{"id":3806,"date":"2022-10-18T11:58:15","date_gmt":"2022-10-18T11:58:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/podobnosti-mezi-spanelskym-a-polskym-soudnim-systemem"},"modified":"2022-10-18T11:58:15","modified_gmt":"2022-10-18T11:58:15","slug":"podobnosti-mezi-spanelskym-a-polskym-soudnim-systemem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cs\/podobnosti-mezi-spanelskym-a-polskym-soudnim-systemem","title":{"rendered":"PODOBNOSTI MEZI \u0160PAN\u011aLSK\u00ddM A POLSK\u00ddM SOUDN\u00cdM SYST\u00c9MEM"},"content":{"rendered":"
    \n
  1. \u00davod<\/u><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    V r\u00e1mci politick\u00e9ho boje mezi sou\u010dasn\u00fdmi org\u00e1ny Evropsk\u00e9 unie (EU) a Polskou republikou si V\u00fdbor Evropsk\u00e9ho parlamentu pro ob\u010dansk\u00e9 svobody, spravedlnost a vnit\u0159n\u00ed v\u011bci ned\u00e1vno nechal vypracovat studii (d\u00e1le jen „studie“) o \u00fadajn\u00e9m principu p\u0159ednosti pr\u00e1va EU a rozsudc\u00edch polsk\u00e9ho \u00fastavn\u00edho soudu, kter\u00e9 tento princip odm\u00edtaj\u00ed.[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    Ve studii jsou n\u011bkter\u00e9 aspekty polsk\u00e9 soudn\u00ed reformy zah\u00e1jen\u00e9 v roce 2016 vykresleny jako problematick\u00e9, nebo\u0165 zp\u016fsobily konfrontaci mezi polsk\u00fdm \u00dastavn\u00edm soudem a Soudn\u00edm dvorem Evropsk\u00e9 unie, kter\u00e1 slou\u017e\u00ed jako pozad\u00ed neust\u00e1l\u00e9 politick\u00e9 (a finan\u010dn\u00ed) agrese instituc\u00ed EU v\u016f\u010di Polsku.<\/p>\n

    V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku budou tyto aspekty porovn\u00e1ny se soudn\u00edm syst\u00e9mem ve \u0160pan\u011blsku, dal\u0161\u00edm \u010dlensk\u00e9m st\u00e1t\u011b EU, kter\u00fd netrp\u00ed permanentn\u00edm obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00edm ze strany bruselsk\u00fdch org\u00e1n\u016f. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee se zam\u011b\u0159ujeme sp\u00ed\u0161e na pr\u00e1vn\u00ed n\u00e1stroje ne\u017e na politickou oblast, d\u016fvody tohoto zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho rozd\u00edln\u00e9ho zach\u00e1zen\u00ed zde nejsou zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n

    Podobnosti polsk\u00e9 reformy s jin\u00fdmi z\u00e1padn\u00edmi zem\u011bmi, jako je N\u011bmecko (rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 pr\u00e1va ministra spravedlnosti organizovat soudy) nebo Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty americk\u00e9 (slou\u010den\u00ed funkce ministra spravedlnosti s funkc\u00ed gener\u00e1ln\u00edho prokur\u00e1tora), nejsou rovn\u011b\u017e podrobn\u011bji rozebr\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

      \n
    1. K\u00e1rn\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00edch z\u00e1stupc\u016f<\/u><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Prof. PETERSEN a WASILCZYK nejprve p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed, \u017ee pol\u0161t\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00ed z\u00e1stupci mohou b\u00fdt p\u0159edm\u011btem k\u00e1rn\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed zah\u00e1jen\u00e9ho Gener\u00e1ln\u00ed prokuraturou a \u017ee toto \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k pozastaven\u00ed v\u00fdkonu funkce st\u00e1tn\u00edho z\u00e1stupce[2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

