Americk\u00fd sen spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty jsou a m\u011bly by z\u016fstat zem\u00ed p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed, kde si jednotlivci mohou zlep\u0161it \u017eivotn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 svou i sv\u00fdch rodin tvrdou prac\u00ed, schopnost\u00ed a \u0161etrnost\u00ed. Je to tedy sen o vzestupn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edjmov\u00e9 mobilit\u011b zalo\u017een\u00e9 na vlastn\u00edm \u00fasil\u00ed. Tak tomu bylo na konci devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho a na za\u010d\u00e1tku dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed, kdy do Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f p\u0159i\u0161lo \u0161estn\u00e1ct milion\u016f p\u0159ist\u011bhovalc\u016f, v\u011bt\u0161inou z Evropy, aby unikli chudob\u011b a \u00fatlaku. Americk\u00e1 b\u00e1sn\u00ed\u0159ka Emma Lazarusov\u00e1 slo\u017eila zvoniv\u00e1 slova pro Lady Liberty, kter\u00e1 s pochodn\u00ed v ruce v\u00edtala p\u0159ist\u011bhovalce v newyorsk\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edstavu:<\/p>\n
Dej mi svou \u00fanavu, svou chudobu,<\/em><\/p>
RELATED<\/span>
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- Masov\u00e9 p\u0159ist\u011bhovalectv\u00ed bylo dobr\u00e9 pro byznys, dokud u\u017e nebylo<\/li><\/a>
- \u00davahy na studentsk\u00e9 konferenci v Madridu<\/li><\/a><\/ul><\/div>\n
<\/em>va\u0161e schoulen\u00e9 masy, kter\u00e9 tou\u017e\u00ed po svobodn\u00e9m dechu,<\/em><\/p>\n
<\/em>uboh\u00fd odpad tv\u00e9ho hem\u017e\u00edc\u00edho se pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n
<\/em>Po\u0161lete je, bezdomovce, ty, kte\u0159\u00ed se tr\u00e1p\u00ed…<\/em>pohozen\u00e9 ke mn\u011b,<\/em><\/p>\n
<\/em>U zlat\u00fdch dve\u0159\u00ed zved\u00e1m svou lampu!<\/em><\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n
V 50. letech mohl cel\u00fd sv\u011bt ve filmech a v televizi sledovat, jak se Ameri\u010dan\u016fm ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s ostatn\u00edmi da\u0159\u00ed. V dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b se v\u0161ak \u010dasto tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee americk\u00fd sen je mrtv\u00fd. Tvrd\u00ed se, \u017ee n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 uv\u00edzli v n\u00edzkop\u0159\u00edjmov\u00fdch skupin\u00e1ch, zat\u00edmco jin\u00ed st\u00e1le v\u00edce bohatnou. Pochode\u0148 zhasla a zlat\u00e9 dve\u0159e se zav\u0159ely. V jejich ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 knize,
\n M\u00fdtus americk\u00e9 nerovnosti,<\/em>
\n<\/a> b\u00fdval\u00fd sen\u00e1tor (a profesor ekonomie) Phil Gramm a jeho dva spolupracovn\u00edci, oba uzn\u00e1van\u00ed v\u011bdci, ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee tato tvrzen\u00ed jsou nepravdiv\u00e1 a \u017ee americk\u00fd sen je \u017eiv\u00fd a zdrav\u00fd.<\/p>\nNa eskal\u00e1toru<\/h3>\n
Lid\u00e9 jsou obvykle fascinov\u00e1ni velmi bohat\u00fdmi lidmi. Gramm a jeho spolupracovn\u00edci v\u0161ak poukazuj\u00ed na to, \u017ee velmi bohat\u00ed lid\u00e9 na konci 19. stolet\u00ed, jako byli Cornelius Vanderbilt a John D. Rockefeller, ovl\u00e1dali mnohem v\u00edce majetku ne\u017e dne\u0161n\u00ed velmi bohat\u00ed lid\u00e9. