{"id":53280,"date":"2026-04-02T13:15:17","date_gmt":"2026-04-02T13:15:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/hospodarske-vztahy-mezi-eu-a-usa-na-prikladu-irska"},"modified":"2026-04-02T13:15:17","modified_gmt":"2026-04-02T13:15:17","slug":"hospodarske-vztahy-mezi-eu-a-usa-na-prikladu-irska","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cs\/hospodarske-vztahy-mezi-eu-a-usa-na-prikladu-irska","title":{"rendered":"Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 vztahy mezi EU a USA na p\u0159\u00edkladu Irska"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Na ned\u00e1vn\u00e9m zased\u00e1n\u00ed skupina ECR uv\u00edtala pokrok ve V\u00fdboru pro mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed obchod Evropsk\u00e9ho parlamentu v ot\u00e1zce obchodn\u00edho r\u00e1mce mezi EU a USA.<\/p>\n

Daniele Polato, koordin\u00e1tor v\u00fdboru, \u0159ekl: „Dne\u0161n\u00ed hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed je krokem k obnoven\u00ed tolik pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 p\u0159edv\u00eddatelnosti pro evropsk\u00e9 ekonomiky a podniky. Po m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch nejistoty pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed podniky jasn\u00fd r\u00e1mec, kter\u00fd jim umo\u017en\u00ed s d\u016fv\u011brou pl\u00e1novat, investovat a r\u016fst.“<\/p>\n

Polato tak\u00e9 zd\u016fraznil, \u017ee evropsk\u00fd pr\u016fmysl zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm nebo nejasnostmi nic nez\u00edsk\u00e1. To, po \u010dem podniky tou\u017e\u00ed, nejsou elektrolyty, ale stabilita a funk\u010dn\u00ed r\u00e1mec, kter\u00fd sni\u017euje t\u0159en\u00ed a poskytuje spolehliv\u00e9 podm\u00ednky pro obchod. Co\u017e je elegantn\u00ed zp\u016fsob, jak \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee podniky, podobn\u011b jako ka\u017ed\u00e1 forma \u017eivota vyvinut\u00e1 natolik, aby v\u011bd\u011bla, \u017ee by m\u011bla nosit kalhoty, r\u00e1dy v\u011bd\u00ed, co se d\u011bje, kde mohou vyd\u011blat pen\u00edze a zda jsou jejich pen\u00edze v bezpe\u010d\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Polatova slova odr\u00e1\u017eela tvrd\u00e9 pozn\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by n\u011bkdo mohl ozna\u010dit za samoz\u0159ejm\u00e9 a naprosto rozumn\u00e9, \u017ee stabiln\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 vztahy se Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty jsou dobr\u00e9 pro prosperitu Evropy. Co\u017e je op\u011bt elegantn\u00ed zp\u016fsob, jak \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee \u010d\u00edsla jsou re\u00e1ln\u00e1 a \u017ee je lep\u0161\u00ed b\u00fdt bohat\u00fd ne\u017e chud\u00fd – ten druh\u00fd n\u00e1zor je dnes neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b nemodern\u00ed. <\/p>\n

V sou\u010dasn\u00e9m glob\u00e1ln\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v\u00fdzva k pragmatismu aktu\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed – a\u010dkoli aktu\u00e1lnost nen\u00ed tot\u00e9\u017e, co pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee bude realizov\u00e1na.<\/p>\n

Transatlantick\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 vztahy za\u010daly b\u00fdt pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za jak\u00fdsi nepovinn\u00fd dopln\u011bk evropsk\u00e9 zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politiky. Nen\u00ed tomu tak. Je zdrojem pracovn\u00edch m\u00edst, investic a r\u016fstu na cel\u00e9m kontinentu – co\u017e plat\u00ed dnes stejn\u011b jako p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e se z Trumpovy administrativy v\u0161ichni zbl\u00e1znili. Bilater\u00e1ln\u00ed obchod se zbo\u017e\u00edm a slu\u017ebami dosahuje ro\u010dn\u011b bilion\u016f. Americk\u00e9 investice jsou z\u00e1kladem cel\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Navzdory t\u00e9to skute\u010dnosti se debata v Evrop\u011b \u010dasto ub\u00edr\u00e1 sm\u011brem k absurdn\u00edm protiamerick\u00fdm postoj\u016fm, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd \u010dlensk\u00fd st\u00e1t EU neilustruje s\u00e1zky na toto ub\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed tak dramaticky jako Irsko.<\/p>\n

