu Christiana Gandila, a poznal jsem tak\u00e9 norsk\u00e9ho novin\u00e1\u0159e Trygve Hoffa. Hayek, zakladatel a p\u0159edseda Spole\u010dnosti, byl samoz\u0159ejm\u011b snadno identifikovateln\u00fd. Brzy jsme zjistili, \u017ee fotografie byla po\u0159\u00edzena na exkurzi 1. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1956 na setk\u00e1n\u00ed Mont Pelerinsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti v Z\u00e1padn\u00edm Berl\u00edn\u011b. Je uveden v\u00fd\u0161e. Pokud jsme mohli z r\u016fzn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f zjistit, v prvn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b zleva se nach\u00e1zeli: Lutz, Bertha Ferrer Men\u00e9ndez, Louis Baudin, Hedwig a Erich Eyckovi, Enid Goodrichov\u00e1, Lucy Ann Elliottov\u00e1 (asistentka Pierra Goodricha), Edith Eucken-Erdsiekov\u00e1 a nezn\u00e1m\u00fd. Ve druh\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b zleva byli: nezn\u00e1m\u00fd, Hendrik Arie Lunshof, Trygve Hoff, Christian Gandil, Emilio Men\u00e9ndez, nezn\u00e1m\u00fd, Albert Hunold, Leonard Read, Claire Grosse-Schulze (tlumo\u010dn\u00edk), John MacCallum Scott, Pierre Goodrich, Lord Grantchester (Alfred Suenson-Taylor), Ludwig von Mises, F. A. Harper, Sven Rydenfelt, Franz B\u00f6hm, Friedrich A. von Hayek a nezn\u00e1m\u00fd.<\/p>\n<h3>Raku\u0161an\u00e9<\/h3>\n<p>Fascinovalo m\u011b, \u017ee jsem se trochu pono\u0159il do minulosti a \u00fasp\u011bch\u016f osob na fotografii. Historie je o lidech, ne o \u010d\u00edslech. A n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed nebo dokonce v\u0161ichni tito lid\u00e9 byli docela zaj\u00edmav\u00ed nejen jako spisovatel\u00e9, ale i jako osobnosti. V m\u00e9 knize o <a href=\"https:\/\/newdirection.online\/2018-publications-pdf\/ND-ThinkersVol2-2020f.pdf\"><br \/>\n  <em>Dvacet \u010dty\u0159i konzervativn\u011b-liber\u00e1ln\u00edch myslitel\u016f<\/em><br \/>\n<\/a> jsem v\u011bnoval kapitoly dv\u011bma p\u0159edstaven\u00fdm Raku\u0161an\u016fm, Hayekovi a Misesovi. Oba se narodili a vyrostli v habsbursk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i, kter\u00e1 se postupem \u010dasu vyvinula v m\u00edrumilovnou a civilizovanou kvazifederaci st\u00e1t\u016f v povod\u00ed Dunaje. Brilantn\u011b to popsal Stefan Zweig v knize <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/World-Yesterday-Stefan-Zweig\/dp\/0803226616\/\"><br \/>\n  <em>Die Welt von Gestern<\/em><br \/>\n<\/a> (Sv\u011bt v\u010derej\u0161ka), byla to rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 z\u00f3na voln\u00e9ho obchodu se spole\u010dnou m\u011bnou, pevn\u011b zakotven\u00e1 ve zlat\u00e9m standardu, s ekonomikou pomalu, ale jist\u011b sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed k v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed prosperit\u011b, p\u0159i zp\u011btn\u00e9m pohledu ba\u0161ta stability a svobody pod z\u00e1konem. Byl to sv\u011bt, kter\u00fd byl zni\u010den ve Velk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce v letech 1914-1918. Pod vlivem rakousk\u00fdch ekonom\u016f Carla Mengera a Eugena von B\u00f6hm-Bawerka se Mises (1881-1973) stal nekompromisn\u00edm ekonomick\u00fdm liber\u00e1lem. Druh\u00fd lednov\u00fd t\u00fdden roku 1920 p\u0159ednesl ve V\u00eddni p\u0159ed Rakouskou hospod\u00e1\u0159skou spole\u010dnost\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek, v n\u011bm\u017e tvrdil, \u017ee socialismus nikdy nebude fungovat tak, jak jeho zast\u00e1nci tvrd\u00ed. D\u016fvodem bylo, \u017ee socialisty p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00ed pl\u00e1nova\u010di, kter\u00fdm byla