      Ve \u0160pan\u011blsku se st\u00e1tn\u00ed zastupitelstv\u00ed \u0159\u00edd\u00ed vlastn\u00edm statutem, kter\u00fd byl schv\u00e1len v roce 1981 a d\u00e1le reformov\u00e1n v roce 2007. Podle \u010dl\u00e1nku 61 tohoto statutu podl\u00e9haj\u00ed \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161t\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00ed z\u00e1stupci rovn\u011b\u017e disciplin\u00e1rn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnosti. Podle jeho \u010dl\u00e1nku 66 mohou b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 suspendov\u00e1ni, jako je tomu v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jejich polsk\u00fdch koleg\u016f[3]<\/a>, a dokonce odvol\u00e1ni z funkce.<\/p>\n

      Kone\u010dn\u011b \u010dl\u00e1nek 67 \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9ho statutu stanov\u00ed, \u017ee sankci pozastaven\u00ed v\u00fdkonu funkce ukl\u00e1d\u00e1 gener\u00e1ln\u00ed prokur\u00e1tor (stejn\u011b jako v Polsku), zat\u00edmco odvol\u00e1n\u00ed navrhuje tent\u00fd\u017e org\u00e1n a potvrzuje je ministr spravedlnosti.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

        \n
      1. D\u016fchodov\u00fd v\u011bk soudc\u016f<\/u><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Dal\u0161\u00edm bodem studie, kter\u00fd si zaslou\u017e\u00ed kritiku ze strany org\u00e1n\u016f EU, je sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v\u011bku odchodu do d\u016fchodu soudc\u016f v Polsku na 65 let v roce 2017[4<\/a>].<\/p>\n

        Ve \u0160pan\u011blsku byla tato hranice tak\u00e9 65 let, a to a\u017e do konce roku 1992, kdy byla zv\u00fd\u0161ena na 70 let. \u010cl\u00e1nek 386.2 organick\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona upravuj\u00edc\u00edho soudnictv\u00ed v\u0161ak umo\u017e\u0148uje odchod do d\u016fchodu i po 65 letech, op\u011bt podobn\u011b jako v Polsku.<\/p>\n

        V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Polska mus\u00ed soudci, kte\u0159\u00ed cht\u011bj\u00ed z\u016fstat v \u010dinn\u00e9 slu\u017eb\u011b od 66 do 70 let, po\u017e\u00e1dat N\u00e1rodn\u00ed radu soudnictv\u00ed (KRS) o povolen\u00ed pokra\u010dovat ve slu\u017eb\u011b. P\u0159esn\u011b tak je tomu ve \u0160pan\u011blsku v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b soudc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed cht\u011bj\u00ed odej\u00edt do d\u016fchodu ve v\u011bku 66 a\u017e 69 let a mus\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1dat o povolen\u00ed Gener\u00e1ln\u00ed radu soudn\u00ed moci (CGPJ).<\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Vytvo\u0159en\u00ed nov\u00fdch sen\u00e1t\u016f u Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu<\/u><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          V roce 2017 byla tak\u00e9 v Polsku z\u0159\u00edzena k\u00e1rn\u00e1 komora, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 na starosti veden\u00ed k\u00e1rn\u00fdch \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed proti soudc\u016fm Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu a tak\u00e9 odvol\u00e1n\u00ed proti k\u00e1rn\u00fdm \u0159\u00edzen\u00edm proti v\u0161em ostatn\u00edm soudc\u016fm obecn\u00fdch soud\u016f.<\/p>\n

          Takov\u00e1 komora existuje i u \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9ho Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu. Naz\u00fdv\u00e1 se „Vl\u00e1dn\u00ed komora“ a mezi jej\u00ed funkce pat\u0159\u00ed i v\u00fdkon disciplin\u00e1rn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u016f\u010di soudc\u016fm.<\/p>\n