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echno toto bohatstv\u00ed se v\u0161ak rozpt\u00fdlilo v d\u016fsledku v\u00fdzev konkurence, charitativn\u00edch dar\u016f (Vanderbiltova univerzita, Rockefellerova nadace), rozma\u0159il\u00e9ho utr\u00e1cen\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch d\u011bdic\u016f a nevyhnuteln\u00e9ho rozm\u011bln\u011bn\u00ed d\u011bdictv\u00edm. Kdy\u017e Gloria Vanderbiltov\u00e1 v roce 2019 zem\u0159ela, odk\u00e1zala sv\u00e9mu synovi, report\u00e9rovi CNN Andersonovi Cooperovi, 1,5 milionu dolar\u016f, co\u017e je 0,002 procenta z 200miliardov\u00e9ho jm\u011bn\u00ed jej\u00edho praprad\u011bde\u010dka. Na seznamu 400 nejbohat\u0161\u00edch Ameri\u010dan\u016f, kter\u00fd sestavuje \u010dasopis Forbes, nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd Vanderbilt ani Rockefeller. N\u011bkter\u00e9 velmi bohat\u00e9 rody p\u0159i\u0161ly a ode\u0161ly tak rychle, \u017ee je znaj\u00ed jen hospod\u00e1\u0159\u0161t\u00ed historici.<\/p>\n
To je nanejv\u00fd\u0161 mal\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je, co se stane ostatn\u00edm. Existuj\u00ed dva druhy vzestupn\u00e9 mobility, a to mobilita jednotlivc\u016f v pr\u016fb\u011bhu jejich \u017eivota a mobilita p\u0159\u00edjmov\u00fdch skupin nebo „t\u0159\u00edd“. Zde mohu citovat jen n\u011bkolik z mnoha \u00fadaj\u016f, kter\u00e9 tato pozoruhodn\u00e1 kniha p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed. Obvykle je plat jednotlivce na za\u010d\u00e1tku n\u00edzk\u00fd a zvy\u0161uje se s t\u00edm, jak z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00edce dovednost\u00ed a zku\u0161enost\u00ed, jak se \u010dasto \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, akumuluje lidsk\u00fd kapit\u00e1l. V roce 2017 \u010dinil pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd hodinov\u00fd v\u00fdd\u011blek mlad\u00fdch dosp\u011bl\u00fdch (19-25 let) 18,24 USD, zat\u00edmco u dosp\u011bl\u00fdch (55-65 let) to bylo 34,88 USD. Jedn\u00e1 se o n\u00e1r\u016fst o v\u00edce ne\u017e 90 %. Krom\u011b t\u00e9to vzestupn\u00e9 mobility, kterou si jednotlivci vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed vlastn\u00edm \u00fasil\u00edm, doch\u00e1z\u00ed v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu ke zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdd\u011blk\u016f v d\u016fsledku r\u016fstu produktivity. V pr\u016fm\u011bru se v Americe p\u0159\u00edjmy jednotlivc\u016f v letech 1987 a\u017e 1996 zv\u00fd\u0161ily o 24,1 % a v letech 1996 a\u017e 2005 o 41,0 %. Americk\u00e1 ekonomika je jako eskal\u00e1tor. I kdy\u017e se neh\u00fdbete, jste vyn\u00e1\u0161eni nahoru, ale m\u016f\u017eete tak\u00e9 stoupat po schodech, a tak se rychleji pohybovat nahoru.<\/p>\n
Mobilita sm\u011brem vzh\u016fru na z\u00e1klad\u011b schopnost\u00ed, nikoli t\u0159\u00eddy<\/h3>\n
Hodn\u011b se mluv\u00ed o tom, \u017ee Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 uv\u00edzli ve t\u0159\u00edd\u011b, do kter\u00e9 se narodili: D\u011bti chud\u00fdch z\u016fstanou chud\u00e9, zat\u00edmco d\u011bti bohat\u00fdch mohou o\u010dek\u00e1vat, \u017ee budou tak\u00e9 bohat\u00e9. Gramm a jeho spolupracovn\u00edci uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed k t\u00e9to problematice mnoho zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f. Dva krajn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpady by byly, za prv\u00e9, \u017ee v\u00e1\u0161 p\u0159\u00edjem byl zcela ur\u010den p\u0159\u00edjmem va\u0161ich rodi\u010d\u016f, a za druh\u00e9, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edjem va\u0161ich rodi\u010d\u016f nem\u011bl na v\u00e1\u0161 p\u0159\u00edjem \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd vliv. Pokud jsou dom\u00e1cnosti rozd\u011bleny do p\u011bti p\u0159\u00edjmov\u00fdch skupin neboli kvintil\u016f, prvn\u00ed krajn\u00ed bod by znamenal, \u017ee druh\u00e1 generace by skon\u010dila ve stejn\u00e9m kvintilu jako ta prvn\u00ed: V ka\u017ed\u00e9m kvantilu by 100 % dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed poch\u00e1zelo ze stejn\u00e9ho kvantilu jako prvn\u00ed generace. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v nejbohat\u0161\u00edm kvintilu by byli pouze lid\u00e9, jejich\u017e rodi\u010de byli tak\u00e9 v nejbohat\u0161\u00edm kvintilu, a v nejchud\u0161\u00edm kvintilu by byli pouze lid\u00e9, jejich\u017e rodi\u010de byli tak\u00e9 v nejchud\u0161\u00edm kvintilu. Druh\u00fd krajn\u00ed bod, bod bez vlivu, by znamenal, \u017ee druh\u00e1 generace by byla rovnom\u011brn\u011b rozd\u011blena mezi kvintily: V ka\u017ed\u00e9m kvantilu by bylo 20 % z ka\u017ed\u00e9ho z p\u011bti kvantil\u016f prvn\u00ed generace.<\/p>\n
Gramm a jeho spolupracovn\u00edci se odvol\u00e1vaj\u00ed na t\u0159i studie rozlo\u017een\u00ed druh\u00e9 generace v p\u0159\u00edjmov\u00fdch skupin\u00e1ch ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s prvn\u00ed generac\u00ed. Tyto t\u0159i studie p\u0159inesly podobn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky, tak\u017ee je lze pova\u017eovat za pom\u011brn\u011b spolehliv\u00e9. Auto\u0159i pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 hodnoty vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z t\u011bchto studi\u00ed. V nejbohat\u0161\u00edm kvintilu poch\u00e1z\u00ed 37,9 % d\u011bt\u00ed od rodi\u010d\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed byli tak\u00e9 ve stejn\u00e9m kvintilu, 23,3 % od rodi\u010d\u016f z druh\u00e9ho nejbohat\u0161\u00edho kvintilu, 17,5 % od rodi\u010d\u016f ze st\u0159edn\u00edho kvintilu, 12,0 % z druh\u00e9ho nejchud\u0161\u00edho kvintilu a 9,3 % od rodi\u010d\u016f z nejchud\u0161\u00edho kvintilu. Srovnateln\u00e9 hodnoty pro druh\u00fd nejbohat\u0161\u00ed kvintil jsou 28,4, 22,6, 21,6, 16,1 a 11,3 procenta. Pro st\u0159edn\u00ed kvintil jsou to 16,4, 22,5, 23,6, 20,5 a 17,0. Pro druh\u00fd nejchud\u0161\u00ed kvintil jsou to 11,3, 20,2, 19,3, 24,4 a 24,9 procenta. V nejchud\u0161\u00edm kvintilu poch\u00e1z\u00ed 6,1 % od rodi\u010d\u016f z nejbohat\u0161\u00edho kvintilu, 11,4 % od rodi\u010d\u016f z druh\u00e9ho nejbohat\u0161\u00edho kvintilu, 17,8 % od rodi\u010d\u016f ze st\u0159edn\u00edho kvintilu, 27,3 % od rodi\u010d\u016f z druh\u00e9ho nejchud\u0161\u00edho kvintilu a 37,4 % z nejchud\u0161\u00edho kvintilu.<\/p>\n
Tato \u010d\u00edsla jsou pozoruhodn\u00e1. Ukazuj\u00ed – co\u017e se dalo o\u010dek\u00e1vat – \u017ee t\u0159\u00edda rodi\u010d\u016f m\u00e1 ur\u010dit\u00fd vliv na to, v jak\u00e9 t\u0159\u00edd\u011b jejich d\u011bti skon\u010d\u00ed, ale ne p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 v\u00fdznamn\u00fd. P\u0159ipome\u0148me, \u017ee pokud by p\u016fvod nem\u011bl \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd vliv, rozd\u011blen\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed mezi p\u0159\u00edjmov\u00e9 skupiny by bylo n\u00e1hodn\u00e9, tak\u017ee 20 % lid\u00ed v nejbohat\u0161\u00edm kvintilu by m\u011blo rodi\u010de z tohoto kvintilu. Tito lid\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed 37,9 % v\u0161ech lid\u00ed v nejbohat\u0161\u00edm kvintilu. P\u016fvod je tedy rozd\u00edl, ale jen mal\u00fd, 17,9 %. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee 62,1 % lid\u00ed v nejbohat\u0161\u00edm kvintilu m\u00e1 rodi\u010de, kte\u0159\u00ed nepat\u0159ili do nejbohat\u0161\u00edho kvintilu. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee 37,4 % osob v nejchud\u0161\u00edm kvintilu m\u00e1 rodi\u010de, kte\u0159\u00ed byli tak\u00e9 v tomto kvintilu, znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee 62,6 % osob v nejchud\u0161\u00edm kvintilu m\u00e1 rodi\u010de, kte\u0159\u00ed nebyli v nejchud\u0161\u00edm kvintilu.<\/p>\n
P\u016fvodn\u00ed pozice Nev\u00fdznamn\u00e1<\/h3>\n
