{"id":37531,"date":"2025-01-06T07:52:33","date_gmt":"2025-01-06T07:52:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/irsko-a-smernice-eu-o-nekalych-obchodnich-praktikach"},"modified":"2025-01-06T07:52:33","modified_gmt":"2025-01-06T07:52:33","slug":"irsko-a-smernice-eu-o-nekalych-obchodnich-praktikach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cs\/irsko-a-smernice-eu-o-nekalych-obchodnich-praktikach","title":{"rendered":"Irsko a sm\u011brnice EU o nekal\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch praktik\u00e1ch"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Obavy t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se dopadu nekal\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch praktik (UTP), kter\u00e9 jsou obecn\u011b definov\u00e1ny jako praktiky, je\u017e se hrub\u011b odchyluj\u00ed od \u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9ho obchodn\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed, jsou v rozporu s dobrou v\u00edrou a poctiv\u00fdm obchodn\u00edm jedn\u00e1n\u00edm a jsou jednostrann\u011b vnucov\u00e1ny jedn\u00edm obchodn\u00edm partnerem druh\u00e9mu, jsou ji\u017e nejm\u00e9n\u011b deset let opakovan\u00fdm prvkem ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch a politick\u00fdch debat mezi zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdmi v\u00fdrobci\/dodavateli a odb\u011brateli zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch produkt\u016f v EU a Irsku. Na \u00farovni Komise EU se p\u0159ed rokem 2016 m\u011blo za to, \u017ee rostouc\u00ed integrace evropsk\u00e9ho zem\u011bd\u011blsko-potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho odv\u011btv\u00ed do glob\u00e1ln\u00edch trh\u016f sice vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vystaven\u00ed nedokonalostem trhu, volatilitu cen a v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti k tomu, aby p\u0159\u00edjmy zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch dodavatel\u016f byly negativn\u011b ovlivn\u011bny UTP. Dodavatel\u00e9 tak nem\u011bli k dispozici \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 nebo jen velmi omezen\u00e9 mo\u017enosti \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdch regula\u010dn\u00edch opravn\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f nebo ochrany, co\u017e je na trhu zna\u010dn\u011b znev\u00fdhod\u0148ovalo. V t\u00e9to souvislosti bylo obecn\u011b zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee nerovnov\u00e1ha sil v dynamice dodavatel\/odb\u011bratel siln\u011b zv\u00fdhod\u0148uje odb\u011bratele v nep\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e. Dodavatel\u00e9, \u010dasto men\u0161\u00ed a zraniteln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, m\u011bli pot\u00ed\u017ee vyjednat spravedliv\u00e9 podm\u00ednky nebo se dom\u00e1hat n\u00e1pravy v p\u0159\u00edpadech vyko\u0159is\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed, co\u017e d\u00e1le prohlubovalo p\u0159\u00edjmov\u00e9 nerovnosti v zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9m dodavatelsk\u00e9m \u0159et\u011bzci. Ve snaze identifikovat a p\u0159ezkoumat nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed UTP a stanovit, jakou ochranu zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016f a dodavatel\u016f by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 zav\u00e9st, aby se dos\u00e1hlo vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00e9ho obchodn\u00edho vztahu, vytvo\u0159ila Evropsk\u00e1 komise skupinu odborn\u00edk\u016f nazvanou Pracovn\u00ed skupina pro zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 trhy. Toto rozhodnut\u00ed n\u00e1sledovalo po zased\u00e1n\u00ed Evropsk\u00e9 rady v z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2015, kde byla zd\u016frazn\u011bna nal\u00e9hav\u00e1 pot\u0159eba tyto ot\u00e1zky \u0159e\u0161it. Na stejn\u00e9m zased\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edstavil tehdej\u0161\u00ed evropsk\u00fd komisa\u0159 pro zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a rozvoj venkova Phil Hogan z Irska bal\u00ed\u010dek solidarity v hodnot\u011b 500 milion\u016f eur na pomoc zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdm trh\u016fm EU, kter\u00e9 za\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v\u00fdkyvy v d\u016fsledku rusk\u00e9ho embarga na dovoz potravin z EU a zpomaluj\u00edc\u00ed se popt\u00e1vky z \u010c\u00edny. Poradn\u00ed skupina na vysok\u00e9 \u00farovni vytvo\u0159en\u00e1 b\u011bhem tohoto zased\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011bla za \u00fakol prozkoumat fungov\u00e1n\u00ed dodavatelsk\u00e9ho \u0159et\u011bzce a