Irsk\u00e1 ekonomika je nejz\u0159eteln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm a nejl\u00e9pe m\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fdm d\u016fkazem toho, jak velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam maj\u00ed Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty pro jednotliv\u00e9 \u010dlensk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty EU. Irsk\u00e1 ekonomika je v dobr\u00e9m i zl\u00e9m, \u010d\u00edm\u017e mysl\u00edm v tom hor\u0161\u00edm, do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na nadn\u00e1rodn\u00edch spole\u010dnostech, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm americk\u00fdch, kter\u00e9 v\u0161e dr\u017e\u00ed nad vodou. T\u0159i nadn\u00e1rodn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti se pod\u00edlej\u00ed na v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b irsk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f z dan\u011b z p\u0159\u00edjmu pr\u00e1vnick\u00fdch osob, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee t\u0159i nadn\u00e1rodn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti jsou to jedin\u00e9, co stoj\u00ed v ka\u017ed\u00e9m okam\u017eiku mezi p\u0159ebytkem nebo schodkem irsk\u00e9ho rozpo\u010dtu. <\/p>\n

Americk\u00e1 obchodn\u00ed komora v Irsku (American Chamber of Commerce Ireland), kter\u00e1 sice nen\u00ed zrovna objektivn\u00ed, uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee americk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti v zemi p\u0159\u00edmo zam\u011bstn\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 250 tis\u00edc lid\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00edch 170 tis\u00edc je podporov\u00e1no nep\u0159\u00edmo. Tedy asi 10 % pracovn\u00ed s\u00edly. Na ostrov\u011b p\u016fsob\u00ed asi 975 spole\u010dnost\u00ed vlastn\u011bn\u00fdch USA, kter\u00e9 se soust\u0159e\u010fuj\u00ed na vysp\u011blou v\u00fdrobu, v\u011bdy o \u017eiv\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b, digit\u00e1ln\u00ed technologie a um\u011blou inteligenci, co\u017e jsou odv\u011btv\u00ed s vysokou p\u0159idanou hodnotou, d\u00edky nim\u017e jsou na\u0161e \u00fadaje o HDP nesmysln\u011b vysok\u00e9 a nab\u00edz\u00ed se zde slu\u0161n\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed dob\u0159e placen\u00fdch pracovn\u00edch m\u00edst – i kdy\u017e ot\u00e1zka, kolik z nich skute\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ipad\u00e1 na Iry, je pon\u011bkud slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Nen\u00ed to novinka v tom smyslu, \u017ee by byla star\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 5 let, co\u017e se zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt hranice, kterou dnes pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me pro v\u0161echno. V roce 2018 analytici z N\u00e1rodn\u00ed agentury pro \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00ed pokladny odhalili hloubku na\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1vislosti u\u017e tehdy. Objem p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch zahrani\u010dn\u00edch investic USA v Irsku \u010dinil 230 miliard eur, tedy 30 % celkov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch zahrani\u010dn\u00edch investic. Podniky kontrolovan\u00e9 USA se v letech 2008 a\u017e 2014 pod\u00edlely na v\u00fdrob\u011b 63 % a v roce 2015 jejich pod\u00edl vzrostl na ohromuj\u00edc\u00edch 76 %. <\/p>\n

Vd\u00e1vn\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch zam\u011bstn\u00e1valy americk\u00e9 firmy v\u00edce ne\u017e 150 000 lid\u00ed, co\u017e p\u0159edstavovalo asi 7 % celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu zam\u011bstnanc\u016f, co\u017e byl nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pod\u00edl vcel\u00e9 EU. Mzdy vypl\u00e1cen\u00e9 t\u011bmito firmami se odhadovaly na 6-9 miliard eur ro\u010dn\u011b, co\u017e je rozmez\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by n\u00e1m m\u011blo a) uk\u00e1zat, o jak\u00fdch \u010d\u00edslech se bav\u00edme, a b) uk\u00e1zat, jak m\u00e1lo o nich v\u00edme. <\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edjmy z dan\u011b z p\u0159\u00edjmu pr\u00e1vnick\u00fdch osob, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed ne\u00fam\u011brn\u00fd pod\u00edl irsk\u00fdch vl\u00e1dn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f, jsou do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na zahrani\u010dn\u00edch nadn\u00e1rodn\u00edch spole\u010dnostech, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e mezi nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi pl\u00e1tci dominuj\u00ed americk\u00e9 firmy. NTMA pouk\u00e1zala na to, \u017ee pokles HDP v USA o jedno procento by mohl b\u011bhem p\u011bti let zp\u016fsobit \u00fajmu na irsk\u00e9 dani z p\u0159\u00edjmu pr\u00e1vnick\u00fdch osob ve v\u00fd\u0161i 300 milion\u016f eur. Proto n\u011bkter\u00e9 na\u0161e postoje v\u016f\u010di Americe, \u010dasto ve stylu, kter\u00fd se zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt dosti pro-\u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd, mo\u017en\u00e1 nejsou t\u00edm nejlep\u0161\u00edm postupem. <\/p>\n