          Odvol\u00e1n\u00ed v k\u00e1rn\u00fdch \u0159\u00edzen\u00edch ostatn\u00edch soudc\u016f je v kompetenci trestn\u00edho kolegia Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu. Nen\u00ed v\u0161ak d\u016fvod se domn\u00edvat, \u017ee by trestn\u00ed sen\u00e1t zajistil vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9ho soudn\u00edho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ne\u017e k\u00e1rn\u00fd sen\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

          Mezi ob\u011bma soudn\u00edmi syst\u00e9my existuje drobn\u00fd rozd\u00edl: zat\u00edmco ve \u0160pan\u011blsku je p\u0159edsedou k\u00e1rn\u00e9ho sen\u00e1tu p\u0159edseda Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu, v Polsku tuto funkci vykon\u00e1v\u00e1 samostatn\u00fd p\u0159edseda. Podle m\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru to v\u0161ak samo o sob\u011b nep\u0159edstavuje riziko men\u0161\u00edho rozsahu spravedliv\u00e9ho procesu, nebo\u0165 se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee oba policist\u00e9 uplat\u0148uj\u00ed stejnou m\u00edru nez\u00e1vislosti a t\u011b\u017e\u00ed z n\u00ed. Je to sp\u00ed\u0161e ot\u00e1zka organizace a n\u00e1rodn\u00edho rozhodnut\u00ed.<\/p>\n

          PETERSEN a WASILCZYK si d\u00e1le st\u011b\u017euj\u00ed na vytvo\u0159en\u00ed mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 revizn\u00ed komory a komory pro ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 z\u00e1le\u017eitosti u polsk\u00e9ho Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu, kter\u00e1 je opr\u00e1vn\u011bna ru\u0161it judikaturu vytvo\u0159enou Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm soudem.<\/p>\n

          \u010cl\u00e1nky 5a a 293 \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9ho organick\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona upravuj\u00edc\u00edho soudnictv\u00ed rovn\u011b\u017e p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed existenci mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9ho p\u0159ezkumu v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee Evropsk\u00fd soud pro lidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va konstatuje poru\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch pr\u00e1v. Na druhou stranu maj\u00ed \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161t\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci mo\u017enost obr\u00e1tit se na \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fd \u00dastavn\u00ed soud pro poru\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch pr\u00e1v proti rozhodnut\u00ed Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu.<\/p>\n

          Rozd\u00edl mezi ob\u011bma syst\u00e9my op\u011bt neumo\u017e\u0148uje u\u010dinit z\u00e1v\u011br, \u017ee polsk\u00fdm st\u00e1tn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk\u016fm je poskytov\u00e1na nedostate\u010dn\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 pr\u00e1vn\u00edch z\u00e1ruk; pokud by v\u016fbec n\u011bjak\u00e1 byla, m\u011bli by n\u00e1rok na \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup k dal\u0161\u00ed instanci soudn\u00edho p\u0159ezkumu, proto\u017ee ob\u011b uveden\u00e9 alternativy v r\u00e1mci \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu jsou v praxi velmi omezuj\u00edc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

          \u0160pan\u011blsk\u00fd \u00fastavn\u00ed soud je nav\u00edc od sv\u00e9ho vzniku kritizov\u00e1n za neuspokojivou m\u00edru politizace, kter\u00e1 v\u0161ak nikdy nebyla p\u0159edm\u011btem kontroly ze strany Evropsk\u00e9 komise. Pouh\u00fdch p\u011bt let po sv\u00e9m zalo\u017een\u00ed Soudn\u00ed dv\u016fr prok\u00e1zal, \u017ee se zal\u00edbil t\u00e9\u017ee stran\u011b, kter\u00e1 jmenovala v\u011bt\u0161inu jeho \u010dlen\u016f, kdy\u017e rozhodl ve prosp\u011bch dobrovoln\u00fdch potrat\u016f.[5]<\/a>s od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00edm, \u017ee \u010dl\u00e1nek 15 \u00fastavy z roku 1978 by sice mohl uv\u00e1d\u011bt, \u017ee „v\u0161ichni maj\u00ed pr\u00e1vo na \u017eivot“, ale pojem „v\u0161ichni“ nezahrnuje d\u00edt\u011b v mat\u010din\u011b l\u016fn\u011b.<\/p>\n