postaven\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016f v n\u011bm. \u010casem byla tato skupina ofici\u00e1ln\u011b ozna\u010dena jako pracovn\u00ed skupina pro zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 trhy. \u00dakolem pracovn\u00ed skupiny bylo poskytovat Evropsk\u00e9 komisi poradenstv\u00ed a odborn\u00e9 znalosti t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se fungov\u00e1n\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch trh\u016f a postaven\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016f v dodavatelsk\u00e9m \u0159et\u011bzci. Jej\u00edm \u00fakolem bylo tak\u00e9 vyd\u00e1vat doporu\u010den\u00ed a navrhovat politick\u00e9 iniciativy k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed nerovnov\u00e1hy a nekal\u00fdch praktik, kter\u00e9 ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 v\u00fdrobce. Jedn\u00edm z celounijn\u00edch r\u00e1mc\u016f pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed nekal\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch praktik, kter\u00fd z tohoto procesu vze\u0161el, byla sm\u011brnice EU o nekal\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch praktik\u00e1ch (2019\/633). Tato sm\u011brnice v\u00fdslovn\u011b zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee poskytovan\u00e1 ochrana by m\u011bla b\u00fdt p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ve prosp\u011bch zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch v\u00fdrobc\u016f a fyzick\u00fdch nebo pr\u00e1vnick\u00fdch osob, kter\u00e9 dod\u00e1vaj\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 a potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 produkty, v\u010detn\u011b organizac\u00ed producent\u016f. Stanov\u00ed rovn\u011b\u017e minim\u00e1ln\u00ed harmonizovan\u00e1 pravidla pro zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fd a potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd dodavatelsk\u00fd \u0159et\u011bzec platn\u00e1 ve v\u0161ech \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech EU, v\u010detn\u011b Irska. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee sm\u011brnice rozd\u011bluje UTP do dvou skupin: \u010dern\u00e9 a \u0161ed\u00e9 praktiky. Mezi \u010dern\u00e9 praktiky pat\u0159\u00ed opo\u017ed\u011bn\u00e9 platby, jednostrann\u00e9 zm\u011bny dohod o dod\u00e1vk\u00e1ch a odm\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed poskytnout p\u00edsemn\u00e9 potvrzen\u00ed dohod o dod\u00e1vk\u00e1ch. Tyto praktiky jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za naprosto nep\u0159ijateln\u00e9 a sm\u011brnice je zakazuje.<\/p>\n

\u0160ed\u00e9 praktiky naopak zahrnuj\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, jako je vracen\u00ed neprodan\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f podl\u00e9haj\u00edc\u00edch rychl\u00e9 zk\u00e1ze nebo vy\u017eadov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fahrady marketingov\u00fdch n\u00e1klad\u016f od dodavatel\u016f, pokud to nen\u00ed v\u00fdslovn\u011b dohodnuto. Tyto praktiky jsou povoleny pouze za ur\u010dit\u00fdch podm\u00ednek a po p\u0159edchoz\u00ed dohod\u011b. Je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee Irsko za\u010dalo \u0159e\u0161it UTP na dom\u00e1c\u00ed \u00farovni ji\u017e p\u0159ed p\u0159ijet\u00edm sm\u011brnice. V roce 2018 vypracoval Spole\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdbor irsk\u00e9ho parlamentu pro zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, potraviny a mo\u0159sk\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed politick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek k legislativn\u00edmu n\u00e1vrhu EU COM(2018) 173 – N\u00e1vrh sm\u011brnice o nekal\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch praktik\u00e1ch ve vztaz\u00edch mezi podniky v potravinov\u00e9m dodavatelsk\u00e9m \u0159et\u011bzci. To vedlo k tomu, \u017ee irsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da schv\u00e1lila obecn\u00fd syst\u00e9m a n\u00e1sledn\u011b zve\u0159ejnila n\u00e1vrh z\u00e1kona o zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9m a potravinov\u00e9m dodavatelsk\u00e9m \u0159et\u011bzci z roku 2022. V r\u00e1mci tohoto legislativn\u00edho procesu prob\u011bhla v roce 2021 ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 konzultace o funkc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed b\u00fdt sv\u011b\u0159eny nov\u00e9mu \u00fa\u0159adu, pozd\u011bji pojmenovan\u00e9mu N\u00e1rodn\u00ed potravinov\u00fd ombudsman\/regul\u00e1tor. Vyvrcholen\u00edm tohoto \u00fasil\u00ed byl z\u00e1kon o zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9m a potravinov\u00e9m dodavatelsk\u00e9m \u0159et\u011bzci