sv\u011b\u0159ena neomezen\u00e1 moc, by nikdy nebyli schopni dostate\u010dn\u011b propo\u010d\u00edtat n\u00e1klady alternativn\u00edch rozhodnut\u00ed, proto\u017ee by se nemohli \u0159\u00eddit cenami voln\u011b tvo\u0159en\u00fdmi na voln\u00e9m trhu. Tyto ceny odr\u00e1\u017eely relativn\u00ed nedostatek a zaznamenan\u00e9 zm\u011bny v ekonomice. Podle Misese bylo z\u00e1sadn\u00ed, aby kapit\u00e1lov\u00e9 statky (neboli to, co marxist\u00e9 naz\u00fdvali v\u00fdrobn\u00edmi prost\u0159edky) byly v soukrom\u00e9m vlastnictv\u00ed a voln\u011b sm\u011bniteln\u00e9, aby byly k dispozici informace o jejich nejefektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm vyu\u017eit\u00ed. Mises tento argument rozvedl v knize <em>Die Gemeinwirtschaft<\/em> z roku 1922 (v roce 1932 p\u0159elo\u017eeno jako <em>Socialismus<\/em> ).<\/p>\n<p>Hayek (1899-1992) tuto argumentaci v n\u011bkolika odborn\u00fdch a pronikav\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch up\u0159esnil a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il. Z obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 kalkulace alternativn\u00edch n\u00e1klad\u016f se stal spor o vyu\u017eit\u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cato.org\/sites\/cato.org\/files\/articles\/hayek-use-knowledge-society.pdf\">znalost\u00ed<\/a> ve spole\u010dnosti. Jedin\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, jak vyu\u017e\u00edt zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00ed a do\u010dasn\u00e9 znalosti jednotlivc\u016f, stejn\u011b jako jejich specifick\u00e9 dovednosti a schopnosti, bylo nap\u0159\u00edklad umo\u017enit jim, aby se rozhodovali na z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u011bchto sv\u00fdch osobn\u00edch a nezciziteln\u00fdch znalost\u00ed. Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed znalost\u00ed vy\u017eadovalo odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed moci a\u017e na \u00farove\u0148 jednotlivce, co\u017e znamenalo soukrom\u00e9 vlastnictv\u00ed a svobodn\u00fd obchod. (To je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b tak\u00e9 argument pro princip subsidiarity v katolick\u00e9m politick\u00e9m my\u0161len\u00ed.) K tomuto ekonomick\u00e9mu argumentu proti socialismu Hayek p\u0159idal politick\u00fd argument, \u017ee koncentrace moci v rukou ekonomick\u00fdch pl\u00e1nova\u010d\u016f by nejen p\u0159edstavovala nebezpe\u010d\u00ed pro svobodu jednotlivce &#8211; co\u017e uzn\u00e1vali ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed liber\u00e1lov\u00e9, jako byl John Stuart Mill &#8211; ale \u017ee by tak\u00e9 vy\u017eadovala manipulaci a potla\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed individu\u00e1ln\u00edch preferenc\u00ed, a t\u00edm by vedla k nevolnictv\u00ed, jak ji\u017e bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno. Hayek pozd\u011bji tento argument roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il v \u010dase: kulturn\u00ed kapit\u00e1l nashrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00fd p\u0159edchoz\u00edmi generacemi m\u016f\u017ee sou\u010dasn\u00e1 generace vyu\u017e\u00edvat pouze tehdy, pokud uzn\u00e1v\u00e1 a respektuje tradice. Ceny p\u0159ed\u00e1valy znalosti o m\u00edstn\u00edch pom\u011brech a tradice p\u0159ed\u00e1valy znalosti o tom, kter\u00e1 pravidla obst\u00e1la ve zkou\u0161ce \u010dasu. Hayek se tak stal zast\u00e1ncem toho, co jsem nazval <a href=\"https:\/\/newdirection.online\/2018-publications-pdf\/ND-ThinkersVol1-2020f.pdf\">konzervativn\u00edm liberalismem<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Rakousk\u00fd ekonom Joseph Schumpeter kdysi sarkasticky poznamenal, \u017ee ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku z\u0159ejm\u011b existuje hora, kde se sch\u00e1zej\u00ed ekonomov\u00e9, aby vyj\u00e1d\u0159ili nesouhlas s nastupuj\u00edc\u00edm socialismem, ani\u017e by tomu n\u011bkdo v\u011bnoval pozornost. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b Schumpeter ve sv\u00e9 promy\u0161len\u00e9 recenzi Hayekovy knihy <em>Cesta k nevolnictv\u00ed<\/em> poznamenal, \u017ee autor je &#8222;zdvo\u0159il\u00fd a\u017e na p\u016fdu&#8220;. To bylo jist\u011b spr\u00e1vn\u00e9. Hayek, kter\u00e9ho jsem znal, byl opravdov\u00fd gentleman, nikdy nep\u0159isuzoval sv\u00fdm oponent\u016fm n\u00edzk\u00e9 motivy, p\u0159edkl\u00e1dal p\u00e1dn\u00e9 argumenty pro svou v\u011bc a nehr\u00e1l si jen na slov\u00ed\u010dka. Z vynikaj\u00edc\u00edho Hayekova <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Hayek-Life-1899-1950-Bruce-Caldwell\/dp\/0226816826\">\u017eivotopisu<\/a>, kter\u00fd ned\u00e1vno napsal Bruce Caldwell, je v\u0161ak z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee pod jeho aristokratick\u00fdm, chladn\u00fdm a odta\u017eit\u00fdm vystupov\u00e1n\u00edm se skr\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u00e1\u0161niv\u00e1 osobnost. V letech 1923-1924 se vydal na studijn\u00ed cestu z rodn\u00e9ho Rakouska do Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f (kde se z\u00fa\u010dastnil recepce po\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9 pro Americkou ekonomickou asociaci v B\u00edl\u00e9m dom\u011b prezidentem Calvinem Coolidgem). Jeho milenka z d\u011btstv\u00ed, Helene Bitterlichov\u00e1, z\u016fstala v Rakousku a kv\u016fli nedorozum\u011bn\u00ed se provdala za jin\u00e9ho mu\u017ee, jak Hayek ke sv\u00e9mu zd\u011b\u0161en\u00ed zjistil po n\u00e1vratu. N\u00e1sledn\u011b se Hayek o\u017eenil s jinou \u017eenou. V roce 1932 byl jmenov\u00e1n profesorem ekonomie na London School of Economics. L\u00e1ska mezi Hayekem a Helenou v\u0161ak p\u0159etrv\u00e1vala a v roce 1934 dosp\u011bli k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee by se m\u011bli vz\u00edt. Hayekova man\u017eelka v\u0161ak rozvod odm\u00edtla. Po v\u00e1lce se Hayek a Helene rozhodli, \u017ee jeden bez druh\u00e9ho nemohou \u017e\u00edt. Hayekova man\u017eelka op\u011bt odm\u00edtla a vyu\u017eila pr\u00e1vn\u00ed poradenstv\u00ed. Hayek si nyn\u00ed musel hledat pr\u00e1ci, kter\u00e1 by mu umo\u017enila \u017eivit rodinu v Anglii a z\u00e1rove\u0148 se o\u017eenit s Helenou. Na\u0161el ji ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech, v Chicagu. V roce 1950 tedy str\u00e1vil akademick\u00fd semestr v Arkansasu, kde bylo rodinn\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo povoleno, dos\u00e1hl tam rozvodu a o\u017eenil se s Helene ve V\u00eddni, na\u010de\u017e se usadili v Chicagu. Toto rozhodnut\u00ed bylo n\u00e1kladn\u00e9 nejen z finan\u010dn\u00edho hlediska. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed jeho p\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 v Anglii m\u011bli pocit, \u017ee se ke sv\u00e9 prvn\u00ed \u017een\u011b nechoval dob\u0159e, a p\u0159eru\u0161ili s n\u00edm ve\u0161ker\u00e9 vztahy.