- Plynov\u00e1 realita v Evrop\u011b: It\u00e1lie proch\u00e1z\u00ed energetickou transformac\u00ed se strategickou rovnov\u00e1hou<\/li><\/a>
- Obchodn\u00ed dohoda, kter\u00e1 vyvolala pobou\u0159en\u00ed mezi evropsk\u00fdmi zem\u011bd\u011blci, se p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u011b uplat\u0148uje<\/li><\/a>
- Bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed online sv\u011bt, nebo v\u00edce sledovan\u00fd?<\/li><\/a><\/ul><\/div>\n
Zjevn\u00e1 shoda – 75 % Evropan\u016f chce investice do obrany<\/strong><\/h3>\n
Prvn\u00ed a nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdsledek pr\u016fzkumu z minul\u00e9ho m\u011bs\u00edce ukazuje, \u017ee ob\u010dan\u00e9 se v\u011bt\u0161inov\u011b shoduj\u00ed na zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed investic do obrany. Ve v\u0161ech 27 \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech se tak 75 % respondent\u016f domn\u00edv\u00e1, \u017ee Evropa by m\u011bla investovat do obrany, a to bu\u010f prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm spole\u010dn\u00e9ho evropsk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, nebo pos\u00edlen\u00edm n\u00e1rodn\u00edch arm\u00e1d a spoluprac\u00ed s NATO. Tento pom\u011brn\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00fd pod\u00edl je pozoruhodn\u00fd nejen svou velikost\u00ed, ale i geografick\u00fdm rozlo\u017een\u00edm. Dokonce i respondenti pr\u016fzkumu \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed v z\u00e1padoevropsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch, kter\u00e9 jsou tradi\u010dn\u011b k militarizaci zdr\u017eenliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, vyj\u00e1d\u0159ili podporu investic\u00edm do zbrojn\u00edho pr\u016fmyslu a zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee tato podpora je siln\u00e1. Na opa\u010dn\u00e9m konci spektra, ve st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b, kde je hrozba ze strany Rusk\u00e9 federace vn\u00edm\u00e1na jako velmi p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1, stoup\u00e1 podpora ve\u0159ejnosti investic\u00edm do zbrojn\u00edho pr\u016fmyslu na v\u00edce ne\u017e 80 %, zat\u00edmco v Polsku, evropsk\u00e9 zemi s nejdel\u0161\u00ed hranic\u00ed s Ukrajinou, kde ji\u017e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 t\u0159i roky prob\u00edh\u00e1 rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd konflikt, dosahuje podpora obrany impozantn\u00edch 89 %. Tato shoda poukazuje na kl\u00ed\u010dovou skute\u010dnost, a sice \u017ee debata ji\u017e nen\u00ed o tom, „zda“ by Evropsk\u00e1 unie m\u011bla investovat do obrany, ale o tom, „jak“, „kolik“ a „v jak\u00e9m politick\u00e9m r\u00e1mci“ tyto investice uskute\u010dn\u00ed. <\/p>\n
M\u016f\u017eeme tvrdit, \u017ee existuj\u00ed dv\u011b vize evropsk\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnosti. V t\u00e9to situaci hovo\u0159\u00edme o evropsk\u00e9 integraci versus n\u00e1rodn\u00ed suverenit\u011b. Z tohoto pohledu pr\u016fzkum poukazuje na t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 dokonale vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00e9 rozd\u011blen\u00ed mezi dv\u011bma bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edmi modely, kter\u00e9 evrop\u0161t\u00ed ob\u010dan\u00e9 preferuj\u00ed. Podle studie podporuje na evropsk\u00e9 \u00farovni 37 % ob\u010dan\u016f investice do spole\u010dn\u00e9ho obrann\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu Evropsk\u00e9 unie, zat\u00edmco 38 % dot\u00e1zan\u00fdch d\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159ednost pos\u00edlen\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00edch arm\u00e1d v \u00fazk\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ci s NATO. Tuto polarizaci nelze pova\u017eovat za povrchn\u00ed, proto\u017ee ve skute\u010dnosti odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed dv\u011b odli\u0161n\u00e9 vize budoucnosti evropsk\u00e9ho projektu investic do obrany. Z hlediska prvn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edstupu lze bezpe\u010dnost definovat jako novou hnac\u00ed s\u00edlu integrace, p\u0159irozen\u00fd krok sm\u011brem ke „geopolitick\u00e9 Unii“. Druh\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup vych\u00e1z\u00ed z my\u0161lenky, \u017ee bezpe\u010dnost je z\u00e1kladn\u00edm atributem n\u00e1rodn\u00edho st\u00e1tu a \u017ee \u010dlensk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty mus\u00ed hr\u00e1t dopl\u0148kovou, nikoliv substitu\u010dn\u00ed roli. Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, \u017ee tento druh\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup, bezpe\u010dnost n\u00e1rodn\u00edho st\u00e1tu, je do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry v souladu s postojem ECR, kter\u00fd se nejz\u0159eteln\u011bji shoduje s v\u00fdznamnou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed. Voli\u010di a p\u0159\u00edznivci ECR jsou s 53 % nejkonzistentn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed skupinou, kter\u00e1 podporuje posilov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00edch arm\u00e1d a spolupr\u00e1ci \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f s NATO a v\u00fdslovn\u011b odm\u00edt\u00e1 my\u0161lenku pln\u011b integrovan\u00e9 nadn\u00e1rodn\u00ed obrany. Tento postoj nelze ch\u00e1pat jako izolacionismus, ale je t\u0159eba jej uznat jako strategick\u00fd realismus, vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee NATO je vn\u00edm\u00e1no jako d\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u00e1 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed z\u00e1ruka, zat\u00edmco n\u00e1rodn\u00ed st\u00e1ty z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed legitimn\u00edmi akt\u00e9ry p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed s\u00edly. <\/p>\n
Skute\u010dn\u00e9 priority Evropan\u016f jsou pragmatick\u00e9, nikoli symbolick\u00e9, obrana<\/strong><\/h3>\n
Asi nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed studie PollingEurope je \u010d\u00e1st v\u011bnovan\u00e1 konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm obrann\u00fdm priorit\u00e1m. V t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti je abstraktn\u00ed diskurz o „strategick\u00e9 autonomii“ nahrazen extr\u00e9mn\u011b pragmatick\u00fdmi mo\u017enostmi. Na prvn\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b tak ob\u010dan\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed v pr\u016fzkumu odpov\u011bd\u011bli (36 % z nich), uvedli pos\u00edlen\u00ed monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed vzdu\u0161n\u00e9ho prostoru Evropsk\u00e9 unie a zabr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed \u00fatok\u016fm dron\u016f ze strany Rusk\u00e9 federace. Tato mo\u017enost odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed drsn\u00e9 pou\u010den\u00ed z v\u00e1lky na Ukrajin\u011b a v\u011bdom\u00ed zranitelnosti civiln\u00ed a vojensk\u00e9 infrastruktury v\u016f\u010di technologi\u00edm, kter\u00e9 jsou relativn\u011b levn\u00e9 (n\u011bkolik tis\u00edc dolar\u016f\/ cena dronu), ale mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 p\u0159i zp\u016fsobov\u00e1n\u00ed obrovsk\u00fdch materi\u00e1ln\u00edch \u0161kod. Na druh\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b v hierarchii priorit je pos\u00edlen\u00ed zpravodajsk\u00fdch schopnost\u00ed a boj proti propagand\u011b a dezinformac\u00edm. S touto prioritou souhlas\u00ed 33 % respondent\u016f pr\u016fzkumu. Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee tato preference p\u0159evy\u0161uje tradi\u010dn\u00ed investice do zbrojn\u00edho pr\u016fmyslu, sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o dozr\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed, toti\u017e \u017ee modern\u00ed v\u00e1lka je informa\u010dn\u00ed d\u0159\u00edve ne\u017e kinetick\u00e1. <\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/military-defense-sorman.jpg\")
