{"id":2368,"date":"2021-11-07T13:50:41","date_gmt":"2021-11-07T13:50:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cafe-landtmann-1873-1918-a-2021"},"modified":"2021-11-07T13:50:41","modified_gmt":"2021-11-07T13:50:41","slug":"cafe-landtmann-1873-1918-a-2021","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cs\/cafe-landtmann-1873-1918-a-2021","title":{"rendered":"Caf\u00e9 Landtmann, 1873, 1918 a 2021"},"content":{"rendered":"

Carl Menger a jeho brat\u0159i; Max Weber a Joseph Schumpeter; probl\u00e9my Rakouska a sv\u011bta…<\/p>\n

Byl jasn\u00fd a chladn\u00fd p\u00e1tek 6. listopadu 2021, kdy\u017e jsem poob\u011bdval s n\u011bkolika p\u0159\u00e1teli v kav\u00e1rn\u011b Landtmann ve V\u00eddni, t\u011bsn\u011b po skon\u010den\u00ed \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 konference<\/a> o Rakousk\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 \u0161kole, kterou uspo\u0159\u00e1dala Dr. Barbara Kolm na rakousk\u00e9 Centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banka. Kav\u00e1rna se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na Ringu ve V\u00eddni, v bl\u00edzkosti divadla Burg, radnice a univerzity. Byla zalo\u017eena v roce 1873 a od t\u00e9 doby je v\u00edde\u0148skou instituc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Menger a jeho brat\u0159i<\/h2>\n

Pr\u00e1v\u011b zde se Carl Menger<\/a> , otec rakousk\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 \u0161koly, setk\u00e1val se sv\u00fdmi dv\u011bma bratry, Maxem a Antonem, a jejich p\u0159\u00e1teli a diskutoval s nimi o ekonomice a politice. Menger, narozen\u00fd v roce 1840, vydal v roce 1871 sv\u00e9 Principy ekonomie<\/em><\/a> , kter\u00e9 byly v mnoha ohledech stejn\u011b origin\u00e1ln\u00ed jako Wealth of Nations od<\/em> Adama Smithe<\/a> . Mengerovou velkou inovac\u00ed bylo rozd\u011blit zbo\u017e\u00ed na jednotky a analyzovat, kolik jednotek jednoho zbo\u017e\u00ed lze nahradit jednotkami jin\u00e9ho zbo\u017e\u00ed, aby byly stejn\u011b dob\u0159e uspokojeny lidsk\u00e9 pot\u0159eby. Toto je ve stru\u010dnosti margin\u00e1ln\u00ed anal\u00fdza. M\u00e1-li zbo\u017e\u00ed co nejv\u00edce uspokojit spot\u0159ebitele, m\u011blo by se obchodovat za jeho mezn\u00ed hodnotu. Menger zd\u016fraz\u0148oval, stejn\u011b jako p\u0159ed n\u00edm Smith, \u017ee kone\u010dn\u00fdm c\u00edlem ve\u0161ker\u00e9 v\u00fdroby je spot\u0159eba. Od Smitha se v\u0161ak li\u0161il t\u00edm, \u017ee si uv\u011bdomil, \u017ee hodnota je subjektivn\u00ed a \u017ee ur\u010dit\u00e1 mno\u017estv\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch statk\u016f maj\u00ed stejnou hodnotu, pokud maj\u00ed stejnou schopnost uspokojovat pot\u0159eby spot\u0159ebitel\u016f. Relevantn\u00ed nebyla minulost zbo\u017e\u00ed, jeho v\u00fdrobn\u00ed n\u00e1klady, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e jeho budoucnost, jeho hodnocen\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00edmi u\u017eivateli.<\/p>\n