          O pouh\u00fd rok pozd\u011bji op\u011bt rozhodl ve prosp\u011bch socialistick\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy, kdy\u017e posv\u011btil mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b polemickou reformu soudnictv\u00ed.[6]<\/a> kter\u00fd p\u0159iznal v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 moci a politick\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b v z\u00e1konod\u00e1rn\u00e9m sboru pr\u00e1vo, kter\u00e9 v \u00fastav\u011b neexistuje, vytvo\u0159it levicovou p\u0159evahu v CGPJ a v kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku ovliv\u0148ovat jmenov\u00e1n\u00ed soudc\u016f. To je d\u00e1le pops\u00e1no v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti.<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Jmenov\u00e1n\u00ed soudc\u016f<\/u><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Studie poukazuje na nov\u011b zvolen\u00e9 soudce Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu na n\u00e1vrh KRS jako na dal\u0161\u00ed zdroj obav.<\/p>\n

            Ve \u0160pan\u011blsku je to rovn\u011b\u017e CGPJ, org\u00e1n odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed polsk\u00e9mu KRS, kter\u00fd jmenuje soudce. Oba n\u00e1rody se proto rozhodly \u0159\u00eddit pravidlem, \u017ee soudci jsou voleni sv\u00fdmi kolegy, aby byla zachov\u00e1na nez\u00e1vislost soudn\u00ed moci – na rozd\u00edl od zem\u00ed, jako je N\u011bmecko, kde je to v\u00fdkonn\u00e1 moc (spolkov\u00fd ministr spravedlnosti na spolkov\u00e9 \u00farovni nebo spolkov\u00fd ministr spravedlnosti na \u00farovni Spolkov\u00e9 zem\u011b<\/em> ministr\u016f spravedlnosti), kter\u00fd jmenuje v\u0161echny relevantn\u00ed \u010dleny soudn\u00ed moci.[7]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

            \u0160pan\u011blsk\u00e1 \u00fastava z roku 1978 toti\u017e stanov\u00ed, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina \u010dlen\u016f CGPJ (12 z 21) je kooptov\u00e1na, zat\u00edmco pouze 8 \u010dlen\u016f je voleno z\u00e1konod\u00e1rnou moc\u00ed, z toho 4 \u010dleny vol\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e1 z obou komor parlamentu. P\u0159edseda Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu, kter\u00fd je 21. \u010dlenem CGPJ a p\u0159edsed\u00e1 mu, je rovn\u011b\u017e jmenov\u00e1n CGPJ , \u010d\u00edm\u017e se posiluje v\u011bt\u0161ina samosoudc\u016f nad t\u011bmi, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou v\u00edce politizovan\u00ed.<\/p>\n

            Proto by pom\u011br sil v r\u00e1mci CGPJ m\u011bl b\u00fdt t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 2\/3 (13 z 21) pro soudce volen\u00e9 soudn\u00ed moc\u00ed oproti t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 1\/3 (8 z 21) volen\u00fdch moc\u00ed z\u00e1konod\u00e1rnou, kde v\u011bt\u0161ina obvykle b\u00fdv\u00e1 sp\u00ed\u0161e shodn\u00e1 s v\u011bt\u0161inou moci v\u00fdkonn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

            Syst\u00e9m jmenov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dlen\u016f KRS poskytuje v\u011bt\u0161inu bl\u00edzkou v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b, kterou m\u00e1 \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e1 \u00fastava pro svou CGPJ. Z 25 \u010dlen\u016f je 15 voleno soudn\u00ed moc\u00ed (rovn\u011b\u017e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 2\/3), zat\u00edmco men\u0161ina tvo\u0159en\u00e1 zbyl\u00fdmi 10 \u010dleny je volena parlamentem (6) a v\u00fdkonnou moc\u00ed (4), co\u017e odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed podobn\u00fd pom\u011br ve Var\u0161av\u011b a Madridu.<\/p>\n

            Zaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina n\u00e1sledn\u00fdch reforem \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9ho soudnictv\u00ed byla zcela neloaj\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u016f\u010di ustanoven\u00ed \u00fastavy z roku 1978 o jmenov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dlen\u016f CGPJ – a to v\u010detn\u011b sp\u00ed\u0161e provl\u00e1dn\u00edch z\u00e1sah\u016f \u00dastavn\u00edho soudu, na kter\u00e9 bylo pouk\u00e1z\u00e1no v p\u0159edchoz\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti.<\/p>\n

            T\u0159i roky po p\u0159evzet\u00ed moci \u0161pan\u011blskou socialistickou stranou v roce 1982 byl p\u0159ijat z\u00e1kon, podle kter\u00e9ho byli v\u0161ichni \u010dlenov\u00e9 CGPJ voleni parlamentem. To (1) m\u00e1 tendenci kop\u00edrovat stejnou politickou v\u011bt\u0161inu reprezentovanou v\u00fdkonnou a z\u00e1konod\u00e1rnou moc\u00ed, (2) podkop\u00e1v\u00e1 nez\u00e1vislost soudn\u00ed moci jako moci v pr\u00e1vn\u00edm r\u00e1mci n\u00e1roda, (3) poru\u0161uje samotn\u00e9 zn\u011bn\u00ed \u00fastavy navzdory protich\u016fdn\u00e9mu rozhodnut\u00ed \u00dastavn\u00edho soudu z roku 1986 a (4) hroz\u00ed, \u017ee se povaha \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9ho soudnictv\u00ed zm\u011bn\u00ed v „\u00fa\u0159ednickou“.[8]<\/a>, zcela pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 moci, jak bylo pops\u00e1no v N\u011bmecku.<\/p>\n

            Za t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u010dty\u0159i desetilet\u00ed od tohoto \u00fatoku na nez\u00e1vislost soud\u016f a\u017e do sou\u010dasnosti Evropsk\u00e1 komise ani \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd jin\u00fd org\u00e1n EU nevznesl n\u00e1mitku, \u017ee by ve \u0160pan\u011blsku mohlo doj\u00edt k poru\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1sad pr\u00e1vn\u00edho st\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n

            V porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s polsk\u00fdmi 15 \u010dleny KRS, kte\u0159\u00ed byli skute\u010dn\u011b zvoleni soudci, je 21 z 21 politicky zvolen\u00fdch \u010dlen\u016f CGPJ ve \u0160pan\u011blsku (a podobn\u011b v N\u011bmecku) v rozporu s nez\u00e1vislost\u00ed soudc\u016f proklamovanou bruselskou hierarchi\u00ed.<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Jmenov\u00e1n\u00ed disciplin\u00e1rn\u00edho \u017ealobce<\/u><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              V neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b spoluauto\u0159i studie upozor\u0148uj\u00ed, \u017ee prezident republiky a ministr spravedlnosti mohou v jednotliv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech jmenovat zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho k\u00e1rn\u00e9ho \u017ealobce pro k\u00e1rn\u00e1 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se soudc\u016f.<\/p>\n

              Disciplin\u00e1rn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed soudc\u016f je ve \u0160pan\u011blsku upraveno v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdm organick\u00fdm z\u00e1konem o soudnictv\u00ed. Podle \u010dl\u00e1nku 423 m\u016f\u017ee gener\u00e1ln\u00ed prokuratura rovn\u011b\u017e zah\u00e1jit k\u00e1rn\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed proti soudc\u016fm.<\/p>\n