<\/p>\nPokud jde o syst\u00e9my protiraketov\u00e9 obrany typu Iron Dome, ty se s 30% podporou ob\u010dan\u016f um\u00edstily na t\u0159et\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b, n\u00e1sledovan\u00e9 pos\u00edlen\u00edm vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch hranic Evropsk\u00e9 unie prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm vojensk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edtomnosti a fyzick\u00fdch bari\u00e9r, kter\u00e9 podpo\u0159ilo 28 % respondent\u016f. Jedn\u00e1 se o \u010dasto extr\u00e9mn\u011b zpolitizovan\u00e9 t\u00e9ma, kter\u00e9 v\u0161ak nyn\u00ed z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 strategick\u00fd rozm\u011br, nebo\u0165 tyto v\u00fdsledky jasn\u011b ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee ob\u010dan\u00e9 EU ji\u017e neodd\u011bluj\u00ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost od ochrany hranic. Je v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee priority, jako je povinn\u00e1 vojensk\u00e1 slu\u017eba na evropsk\u00e9 \u00farovni nebo roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed evropsk\u00e9ho jadern\u00e9ho arzen\u00e1lu, z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed men\u0161inov\u00fdm n\u00e1zorem. B\u011b\u017en\u00ed ob\u010dan\u00e9 cht\u011bj\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnou ochranu, nikoli ideologick\u00e9 nebo symbolick\u00e9 projekty. <\/p>\n
Voli\u010di ECR: struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed konvergence, nikoliv okolnosti<\/strong><\/h3>\n
Anal\u00fdza rozd\u011blen\u00e1 podle evropsk\u00fdch politick\u00fdch skupin potvrzuje, \u017ee voli\u010di ECR jsou v ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch obrany jedni z nejkonzistentn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch. Voli\u010di a p\u0159\u00edznivci ECR podporuj\u00ed investice do obrany vysok\u00fdm pod\u00edlem 83 %, ale jednozna\u010dn\u011b up\u0159ednost\u0148uj\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed zalo\u017een\u00e1 na n\u00e1rodn\u00ed suverenit\u011b, NATO a mezivl\u00e1dn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ci. Pokud jde o priority v\u00fddaj\u016f na obranu, voli\u010di ECR jsou v porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s ostatn\u00edmi ob\u010dany s odli\u0161n\u00fdmi ideologick\u00fdmi n\u00e1zory nadpr\u016fm\u011brn\u00ed v podpo\u0159e protivzdu\u0161n\u00e9 obrany, ochrany hranic a odstra\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edch schopnost\u00ed. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 jsou voli\u010di ECR trvale skepti\u010dt\u00ed k my\u0161lence pln\u011b spole\u010dn\u00e9 obrann\u00e9 politiky vnucen\u00e9 na evropsk\u00e9 \u00farovni. Tento postoj voli\u010d\u016f ECR odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed nejen konzervativn\u00ed ideologii, ale tak\u00e9 pe\u010dliv\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed. V mnoha \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech, zejm\u00e9na ve st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b, je lp\u011bn\u00ed na suverenit\u011b p\u0159\u00edmo spojeno s ned\u00e1vn\u00fdmi historick\u00fdmi zku\u0161enostmi a n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost je vn\u00edm\u00e1na jako neodd\u011bliteln\u00e1 od n\u00e1rodn\u00ed kontroly. <\/p>\n
Spole\u010dn\u00fd evropsk\u00fd dluh, \u010derven\u00e1 linie ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed<\/h3>\n