<\/p>\n<h3>N\u011bmci a \u0160v\u00fdca\u0159i<\/h3>\n<p>I kdy\u017e Ludwig von Mises a Friedrich August von Hayek byli jist\u011b nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi mysliteli na fotografii, bylo na n\u00ed zachyceno mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch u\u010denc\u016f, spisovatel\u016f a lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed se zab\u00fdvali v\u011bcmi. \u010cty\u0159i z nich poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z N\u011bmecka. Franz B\u00f6hm (1895-1977) podporoval n\u011bmeck\u00fd &#8222;ordoliberalismus&#8220; Euckena, R\u00f6pkeho a Erharda. P\u0159ed druhou sv\u011btovou v\u00e1lkou vyu\u010doval ekonomii ve Freiburgu, dokud mu jako otev\u0159en\u00e9mu kritikovi nacistick\u00e9 politiky nebylo v roce 1938 zak\u00e1z\u00e1no vyu\u010dovat. Po ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9m pokusu o atent\u00e1t na Hitlera v \u010dervenci 1944 unikl zat\u010den\u00ed jen proto, \u017ee si ho nacist\u00e9 spletli se sv\u00fdm jmenovcem, katolick\u00fdm kn\u011bzem, kter\u00e9ho zatkli. Po v\u00e1lce B\u00f6hm vyu\u010doval ekonomii ve Freiburgu. V letech 1953-1965 byl tak\u00e9 poslancem n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho Spolkov\u00e9ho sn\u011bmu za k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 demokraty a vedouc\u00edm n\u011bmeck\u00e9 delegace pro jedn\u00e1n\u00ed o reparac\u00edch s Izraelem. Edith Eucken-Erdsiekov\u00e1 (1896-1985) byla vdovou po Walteru Euckenovi, kter\u00fd p\u0159ed\u010dasn\u011b zem\u0159el v roce 1950, ale byla tak\u00e9 sama filozofkou a spisovatelkou a autorkou n\u011bkolika knih, z nich\u017e jedna byla souborem esej\u016f o osmi osobnostech, kter\u00e9 se v\u00fdznamn\u011b zapsaly do dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed: Otto von Bismarck (zem\u0159el sice v roce 1898, ale jist\u011b vrhal dlouh\u00fd st\u00edn do budoucnosti), Vladim\u00edr Lenin, Josif Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Winston S. Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt a Charles de Gaulle. Erich Eyck (1878-1964) byl n\u011bmeck\u00fd \u017did, kter\u00fd vykon\u00e1val pr\u00e1vnickou praxi v Berl\u00edn\u011b, ale v roce 1937 emigroval do Anglie a z\u00edskal britsk\u00e9 ob\u010danstv\u00ed. Ve 40. letech 20. stolet\u00ed napsal t\u0159\u00edsvazkov\u00fd velmi pou\u010dn\u00fd \u017eivotopis Otty von Bismarcka a pozd\u011bji d\u011bjiny neblah\u00e9 V\u00fdmarsk\u00e9 republiky. Po pe\u010dliv\u00e9m studiu p\u016fvodn\u00edch pramen\u016f dosp\u011bl k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee z\u00e1nik klasick\u00e9ho liberalismu v N\u011bmecku nen\u00ed nevyhnuteln\u00fd. Pod veden\u00edm cynick\u00e9ho a autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho (i kdy\u017e geni\u00e1ln\u00edho) Bismarcka se N\u011bmci vydali \u0161patn\u00fdm sm\u011brem.<\/p>\n<p>\u010ctvrt\u00fd N\u011bmec, Friedrich Lutz (1901-1975), byl ekonom, kter\u00fd pracoval s Walterem Euckenem ve Freiburgu, ale v roce 1937 se p\u0159est\u011bhoval do Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f a jeho man\u017eelka Vera Smithov\u00e1, kter\u00e1 nen\u00ed na obr\u00e1zku, se v roce 1937 p\u0159est\u011bhovala. Byla Hayekovou studentkou na London School of Economics a napsala zaj\u00edmavou diserta\u010dn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci o centr\u00e1ln\u00edm bankovnictv\u00ed a alternativ\u011b svobodn\u00e9ho bankovnictv\u00ed. V roce 1953 se Friedrich Lutz vr\u00e1til do Evropy jako profesor ekonomie na univerzit\u011b v Curychu. Jako v\u00fdznamn\u00fd ekonom byl v letech 1964-1967 p\u0159edsedou Mont Pelerin Society. Albert Hunold (1899-1980) byl zcela jin\u00e9 povahy. Jako \u010dlov\u011bk, kter\u00fd ve sv\u00e9m rodn\u00e9m \u0160v\u00fdcarsku zast\u00e1val r\u016fzn\u00e1 zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed, se d\u00edky \u010detb\u011b Misesov\u00fdch d\u011bl stal p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00fdm