M\u016f\u017ee to zn\u00edt trivi\u00e1ln\u011b, ale zbavilo to dvou tehdy popul\u00e1rn\u00edch politick\u00fdch my\u0161lenek, georgismu a marxismu, jejich teoretick\u00fdch z\u00e1klad\u016f, jak jsem uvedl ve sv\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku na konferenci o den d\u0159\u00edve. Georgismus byl pojmenov\u00e1n po americk\u00e9m spisovateli Henrym Georgeovi (1839\u20131897), kter\u00fd u\u010dil, \u017ee p\u016fda je zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed v tom, \u017ee jej\u00ed nab\u00eddka je pevn\u00e1, tak\u017ee za jej\u00ed u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed lze \u00fa\u010dtovat n\u00e1jem, ani\u017e by vlastn\u00edk p\u016fdy jakkoli p\u0159isp\u00edval k jej\u00ed hodnot\u011b. Ale Menger pouk\u00e1zal na to, \u017ee pozemky jsou jako ka\u017ed\u00e9 jin\u00e9 zbo\u017e\u00ed a \u017ee by m\u011bly b\u00fdt ocen\u011bny na okraj. Hodnota p\u016fdy neodr\u00e1\u017eela \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd vklad vlastn\u00edka p\u016fdy, resp. p\u0159\u00edrody, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e hodnocen\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch ekonomick\u00fdch subjekt\u016f jej\u00edho mo\u017en\u00e9ho vyu\u017eit\u00ed v budoucnu.<\/p>\n

Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b marxismus byl pojmenov\u00e1n po n\u011bmeck\u00e9m filozofovi Karlu Marxovi (1818\u20131883), kter\u00fd u\u010dil, \u017ee pr\u00e1ce je zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed v tom, \u017ee vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed ve\u0161kerou hodnotu, a \u017ee bur\u017eoazie vyko\u0159is\u0165uje proletari\u00e1t a nut\u00ed ho p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvat z mizern\u00fdch mezd. Menger v\u0161ak pouk\u00e1zal na to, \u017ee hodnotu nevytvo\u0159ila pr\u00e1ce. Hodnota byla vytvo\u0159ena v tr\u017en\u00edm procesu. \u0160lo o to, jak dob\u0159e dan\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed zbo\u017e\u00ed dok\u00e1\u017ee uspokojit lidsk\u00e9 pot\u0159eby. Pr\u00e1ce byla jako ka\u017ed\u00e9 jin\u00e9 dobro. M\u011bla by b\u00fdt nacen\u011bna na okraj, pokud m\u011bla co nejv\u00edce p\u0159isp\u011bt k lidsk\u00e9 spokojenosti. Pokud m\u00e1 v\u00e1\u0161 p\u0159\u00edjem poskytovat informace o tom, jak m\u016f\u017eete nejl\u00e9pe slou\u017eit pot\u0159eb\u00e1m druh\u00fdch, pak mus\u00ed odr\u00e1\u017eet va\u0161i mezn\u00ed u\u017eite\u010dnost pro ostatn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Mengerovy p\u0159edtuchy<\/h2>\n

Menger byl v roce 1873 jmenov\u00e1n profesorem ekonomie na v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b a jako u\u010denec se t\u011b\u0161il takov\u00e9 \u00fact\u011b, \u017ee se o t\u0159i roky pozd\u011bji stal soukrom\u00fdm u\u010ditelem korunn\u00edho prince Rudolfa, syna habsbursk\u00e9ho c\u00edsa\u0159e Franti\u0161ka Josefa. Jeho p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ky pro prince se dochovaly. Tam jasn\u011b vysv\u011btluje v\u00fdhody voln\u00e9ho obchodu, soukrom\u00e9ho vlastnictv\u00ed a omezen\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy. Pot\u00e9, co str\u00e1vil dva roky s princem, u\u010dil ho a cestoval s n\u00edm po Evrop\u011b, se Menger v roce 1878 vr\u00e1til ke sv\u00e9 profesu\u0159e na univerzit\u011b. Byly to turbulentn\u00ed \u010dasy. Mnohon\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed Podunajsk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e utrp\u011bla por\u00e1\u017eku ve v\u00e1lce proti Prusku v roce 1866 ao rok pozd\u011bji se habsbursk\u00e9 panstv\u00ed zm\u011bnilo ve svazek mezi rakouskou a uherskou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed. Cel\u00e9 imp\u00e9rium p\u0159esto vytvo\u0159ilo obrovskou z\u00f3nu voln\u00e9ho obchodu se spole\u010dnou m\u011bnou, pevn\u011b zalo\u017eenou na zlat\u00e9m standardu, a v posledn\u00edch n\u011bkolika desetilet\u00edch devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed a na za\u010d\u00e1tku dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed do\u0161lo k velk\u00e9mu hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9mu pokroku, zat\u00edmco men\u0161iny jako nap\u0159. \u017did\u00e9 po\u017e\u00edvali ochrany dvojkoruny.<\/p>\n