Z hlediska vojensk\u00fdch investic lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee mezi ob\u010dany, kte\u0159\u00ed se z\u00fa\u010dastnili pr\u016fzkumu, panuje pom\u011brn\u011b \u0161irok\u00e1 shoda, ale situace se radik\u00e1ln\u011b zm\u011bn\u00ed, kdy\u017e se diskuse sto\u010d\u00ed ke zp\u016fsobu jejich financov\u00e1n\u00ed. Ot\u00e1zka vytvo\u0159en\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9ho evropsk\u00e9ho dluhu ur\u010den\u00e9ho v\u00fdhradn\u011b na vojensk\u00e9 v\u00fddaje hluboce rozd\u011bluje ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed. Ve v\u0161ech 27 \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech tuto my\u0161lenku spole\u010dn\u00e9ho dluhu st\u00e1t\u016f podporuje pouze 42 % respondent\u016f, 39 % je proti a zbytek respondent\u016f nen\u00ed rozhodnut. Rozd\u00edly v n\u00e1zorech jsou je\u0161t\u011b z\u0159eteln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, pokud analyzujeme voli\u010de podle politick\u00fdch skupin. Mezi nejskepti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed voli\u010di ECR, kde je 45 % proti spole\u010dn\u00e9mu dluhu EU a pouze 40 % pro. Tuto neochotu nelze pova\u017eovat pouze za euroskeptick\u00fd reflex, ale vyjad\u0159uje opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9 obavy ze vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9ho sd\u00edlen\u00ed fisk\u00e1ln\u00edch rizik, ztr\u00e1ty rozpo\u010dtov\u00e9 kontroly a p\u0159em\u011bny obrany v z\u00e1minku k urychlen\u00e9 fisk\u00e1ln\u00ed integraci. Nen\u00ed ji\u017e \u017e\u00e1dnou novinkou, \u017ee zku\u0161enosti se spole\u010dn\u00fdmi fondy, kter\u00e9 EU vyu\u017e\u00edvala b\u011bhem pandemie, nad\u00e1le podn\u011bcuj\u00ed podez\u0159en\u00ed, \u017ee jednou vytvo\u0159en\u00fd spole\u010dn\u00fd dluh m\u00e1 tendenci st\u00e1t se trval\u00fdm. <\/p>\n
Integrace versus demokratick\u00e1 legitimita. Realisti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Evropa, ne nutn\u011b feder\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. <\/h3>\n
Jedn\u00edm z kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch sd\u011blen\u00ed studie, mo\u017en\u00e1 t\u00edm nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm, je, \u017ee evropsk\u00e1 integrace v oblasti obrany se nesetk\u00e1v\u00e1 s odporem k bezpe\u010dnosti, ale s probl\u00e9mem demokratick\u00e9 legitimity. Ob\u010dan\u00e9 zem\u00ed EU akceptuj\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ci, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 si cht\u011bj\u00ed zachovat politickou kontrolu nad z\u00e1sadn\u00edmi rozhodnut\u00edmi t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edmi se vojensk\u00fdch v\u00fddaj\u016f, priorit a z\u00e1vazk\u016f. <\/p>\n
V t\u00e9to souvislosti se postoj stoupenc\u016f ECR jev\u00ed jako most mezi pot\u0159ebou p\u0159izp\u016fsobit se nov\u00fdm vojensk\u00fdm hrozb\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 se nad Uni\u00ed vzn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed, a respektov\u00e1n\u00edm n\u00e1rodn\u00edho demokratick\u00e9ho r\u00e1mce. A zde se nejedn\u00e1 o odm\u00edtnut\u00ed Evropsk\u00e9 unie, ale o odm\u00edtnut\u00ed centralizovan\u00e9ho modelu, kter\u00fd pln\u011b neodr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed historickou, strategickou a politickou rozmanitost \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto pr\u016fzkum PollingEurope z listopadu 2025 nab\u00edz\u00ed rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edm \u010dinitel\u016fm v Bruselu jasn\u00e9 pou\u010den\u00ed, z n\u011bho\u017e by si m\u011bli vz\u00edt ponau\u010den\u00ed ti, kte\u0159\u00ed cht\u011bj\u00ed, aby v\u0161echny st\u00e1ty byly zadlu\u017eeny pod jednotn\u00fdm de\u0161tn\u00edkem Evropsk\u00e9 unie. Pokud se na interpretaci pr\u016fzkumu pod\u00edv\u00e1me nestrann\u011b a logicky, m\u016f\u017eeme \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee evrop\u0161t\u00ed ob\u010dan\u00e9 cht\u011bj\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost, ale za sv\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch podm\u00ednek, nikoliv vnucenou politick\u00fdm rozhodnut\u00edm. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto respondenti pr\u016fzkumu volaj\u00ed po konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch \u0159e\u0161en\u00edch, jako je protivzdu\u0161n\u00e1 obrana, zpravodajstv\u00ed a ochrana hranic, a z\u00e1rove\u0148 se s opatrnost\u00ed d\u00edvaj\u00ed na projekty fisk\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010di vojensk\u00e9 integrace, kter\u00e9 se zdaj\u00ed p\u0159esahovat mand\u00e1t demokratick\u00e9ho hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed. V tomto kontextu nelze sbli\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed a postoj\u016f ECR k obran\u011b pova\u017eovat za anom\u00e1lii, ale ve skute\u010dnosti za p\u0159\u00edznak Evropy, kter\u00e1 se st\u00e1v\u00e1 st\u00e1le p\u0159ehledn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, st\u00e1le pozorn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed k v\u00fddaj\u016fm a st\u00e1le v\u00edce si uv\u011bdomuje limity integrace. Proto mus\u00edme potvrdit, \u017ee o budoucnosti evropsk\u00e9 obrany nemohou rozhodovat pouze strategick\u00e9 dokumenty, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e schopnost vedouc\u00edch p\u0159edstavitel\u016f respektovat tuto k\u0159ehkou rovnov\u00e1hu mezi spoluprac\u00ed a suverenitou, proto\u017ee Evropa si ji\u017e nem\u016f\u017ee dovolit luxus strategick\u00e9 naivity a z\u00e1rove\u0148 se nezd\u00e1, \u017ee by se cht\u011bla vzd\u00e1t demokratick\u00e9 kontroly ve jm\u00e9nu abstraktn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti. Pr\u016fzkum PollingEurope proveden\u00fd v listopadu to ukazuje s jasnost\u00ed, kterou v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 debat\u011b najdeme jen z\u0159\u00eddka. <\/p>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Evropsk\u00e1 unie \u010del\u00ed strategick\u00e9 realit\u011b, pokud jde o bezpe\u010dnost jej\u00edch ob\u010dan\u016f. Ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 studie, kterou si nechala vypracovat strana ECR, ukazuje, co si ob\u010dan\u00e9 \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f mysl\u00ed o rostouc\u00edch v\u00fddaj\u00edch na obranu, st\u00e1tn\u00ed suverenit\u011b a spole\u010dn\u00e9m dluhu EU. Doba, v n\u00ed\u017e \u017eijeme, Evropa poznamenan\u00e1 geopolitickou nejistotou, kde konflikt na jej\u00ed v\u00fdchodn\u00ed hranici spolu s hybridn\u00edmi tlaky […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":72,"featured_media":25088,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1327,158,1325],"tags":[1253,545,599,2821],"editorial-positions":[42],"regions":[328,339,344,356,364,404],"types":[415,441],"class_list":["post-48654","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nase-budoucnost-v-nato","category-politika","category-ukrajinska-valka-nase-demokracie-v-ohrozeni","tag-arms-industry","tag-ecr-party","tag-european-union","tag-investment-in-defence","editorial-positions-focus","regions-central-europe-cs","regions-eastern-europe-cs","regions-northern-europe-cs","regions-southern-europe-cs","regions-western-europe-cs","regions-world-cs","types-news-cs","types-surveys-cs"],"yoast_head":"\n
Pr\u016fzkum ECR: Evropsk\u00e9 v\u00fddaje na obranu a arm\u00e1du - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cs\/pruzkum-ecr-evropske-vydaje-na-obranu-a-armadu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pr\u016fzkum ECR: Evropsk\u00e9 v\u00fddaje na obranu a arm\u00e1du - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Evropsk\u00e1 unie \u010del\u00ed strategick\u00e9 realit\u011b, pokud jde o bezpe\u010dnost jej\u00edch ob\u010dan\u016f. 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Obchodn\u00ed dohoda, kter\u00e1 vyvolala pobou\u0159en\u00ed mezi evropsk\u00fdmi zem\u011bd\u011blci, se p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u011b uplat\u0148uje<\/li><\/a>