liber\u00e1lem. Vyu\u017eil sv\u00fdch dobr\u00fdch kontakt\u016f se \u0161v\u00fdcarskou podnikatelskou komunitou k z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f na prvn\u00ed konferenci Mont Pelerinsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, jej\u00edm\u017e se stal prvn\u00edm tajemn\u00edkem. Byl to energick\u00fd a rozhodn\u00fd mu\u017e a berl\u00ednskou konferenci uspo\u0159\u00e1dal t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 s\u00e1m. N\u011bkter\u00fdm \u010dlen\u016fm, zejm\u00e9na ze Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, se v\u0161ak nel\u00edbil jeho autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd styl a sekt\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 sm\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed, a proto byl v roce 1960 nucen odstoupit z funkce tajemn\u00edka a kr\u00e1tce nato ze spole\u010dnosti ode\u0161el.<\/p>\n<h3>Ameri\u010dan\u00e9<\/h3>\n<p>Dva z Ameri\u010dan\u016f na fotografii byli zakl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edmi \u010dleny Mont Pelerin Society, Leonard Read a F. A. Harper. Read (1898-1983) byl gener\u00e1ln\u00edm \u0159editelem losangelesk\u00e9 pobo\u010dky Obchodn\u00ed komory Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. Pod vlivem Misese a Ayn Randov\u00e9 se stal zap\u00e1len\u00fdm obchodn\u00edkem a v roce 1946 zalo\u017eil <a href=\"https:\/\/fee.org\/\">Nadaci pro ekonomick\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a>, jeden z prvn\u00edch think-tank\u016f pro voln\u00fd trh na sv\u011bt\u011b. Read mluvil a choval se jako obchodn\u00edk a byl \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdm fundraiserem. Napsal n\u011bkolik popul\u00e1rn\u00edch knih a slo\u017eil jedno slavn\u00e9 podobenstv\u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=IYO3tOqDISE\">&#8222;J\u00e1, tu\u017eka<\/a>&#8222;, v n\u011bm\u017e popsal d\u011blbu pr\u00e1ce, kter\u00e1 je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 pro dosa\u017een\u00ed prosperity. Floyd Arthur Harper (1905-1973) byl dlouholet\u00fdm profesorem zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 ekonomie na Cornellov\u011b univerzit\u011b. Byl tak\u00e9 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00fdm ekonomick\u00fdm liber\u00e1lem a v roce 1946, kdy\u017e mu veden\u00ed univerzity nedovolilo za\u0159azovat do v\u00fduky spisy F. A. Hayeka, ode\u0161el a p\u0159ipojil se k Readov\u011b nadaci pro ekonomick\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. V roce 1961 zalo\u017eil <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theihs.org\/\">Institut pro humanitn\u00ed studia<\/a>, kter\u00fd se zam\u011b\u0159uje na vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed mlad\u00fdch v\u011bdc\u016f s konzervativn\u011b-liber\u00e1ln\u00edmi n\u00e1zory a podporu jejich kari\u00e9ry. Mnohokr\u00e1t jsem nav\u0161t\u011bvoval letn\u00ed kurzy Institutu, jak v dob\u011b, kdy s\u00eddlil v Menlo Parku v Kalifornii, tak pot\u00e9, co se p\u0159est\u011bhoval do Fairfaxu ve Virginii, a byly intelektu\u00e1ln\u011b vzru\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na proto, \u017ee m\u011b upozornily na myslitele opom\u00edjen\u00e9 na univerzit\u00e1ch, jako byli Benjamin Constant, Herbert Spencer a William Graham Sumner.