Menger\u016fv bratr Max sd\u00edlel jeho politick\u00e9 n\u00e1zory a byl \u010dlenem rakousk\u00e9 Poslaneck\u00e9 sn\u011bmovny, zat\u00edmco t\u0159et\u00ed bratr Anton, zn\u00e1m\u00fd profesor pr\u00e1v, byl socialista. T\u0159i brat\u0159i se v Landtmann Caf\u00e9 m\u011bli o \u010dem h\u00e1dat. Menger byl ohledn\u011b budoucnosti habsbursk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e pesimistick\u00fd a jednou koncem 70. let 19. stolet\u00ed \u0159ekl Dr. Joachimovi Landauovi, liber\u00e1ln\u00edmu \u010dlenovi rakousk\u00e9 Poslaneck\u00e9 sn\u011bmovny a p\u0159\u00edteli Maxe: \u201ePolitika, kterou vedou evropsk\u00e9 mocnosti, bude v\u00e9st k hrozn\u00e9 v\u00e1lce, kter\u00e1 skon\u010d\u00ed stra\u0161liv\u00fdmi revolucemi, z\u00e1nikem evropsk\u00e9 kultury a zni\u010den\u00edm prosperity v\u0161ech n\u00e1rod\u016f.\u201c Princ Rudolf sd\u00edlel Menger\u016fv hlubok\u00fd pesimismus a tragicky v roce 1889 sp\u00e1chal sebevra\u017edu. Menger byl pov\u00fd\u0161en do rakousk\u00e9 Sn\u011bmovny lord\u016f v roce 1900, ale ze sv\u00e9 profesury ode\u0161el v roce 1903. Zem\u0159el v roce 1921.<\/p>\n

Weber a Schumpeter<\/h2>\n

Bohu\u017eel Mengerovy obavy nebyly neopodstatn\u011bn\u00e9. Prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka za\u010dala v l\u00e9t\u011b 1914 pot\u00e9, co srbsk\u00fd agent zavra\u017edil n\u00e1sledn\u00edka habsbursk\u00e9ho tr\u016fnu v Sarajevu. Proti Francii, Rusku, Spojen\u00e9mu kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed a nakonec i Spojen\u00fdm st\u00e1t\u016fm bojovaly takzvan\u00e9 centr\u00e1ln\u00ed mocnosti Rakousko-Uhersko a N\u011bmecko. V roce 1917 se Rusk\u00e9 imp\u00e9rium zhroutilo a o p\u00e1r m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f pozd\u011bji se moci chopili bol\u0161evici v \u010dele s Leninem. Brut\u00e1ln\u011b potla\u010dili ve\u0161kerou politickou opozici a zabili ruskou c\u00edsa\u0159skou rodinu a mnoho \u010dlen\u016f star\u00e9 aristokracie, \u010d\u00edm\u017e z aristokrat\u016f, kter\u00e9 nezabili, ud\u011blali ob\u010dany druh\u00e9 kategorie, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako \u201eb\u00fdval\u00ed lid\u00e9\u201c. Bol\u0161evici zn\u00e1rodnili v\u00fdrobn\u00ed prost\u0159edky a pokusili se ovl\u00e1dnout ekonomiku prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm centr\u00e1ln\u00edho ekonomick\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Cel\u00fd sv\u011bt sledoval ud\u00e1losti v Rusku s pobaven\u00edm a \u00fa\u017easem. Po\u010d\u00e1tkem roku 1918 pob\u00fdval n\u011bmeck\u00fd sociolog Max Weber n\u011bjak\u00fd \u010das ve V\u00eddni a jednoho dne se v Caf\u00e9 Landtmann setkal s n\u011bkolika p\u0159\u00e1teli, v\u010detn\u011b rakousk\u00e9ho ekonoma Josepha Schumpetera, kter\u00fd byl stejn\u011b jako Weber Mengerem hodn\u011b ovlivn\u011bn. Diskutovali o proveditelnosti bol\u0161evick\u00e9ho projektu. Schumpeter uv\u00edtal revoluci jako laboratorn\u00ed experiment, proto\u017ee nyn\u00ed socialismus musel prok\u00e1zat svou prakti\u010dnost: Jak mohli bol\u0161evi\u010dt\u00ed pl\u00e1nova\u010di naj\u00edt spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 ceny jednotliv\u00fdch v\u00fdrobn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f pot\u00e9, co je vyvlastnili a zru\u0161ili pro n\u011b trh, kapit\u00e1lov\u00fd trh? Weber odsekl, \u017ee to bude laborato\u0159 pln\u00e1 mrtvol, a po n\u011bkolika prudk\u00fdch v\u00fdm\u011bn\u00e1ch n\u00e1zor\u016f vyrazil ven. Schumpeter z\u016fstal sed\u011bt as \u00fasm\u011bvem sv\u00e9mu p\u0159\u00edteli Felixovi Somarymu poznamenal: „Jak m\u016f\u017ee n\u011bkdo takhle pokra\u010dovat v kav\u00e1rn\u011b?“<\/p>\n