z roku 2023, kter\u00fdm byl z\u0159\u00edzen nov\u00fd nez\u00e1visl\u00fd z\u00e1konn\u00fd org\u00e1n An Rial\u00e1la\u00ed Agraibhia (Zem\u011bd\u011blsko-potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd regul\u00e1tor neboli „Regul\u00e1tor“). C\u00edlem tohoto nov\u00e9ho \u00fa\u0159adu je v souladu se sm\u011brnic\u00ed EU z roku 2019 podporovat spravedlnost a transparentnost v zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9m a potravinov\u00e9m dodavatelsk\u00e9m \u0159et\u011bzci v Irsku. Mezi kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 funkce, kter\u00e9 jsou regul\u00e1torovi sv\u011b\u0159eny na z\u00e1klad\u011b z\u00e1kona z roku 2023, pat\u0159\u00ed nap\u0159: <\/p>\n

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  1. Spravedlnost a transparentnost v zem\u011bd\u011blsko-potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m dodavatelsk\u00e9m \u0159et\u011bzci:<\/strong> \u00dakolem regula\u010dn\u00edho org\u00e1nu je zohlednit specifick\u00e9 pot\u0159eby a okolnosti zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho a potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho odv\u011btv\u00ed se zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm d\u016frazem na zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, rybolov a mal\u00e9 potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 podniky.<\/li>\n
  2. Informace a zapojen\u00ed:<\/strong> Regula\u010dn\u00ed org\u00e1n bude zve\u0159ej\u0148ovat anal\u00fdzy cen a tr\u017en\u00edch \u00fadaj\u016f t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se zem\u011bd\u011blsko-potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho dodavatelsk\u00e9ho \u0159et\u011bzce s c\u00edlem zv\u00fd\u0161it transparentnost trhu.<\/li>\n
  3. Dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1kona o nekal\u00e9m obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/strong> Regula\u010dn\u00ed org\u00e1n je odpov\u011bdn\u00fd za podporu porozum\u011bn\u00ed a dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1kon\u016f t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se nekal\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch praktik v zem\u011bd\u011blsko-potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m odv\u011btv\u00ed.<\/li>\n
  4. Prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1kona o nekal\u00e9m obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/strong> Regul\u00e1tor slou\u017e\u00ed jako ur\u010den\u00fd org\u00e1n pro prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1va podle sm\u011brnice (EU) 2019\/633 a je odpov\u011bdn\u00fd za prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edpis\u016f o nekal\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch praktik\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Dal\u0161\u00ed ustanoven\u00ed z\u00e1kona zmoc\u0148uj\u00ed regula\u010dn\u00ed org\u00e1n k vyd\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed pokyn\u016f, p\u0159ezkumu kodex\u016f praxe a umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed ministru zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed konzultovat s regula\u010dn\u00edm org\u00e1nem legislativn\u00ed n\u00e1vrhy t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se spravedlnosti a transparentnosti v zem\u011bd\u011blsko-potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m dodavatelsk\u00e9m \u0159et\u011bzci. P\u0159esto\u017ee byl zem\u011bd\u011blsko-potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd regul\u00e1tor z\u0159\u00edzen teprve ned\u00e1vno, zah\u00e1jil ji\u017e v\u00fdznamnou \u010dinnost. Potvrdil, \u017ee zah\u00e1jil soudn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed proti kupuj\u00edc\u00edmu podniku za \u00fadajn\u00e9 poru\u0161en\u00ed nekal\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch praktik. Krom\u011b toho provedl n\u011bkolik kontrol dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edpis\u016f na m\u00edst\u011b, aby zajistil, \u017ee z\u00e1sady, postupy, syst\u00e9my a vnit\u0159n\u00ed kontroly podnik\u016f spl\u0148uj\u00ed po\u017eadavky z\u00e1kona 2023 a souvisej\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159edpis\u016f. Regula\u010dn\u00ed org\u00e1n rovn\u011b\u017e uvedl, \u017ee tyto kontroly budou pokra\u010dovat, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na c\u00edlen\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy zalo\u017een\u00e9 na riziku. Doposud nebyly proti donucovac\u00edm \u010dinnostem regula\u010dn\u00edho org\u00e1nu vzneseny \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 pr\u00e1vn\u00ed n\u00e1mitky. Zat\u00edmco