<\/p>\n<p>Pierre Goodrich (1894-1973) byl v Berl\u00edn\u011b se svou \u017eenou Enid a asistentkou Lucy Ann Elliottovou. Byl \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdm pr\u00e1vn\u00edkem a podnikatelem v Indianapolisu, kter\u00fd vlastnil n\u011bkolik v\u00fdnosn\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed, ale na rozd\u00edl od mnoha podnikatel\u016f byl v\u00e1\u0161niv\u00fdm \u010dten\u00e1\u0159em klasick\u00e9 literatury a tak\u00e9 pevn\u00fdm zast\u00e1ncem t\u0159\u00ed hlavn\u00edch z\u00e1sad konzervativn\u00edho liberalismu, soukrom\u00e9ho vlastnictv\u00ed, voln\u00e9ho obchodu a omezen\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy. Pot\u011b\u0161ilo m\u011b, \u017ee jedn\u00edm z autor\u016f, kter\u00e9 Goodrich doporu\u010dil, byl islandsk\u00fd kronik\u00e1\u0159 ze t\u0159in\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed Snorri Sturluson. Ve sv\u00e9 knize o <a href=\"https:\/\/newdirection.online\/2018-publications-pdf\/ND-ThinkersVol1-2020f.pdf\"><br \/>\n  <em>Dvacet \u010dty\u0159i konzervativn\u011b-liber\u00e1ln\u00edch myslitel\u016f<\/em><br \/>\n<\/a> \u017ee za prvn\u00edho whiga si mo\u017en\u00e1 zaslou\u017e\u00ed b\u00fdt ozna\u010dov\u00e1n sp\u00ed\u0161e Snorri ne\u017e Akvinsk\u00fd. V roce 1960 Goodrich zalo\u017eil neziskovou organizaci <a href=\"https:\/\/www.libertyfund.org\/\">Liberty Fund<\/a>, jej\u00edm\u017e c\u00edlem je &#8222;podporovat studium ide\u00e1lu spole\u010dnosti svobodn\u00fdch a odpov\u011bdn\u00fdch jedinc\u016f&#8220;. Toho Fond dosahuje vyd\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm dob\u0159e vybran\u00fdch a kvalitn\u011b zpracovan\u00fdch knih, \u010dasto ji\u017e nevydan\u00fdch klasick\u00fdch d\u011bl, a po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm kolokvi\u00ed po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b podle pravidel stanoven\u00fdch Goodrichem, kter\u00e1 maj\u00ed podn\u011bcovat sp\u00ed\u0161e sokratovsk\u00e9 rozhovory ne\u017e plat\u00f3nsk\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di. K m\u00e9mu velk\u00e9mu prosp\u011bchu jsem se z\u00fa\u010dastnil mnoha t\u011bchto kolokvi\u00ed. Liberty Fund hraje nezastupitelnou roli p\u0159i udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed tradice svobody v r\u00e1mci z\u00e1kona. Goodrich se moud\u0159e rozhodl pro dlouhodobou perspektivu a netrval na okam\u017eit\u00fdch v\u00fdsledc\u00edch.<\/p>\n<h3>Skandin\u00e1vci<\/h3>\n<p>T\u0159i Skandin\u00e1vci na fotografii, Trygve Hoff, Christian Gandil a Sven Rydenfelt, byli hlasy na pou\u0161ti v pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch letech, kdy se zd\u00e1lo, \u017ee v seversk\u00fdch zem\u00edch panuje siln\u00fd konsenzus ohledn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed role vl\u00e1dy p\u0159i zaji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti od kol\u00e9bky a\u017e po hrob. Hoff (1895-1982), zakl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dlen Montpelerinsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, byl nejen novin\u00e1\u0159em, ale tak\u00e9 ekonomem, kter\u00fd napsal <a href=\"https:\/\/mises.org\/library\/book\/economic-calculation-socialist-society\">diserta\u010dn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci<\/a> o probl\u00e9mech pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed v socialismu. Byl vydavatelem a redaktorem popul\u00e1rn\u00edho obchodn\u00edho \u010dasopisu <em>Farmand<\/em>, kde ne\u00fanavn\u011b vystupoval proti socialistick\u00e9mu sm\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9 zem\u011b. Ned\u00e1vno jsem p\u0159elo\u017eil zaj\u00edmavou v\u00fdm\u011bnu dopis\u016f z roku 1941 mezi n\u00edm a p\u0159edn\u00edm norsk\u00fdm socialistick\u00fdm ekonomem Ragnarem Frischem o socialismu a demokracii. Frisch si z\u0159ejm\u011b neuv\u011bdomoval nebezpe\u010d\u00ed, kter\u00e9 pro svobodu p\u0159edstavuje