Brzy po t\u00e9to h\u00e1dce v Caf\u00e9 Landtmann skon\u010dila prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka por\u00e1\u017ekou \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edch mocnost\u00ed. Habsbursk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e se zhroutila a st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropa se rozpadla na mnoho mal\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, navz\u00e1jem nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdch, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd p\u0159ijal svou vlastn\u00ed slabou m\u011bnu a stav\u011bl p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky obchodu se sv\u00fdmi sousedy. N\u00e1sledn\u011b nedok\u00e1zali odolat n\u00e1poru totality, hitlerovsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00edho socialismu a stalinsk\u00e9ho komunismu. Brzy pot\u00e9 zem\u0159el Weber, kter\u00fd m\u011bl pravdu: Komunistick\u00fd experiment si ve dvac\u00e1t\u00e9m stolet\u00ed vy\u017e\u00e1dal \u017eivoty asi sta milion\u016f lid\u00ed. Stala se laborato\u0159\u00ed plnou mrtvol.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Carl Menger a jeho brat\u0159i; Max Weber a Joseph Schumpeter; probl\u00e9my Rakouska a sv\u011bta… Byl jasn\u00fd a chladn\u00fd p\u00e1tek 6. listopadu 2021, kdy\u017e jsem poob\u011bdval s n\u011bkolika p\u0159\u00e1teli v kav\u00e1rn\u011b Landtmann ve V\u00eddni, t\u011bsn\u011b po skon\u010den\u00ed \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 konference o Rakousk\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 \u0161kole, kterou uspo\u0159\u00e1dala Dr. Barbara Kolm na rakousk\u00e9 Centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banka. Kav\u00e1rna se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":1915,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[181,158],"tags":[],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[328],"types":[449],"class_list":["post-2368","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kultura-cs","category-politika","regions-central-europe-cs","types-opinion-cs"],"yoast_head":"\nCaf\u00e9 Landtmann, 1873, 1918 a 2021 - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cs\/cafe-landtmann-1873-1918-a-2021\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Caf\u00e9 Landtmann, 1873, 1918 a 2021 - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Carl Menger a jeho brat\u0159i; Max Weber a Joseph Schumpeter; probl\u00e9my Rakouska a sv\u011bta… Byl jasn\u00fd a chladn\u00fd p\u00e1tek 6. listopadu 2021, kdy\u017e jsem poob\u011bdval s n\u011bkolika p\u0159\u00e1teli v kav\u00e1rn\u011b Landtmann ve V\u00eddni, t\u011bsn\u011b po skon\u010den\u00ed \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 konference o Rakousk\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 \u0161kole, kterou uspo\u0159\u00e1dala Dr. Barbara Kolm na rakousk\u00e9 Centr\u00e1ln\u00ed banka. 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