Levicov\u00ed intelektu\u00e1lov\u00e9 obvykle podce\u0148uj\u00ed dynamick\u00fd charakter konkuren\u010dn\u00edho kapitalismu: bl\u00e1zen a jeho pen\u00edze se brzy rozd\u011bl\u00ed. Je to nekone\u010dn\u00e1 v\u00fdzva. Na p\u016fvodn\u00ed poloze p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed. \u010c\u00edsla, kter\u00e1 Gramm a jeho spolupracovn\u00edci uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee rodi\u010de nemohou sv\u00fdm d\u011btem koupit mnoho v\u00fdhod. P\u016fvodn\u00ed v\u00fdhody se toti\u017e b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika generac\u00ed vyma\u017eou. Mimochodem, k tomuto z\u00e1v\u011bru dosp\u011bli tak\u00e9 Gary S. Becker a Nigel Tomas ve sv\u00e9 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci z<\/a> roku 1986: „T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny v\u00fdd\u011blkov\u00e9 v\u00fdhody a nev\u00fdhody p\u0159edk\u016f se vyma\u017eou b\u011bhem t\u0159\u00ed generac\u00ed. Tento z\u00e1sadn\u00ed poznatek sd\u00edlel i Adam Smith v
\n Teorie mravn\u00edch cit\u016f<\/a>
\n<\/em> (\u010d\u00e1st 4, kapitola I):<\/p>\nProdukce p\u016fdy udr\u017euje v\u017edy t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 takov\u00fd po\u010det obyvatel, jak\u00fd je schopna udr\u017eet. Bohat\u00ed si z hromady vyb\u00edraj\u00ed jen to, co je nejcenn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejp\u0159\u00edjemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Spot\u0159ebov\u00e1vaj\u00ed jen o m\u00e1lo v\u00edce ne\u017e chud\u00ed a navzdory sv\u00e9mu p\u0159irozen\u00e9mu sobectv\u00ed a hrabivosti, a\u010dkoli jim jde jen o vlastn\u00ed pohodl\u00ed, a\u010dkoli jedin\u00fdm c\u00edlem, kter\u00fd navrhuj\u00ed z pr\u00e1ce v\u0161ech tis\u00edc\u016f lid\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zam\u011bstn\u00e1vaj\u00ed, je uspokojen\u00ed vlastn\u00edch marniv\u00fdch a nenasytn\u00fdch tu\u017eeb, d\u011bl\u00ed se s chud\u00fdmi o v\u00fdsledky v\u0161ech sv\u00fdch zlep\u0161en\u00ed. Neviditeln\u00e1 ruka je vede k tomu, aby rozd\u011blovali \u017eivotn\u00ed pot\u0159eby t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 stejn\u011b, jako kdyby byla zem\u011b rozd\u011blena na stejn\u00e9 d\u00edly mezi v\u0161echny jej\u00ed obyvatele, a tak, ani\u017e by to zam\u00fd\u0161leli a v\u011bd\u011bli, podporuj\u00ed z\u00e1jmy spole\u010dnosti a poskytuj\u00ed prost\u0159edky k rozmno\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed druhu. Kdy\u017e Proz\u0159etelnost rozd\u011blila zemi mezi n\u011bkolik p\u00e1n\u016f, nezapomn\u011bla ani neopustila ty, kte\u0159\u00ed se zd\u00e1li b\u00fdt p\u0159i rozd\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed opomenuti.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Nem\u011bli bychom se p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 zab\u00fdvat n\u011bjakou p\u016fvodn\u00ed pozic\u00ed, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e mo\u017enost\u00ed posunout se vp\u0159ed a vzh\u016fru. I kdy\u017e je americk\u00fd sen \u017eiv\u00fd a zdrav\u00fd, je znepokojuj\u00edc\u00ed, \u017ee pr\u00e1ceschopn\u00ed, ale nepracuj\u00edc\u00ed jedinci v nejchud\u0161\u00edm kvintilu dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 stejn\u00fd nebo dokonce vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjem po p\u0159evodech a da\u0148ov\u00fdch platb\u00e1ch ne\u017e pracuj\u00edc\u00ed lid\u00e9 v dal\u0161\u00edch t\u0159ech kvintilech nad nimi. Gramm a jeho spoluauto\u0159i poznamenat (str. 81), \u017ee „nejhlasit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kritici na\u0161eho ekonomick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu pro jeho r\u016fst nerovnosti v p\u0159\u00edjmech v pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 Americe jsou tak\u00e9 \u010dasto nejoddan\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi zast\u00e1nci roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed samotn\u00fdch transferov\u00fdch plateb pro Ameri\u010dany s n\u00edzk\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edjmy, kter\u00e9 byly nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou r\u016fstu nerovnosti v p\u0159\u00edjmech. Jsou tak\u00e9 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi propag\u00e1tory ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, kter\u00fd nechal tolik lid\u00ed na holi\u010dk\u00e1ch, a nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi kritiky vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edch reforem, jako je volba \u0161koly, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu po\u010dtu d\u011bt\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161it sv\u00e9 budouc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjmy. V z\u00e1v\u011bru sv\u00e9 knihy auto\u0159i zmi\u0148uj\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 nezbytn\u00e9 reformy v Americe. 1) Ujasn\u011bn\u00ed si fakt\u016f. 2) Odstranit vl\u00e1dn\u00ed pob\u00eddky k pr\u00e1ci. 3) Reformovat z\u00e1kladn\u00ed a st\u0159edn\u00ed \u0161kolstv\u00ed tak, aby bylo \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9. 4) Odstranit vl\u00e1dn\u00ed omezen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Tyto n\u00e1vrhy se jist\u011b t\u00fdkaj\u00ed i Evropy.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Americk\u00fd sen spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty jsou a m\u011bly by z\u016fstat zem\u00ed p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed, kde si jednotlivci mohou zlep\u0161it \u017eivotn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 svou i sv\u00fdch rodin tvrdou prac\u00ed, schopnost\u00ed a \u0161etrnost\u00ed. Je to tedy sen o vzestupn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edjmov\u00e9 mobilit\u011b zalo\u017een\u00e9 na vlastn\u00edm \u00fasil\u00ed. Tak tomu bylo na konci devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho a na za\u010d\u00e1tku dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed, kdy […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":53,"featured_media":28114,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[181],"tags":[503,1517,1530,311,1520],"editorial-positions":[42],"regions":[367,404],"types":[449],"class_list":["post-28210","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kultura-cs","tag-immigration","tag-inequality","tag-mobility","tag-usa","tag-wealth","editorial-positions-focus","regions-usa-cs","regions-world-cs","types-opinion-cs"],"yoast_head":"\n
Americk\u00fd sen je \u017eiv\u00fd a zdrav\u00fd - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cs\/americky-sen-je-zivy-a-zdravy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Americk\u00fd sen je \u017eiv\u00fd a zdrav\u00fd - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Americk\u00fd sen spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty jsou a m\u011bly by z\u016fstat zem\u00ed p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed, kde si jednotlivci mohou zlep\u0161it \u017eivotn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 svou i sv\u00fdch rodin tvrdou prac\u00ed, schopnost\u00ed a \u0161etrnost\u00ed. Je to tedy sen o vzestupn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edjmov\u00e9 mobilit\u011b zalo\u017een\u00e9 na vlastn\u00edm \u00fasil\u00ed. 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