neomezen\u00e1 vl\u00e1da. V\u00fdm\u011bna n\u00e1zor\u016f bude brzy zve\u0159ejn\u011bna v <em>\u010dasopise Econ Watch Journal<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>S Rydenfeltem a Gandilem jsem se sezn\u00e1mil na prvn\u00edch konferenc\u00edch Mont Pelerin Society, kter\u00fdch jsem se z\u00fa\u010dastnil po\u010d\u00e1tkem 80. let. Rydenfelt (1911-2005) byl plach\u00fd a mal\u00fd, ale pevn\u00fd a neboj\u00e1cn\u00fd obh\u00e1jce voln\u00e9ho trhu v desetilet\u00edch, kdy ve \u0160v\u00e9dsku nebyl v m\u00f3d\u011b, a v\u017edy zd\u016fraz\u0148oval roli podnik\u00e1n\u00ed a inovac\u00ed. Na zased\u00e1n\u00ed Spole\u010dnosti v Berl\u00edn\u011b v roce 1956 se stal jej\u00edm \u010dlenem. Vyu\u010doval ekonomii na univerzit\u011b v Lundu a napsal n\u011bkolik knih, v\u011bt\u0161inou pro \u0161irokou ve\u0159ejnost. Kv\u016fli sv\u00fdm n\u00e1zor\u016fm nebyl pov\u00fd\u0161en a \u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdm profesorem se stal a\u017e v roce 1991, kdy se k moci dostala konzervativn\u011b-liber\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1da. V t\u00e9 dob\u011b se stal jak\u00fdmsi hrdinou mlad\u00fdch klasick\u00fdch liber\u00e1l\u016f a konzervativc\u016f ve sv\u00e9 zemi. Gandil (1907-1999) byl ekonom, jeho\u017e specializac\u00ed bylo lesnictv\u00ed, ale Hayekova <em>Cesta k nevolnictv\u00ed<\/em> na n\u011bj m\u011bla velk\u00fd vliv. Kniha byla v D\u00e1nsku i v ostatn\u00edch seversk\u00fdch zem\u00edch (dokonce i na Islandu!) \u0161iroce diskutov\u00e1na a d\u00e1nsk\u00e1 podnikatelsk\u00e1 komunita se rozhodla zalo\u017eit informa\u010dn\u00ed agenturu, jej\u00edm\u017e \u0159editelem se stal Gandil. Tato agentura byla na p\u0159elomu 40. a 50. let 20. stolet\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b aktivn\u00ed, ale pozd\u011bji z\u00e1jem o ni opadl a byla zru\u0161ena. Gandil byl sp\u00ed\u0161e aktivista ne\u017e u\u010denec a vyslou\u017eil si p\u0159ezd\u00edvku Propagandil. On a dal\u0161\u00ed dva Skandin\u00e1vci na berl\u00ednsk\u00e9 fotografii na\u0161li ve Spole\u010dnosti Mont Pelerin v\u00edtan\u00e9 \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed dom\u00e1c\u00ed ortodoxi\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Ostatn\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>O ostatn\u00edch vyobrazen\u00fdch osob\u00e1ch se mi toho nepoda\u0159ilo zjistit mnoho. John MacCallum Scott se narodil v roce 1911. Byl advok\u00e1tem a autorem n\u011bkolika cestopis\u016f, p\u016fsobil jako tajemn\u00edk Liber\u00e1ln\u00ed internacion\u00e1ly, kter\u00e1 vznikla v roce 1947 jako mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed aliance liber\u00e1ln\u00edch (ale ne konzervativn\u00edch) stran. Vedl tak\u00e9 tisk\u00e1rnu Pall Mall Press. Alfred Suenson-Taylor, 1. baron Grantchester (1893-1976), byl britsk\u00fd bank\u00e9\u0159, aktivn\u00ed v Liber\u00e1ln\u00ed stran\u011b. Hendrik Arie Lunshof (1904-1978) byl zn\u00e1m\u00fd nizozemsk\u00fd novin\u00e1\u0159. V roce 1942 na protest odstoupil z funkce dopisovatele listu <em>De Telegraaf<\/em> pot\u00e9, co noviny pod nacistick\u00fdm tlakem zve\u0159ejnily antisemitsk\u00fd \u00favodn\u00edk, ale po v\u00e1lce se stal kritikem nesrovnalost\u00ed v zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s nizozemsk\u00fdmi kolaboranty. Lunshof byl v letech 1949-1953 redaktorem listu <em>De Telegraaf<\/em> a pot\u00e9 do roku 1965 <em>listu Elseviers Weekblad<\/em>. Napsal n\u011bkolik \u017eivotopis\u016f a historick\u00fdch knih. Emilio Men\u00e9ndez byl v\u00fdznamn\u00fd kub\u00e1nsk\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00edk. Po