              Gener\u00e1ln\u00ed prokur\u00e1tor ve \u0160pan\u011blsku je jmenov\u00e1n v\u00fdkonnou moc\u00ed a podle \u010dl\u00e1nku 2 sv\u00e9ho statutu jedn\u00e1 podle z\u00e1sady hierarchick\u00e9 z\u00e1vislosti, na rozd\u00edl od z\u00e1sady nez\u00e1vislosti v\u0161ech soudc\u016f a soudc\u016f.<\/p>\n

              Mezi t\u00edmto soudn\u00edm prvkem a polsk\u00fdm soudn\u00edm prvkem tedy op\u011bt nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd podstatn\u00fd rozd\u00edl.<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              [1]<\/a> Niels PETERSEN a Patrick WASILCZYK, The Primacy of EU Law and Polish Constitutional Law Judgment, Brusel, 2022.<\/p>\n

              [2]<\/a> Tamt\u00e9\u017e, s. 13.<\/p>\n

              [3]<\/a> Tamt\u00e9\u017e.<\/p>\n

              [4]<\/a> Tamt\u00e9\u017e, s. 14.<\/p>\n

              [5]<\/a> Rozsudek \u010d. 53\/1985 ze dne 11. dubna.<\/p>\n

              [6]<\/a> Rozsudek \u010d. 839\/1986 ze dne 29. \u010dervence.<\/p>\n

              [7]<\/a> Magdalena BAINCZYK, Vybran\u00e9 pr\u00e1vn\u00ed aspekty nez\u00e1vislosti soud\u016f ve Spolkov\u00e9 republice N\u011bmecko, Pozna\u0148, 2019.<\/p>\n

              [8]<\/a> Magdalena BAINCZYK, German Problems with the Rule of Law, Palo Alto, 2021.<\/p>\n

              [Zdroj obr\u00e1zku: Gda\u0148sk\u00e1 advok\u00e1tn\u00ed komora].<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              \u00davod V r\u00e1mci politick\u00e9ho boje mezi sou\u010dasn\u00fdmi org\u00e1ny Evropsk\u00e9 unie (EU) a Polskou republikou si V\u00fdbor Evropsk\u00e9ho parlamentu pro ob\u010dansk\u00e9 svobody, spravedlnost a vnit\u0159n\u00ed v\u011bci ned\u00e1vno nechal vypracovat studii (d\u00e1le jen „studie“) o \u00fadajn\u00e9m principu p\u0159ednosti pr\u00e1va EU a rozsudc\u00edch polsk\u00e9ho \u00fastavn\u00edho soudu, kter\u00e9 tento princip odm\u00edtaj\u00ed.[1]. Ve studii jsou n\u011bkter\u00e9 aspekty polsk\u00e9 soudn\u00ed reformy […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":3252,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[258],"tags":[],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[339],"types":[449],"class_list":["post-3806","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pravni","regions-eastern-europe-cs","types-opinion-cs"],"yoast_head":"\nPODOBNOSTI MEZI \u0160PAN\u011aLSK\u00ddM A POLSK\u00ddM SOUDN\u00cdM SYST\u00c9MEM - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cs\/podobnosti-mezi-spanelskym-a-polskym-soudnim-systemem\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PODOBNOSTI MEZI \u0160PAN\u011aLSK\u00ddM A POLSK\u00ddM SOUDN\u00cdM SYST\u00c9MEM - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00davod V r\u00e1mci politick\u00e9ho boje mezi sou\u010dasn\u00fdmi org\u00e1ny Evropsk\u00e9 unie (EU) a Polskou republikou si V\u00fdbor Evropsk\u00e9ho parlamentu pro ob\u010dansk\u00e9 svobody, spravedlnost a vnit\u0159n\u00ed v\u011bci ned\u00e1vno nechal vypracovat studii (d\u00e1le jen „studie“) o \u00fadajn\u00e9m principu p\u0159ednosti pr\u00e1va EU a rozsudc\u00edch polsk\u00e9ho \u00fastavn\u00edho soudu, kter\u00e9 tento princip odm\u00edtaj\u00ed.[1]. 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