vytvo\u0159en\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsko-potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho regula\u010dn\u00edho org\u00e1nu bylo obecn\u011b v\u00edt\u00e1no jako pozitivn\u00ed krok, objevila se kritika pr\u00e1vn\u00edch p\u0159edpis\u016f, na nich\u017e je zalo\u017eena jeho \u010dinnost. Tato kritika se zam\u011b\u0159uje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na vn\u00edman\u00e1 omezen\u00ed jeho p\u016fsobnosti a pravomoc\u00ed. Regul\u00e1tor nap\u0159\u00edklad v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b nem\u00e1 pravomoc prov\u00e1d\u011bt nam\u00e1tkov\u00e9 kontroly dodavatel\u016f a odb\u011bratel\u016f, aby zajistil pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edpis\u016f UTP. Krom\u011b toho se objevily obavy ohledn\u011b mo\u017enosti n\u011bkter\u00fdch podnik\u016f, nap\u0159\u00edklad zpracovatel\u016f masa, blokovat p\u0159\u00edstup k \u00fadaj\u016fm o cen\u00e1ch z d\u016fvodu obchodn\u00ed citlivosti. Tento nedostatek transparentnosti by mohl br\u00e1nit snah\u00e1m o odhalov\u00e1n\u00ed a \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed cenov\u00fdch manipulac\u00ed v r\u00e1mci dodavatelsk\u00e9ho \u0159et\u011bzce. Dal\u0161\u00edm sporn\u00fdm bodem je relativn\u011b pomal\u00e9 tempo, jak\u00fdm byly tyto zm\u011bny prov\u00e1d\u011bny. Z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00e9 strany tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee ke z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed regula\u010dn\u00edho org\u00e1nu a zaveden\u00ed d\u016fkladn\u00fdch p\u0159edpis\u016f o UTP m\u011blo doj\u00edt mnohem d\u0159\u00edve, vzhledem k dlouhodob\u00fdm probl\u00e9m\u016fm, kter\u00fdm zem\u011bd\u011bl\u0161t\u00ed v\u00fdrobci \u010del\u00ed. Kritici rovn\u011b\u017e zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed pot\u0159ebu neust\u00e1l\u00e9 ostra\u017eitosti a prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed, aby bylo zaji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee regul\u00e1tor bude \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b plnit sv\u016fj mand\u00e1t a \u017ee se nestane „pap\u00edrov\u00fdm tygrem“ s omezen\u00fdm praktick\u00fdm dopadem. Celkov\u011b panuje shoda v tom, \u017ee z\u00e1kon 2023 a z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsko-potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho regul\u00e1tora p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 miln\u00edky v \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed nekal\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch praktik v Irsku. Skute\u010dn\u00fdm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtkem jeho \u00fasp\u011bchu v\u0161ak bude jeho schopnost chr\u00e1nit z\u00e1jmy dodavatel\u016f a v\u00fdrobc\u016f, podporovat transparentnost a prosazovat spravedlnost v cel\u00e9m zem\u011bd\u011blsko-potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m dodavatelsk\u00e9m \u0159et\u011bzci. Jak bude regul\u00e1tor pokra\u010dovat ve sv\u00e9 \u010dinnosti, budou jeho kroky pozorn\u011b sledovat z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00e9 strany, kter\u00e9 doufaj\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159inese smysluplnou zm\u011bnu v oblasti, kter\u00e1 byla dlouho pln\u00e1 nerovnov\u00e1hy a nespravedlnosti.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Obavy t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se dopadu nekal\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch praktik (UTP), kter\u00e9 jsou obecn\u011b definov\u00e1ny jako praktiky, je\u017e se hrub\u011b odchyluj\u00ed od \u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9ho obchodn\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed, jsou v rozporu s dobrou v\u00edrou a poctiv\u00fdm obchodn\u00edm jedn\u00e1n\u00edm a jsou jednostrann\u011b vnucov\u00e1ny jedn\u00edm obchodn\u00edm partnerem druh\u00e9mu, jsou ji\u017e nejm\u00e9n\u011b deset let opakovan\u00fdm prvkem ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch a politick\u00fdch debat mezi zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdmi v\u00fdrobci\/dodavateli a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50,"featured_media":37507,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[150],"tags":[],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[],"types":[449],"class_list":["post-37531","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-obchod-a-ekonomika","types-opinion-cs"],"yoast_head":"\nIrsko a sm\u011brnice EU o nekal\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch praktik\u00e1ch - 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