kub\u00e1nsk\u00e9 revoluci v lednu 1959 byl jmenov\u00e1n p\u0159edsedou kub\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu, ani\u017e by byl spojen se zkorumpovanou Batistovou diktaturou. V listopadu 1960 rezignoval a po\u017e\u00e1dal o politick\u00fd azyl na argentinsk\u00e9m velvyslanectv\u00ed v Havan\u011b. Byl \u010dlenem kub\u00e1nsk\u00e9 exilov\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla p\u0159evz\u00edt moc po invazi antikomunist\u016f na Kubu v roce 1961, co\u017e se v\u0161ak nepoda\u0159ilo. Louis Baudin (1887-1964) byl profesorem pr\u00e1va nejprve v Dijonu a pot\u00e9 na pa\u0159\u00ed\u017esk\u00e9 Sorbonn\u011b. Napsal n\u011bkolik knih o pen\u011bz\u00edch a \u00fav\u011brech a tak\u00e9 zaj\u00edmavou knihu o tom. <a href=\"https:\/\/mises.org\/library\/book\/socialist-empire-incas-peru\"><br \/>\n  <em>Socialistick\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e: Inkov\u00e9 v Peru,<\/em><br \/>\n<\/a> vydan\u00e9 v roce 1928. Tam popsal zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed sv\u011bt uniformity a strnulosti, kter\u00fd Inkov\u00e9 vybudovali. Individu\u00e1ln\u00ed volba byla zcela potla\u010dena. Tohle byla sotva lidsk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost, sp\u00ed\u0161 \u00fal nebo mraveni\u0161t\u011b &#8211; orwellovsk\u00e1 no\u010dn\u00ed m\u016fra, a\u017e na to, \u017ee vznikla ve skute\u010dn\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b a nebyla v\u00fdplodem spisovatelovy bujn\u00e9 fantazie.<\/p>\n<p>(Pokud n\u011bkdo z \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016f pozn\u00e1 n\u011bkterou ze \u010dty\u0159 neidentifikovan\u00fdch osob na fotografii nebo m\u016f\u017ee o zobrazen\u00fdch osob\u00e1ch sd\u011blit v\u00edce, budu vd\u011b\u010dn\u00fd za zpr\u00e1vu na m\u00e9 facebookov\u00e9 str\u00e1nce.)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Levicov\u00ed intelektu\u00e1lov\u00e9 zjistili, \u017ee &#8222;my\u0161lenkov\u00fd kolektiv&#8220; s n\u00e1zvem Mont Pelerin Society m\u00e1 v posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00edch tich\u00fd vliv. Nyn\u00ed o tom vyd\u00e1vaj\u00ed jednu knihu za druhou a obvi\u0148uj\u00ed z \u00fasp\u011bchu to, \u010demu \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed &#8222;neoliberalismus&#8220;. Mo\u017en\u00e1 p\u0159ece\u0148uj\u00ed vliv Spole\u010dnosti. John Maynard Keynes tvrdil p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho, kdy\u017e napsal: &#8222;My\u0161lenky ekonom\u016f a politick\u00fdch filosof\u016f, a\u0165 u\u017e maj\u00ed pravdu, nebo [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":52,"featured_media":23101,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[181],"tags":[936,1000,911,1296],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[328],"types":[449],"class_list":["post-23122","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kultura-cs","tag-berlin","tag-conservatism","tag-liberalism","tag-neo-liberalism","regions-central-europe-cs","types-opinion-cs"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Pohled do historie - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cs\/pohled-do-historie\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pohled do historie - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Levicov\u00ed intelektu\u00e1lov\u00e9 zjistili, \u017ee &#8222;my\u0161lenkov\u00fd kolektiv&#8220; s n\u00e1zvem Mont Pelerin Society m\u00e1 v posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00edch tich\u00fd vliv. 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