Ale na druhou stranu jsem jen sloupka\u0159, nikoli strategick\u00fd poradce, tak\u017ee postupujte podle sv\u00e9ho, p\u00e1nov\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Obchodn\u00ed vztahy jsou zna\u010dn\u011b vych\u00fdlen\u00e9 ve prosp\u011bch Ameriky. Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty jsou trvale nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm irsk\u00fdm v\u00fdvozn\u00edm trhem zbo\u017e\u00ed, v letech, na kter\u00e9 se vztahuje zpr\u00e1va NTMA, zauj\u00edmaly 27 % celkov\u00e9ho v\u00fdvozu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pod\u00edl p\u0159ipad\u00e1 na chemick\u00fd pr\u016fmysl, farmaceutick\u00fd pr\u016fmysl a zdravotnick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstroje, co\u017e jsou v\u0161echno odv\u011btv\u00ed, v nich\u017e dominuj\u00ed americk\u00e9 nadn\u00e1rodn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti. Z toho by se skoro dalo usuzovat, \u017ee americk\u00e9 firmy ukl\u00e1daj\u00ed pen\u00edze v Irsku, aby vyu\u017eily jeho da\u0148ov\u00e9ho re\u017eimu, zejm\u00e9na \u00fav\u011br\u016f na v\u00fdzkum a v\u00fdvoj, a pak je reinvestuj\u00ed ve sv\u00fdch americk\u00fdch pobo\u010dk\u00e1ch zp\u016fsobem, kter\u00fd se sice tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed jako vnit\u0159n\u00ed investice, ale v podstat\u011b jde jen o efektivn\u00ed p\u0159esun pen\u011bz. <\/p>\n

Dokud o tom lid\u00e9 neza\u010dnou p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let v t\u011bchto souvislostech, bude irsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da mluvit o p\u0159\u00edlivu investic z Irska do Ameriky jako o kr\u00e1sn\u00e9 a u\u0161lechtil\u00e9 v\u011bci. B\u016fh jim pom\u00e1hej, a\u017e se n\u00e1hodou ocitnou p\u0159ed n\u011bk\u00fdm, kdo se v t\u00e9to oblasti vyzn\u00e1. <\/p>\n

Riskuji, \u017ee se budu opakovat – Irsko ze vztah\u016f s USA nejen t\u011b\u017e\u00ed, ale jeho modern\u00ed ekonomika je na nich postavena.<\/p>\n

O to v\u00edce vynikla ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bva premi\u00e9ra Miche\u00e1la Martina v B\u00edl\u00e9m dom\u011b na Den svat\u00e9ho Patrika. Kdy\u017e Martin sed\u011bl s prezidentem Donaldem Trumpem v Ov\u00e1ln\u00e9 pracovn\u011b, byl d\u016fraz irsk\u00e9 strany jasn\u00fd: udr\u017eet a pos\u00edlit pozitivn\u00ed ekonomick\u00e9 vazby. Trump hovo\u0159il o velmi rychl\u00e9m roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed „ohromn\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch vztah\u016f“. Martin toto partnerstv\u00ed zar\u00e1moval jako „obousm\u011brnou ulici“, jej\u00edm\u017e ko\u0159enem jsou pracovn\u00ed m\u00edsta, investice a p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti na obou stran\u00e1ch Atlantiku. P\u0159inesl zpr\u00e1vy o \u010derstv\u00fdch dohod\u00e1ch \u00fadajn\u011b v hodnot\u011b miliard. N\u011bkter\u00e9 z nich mohly ve skute\u010dnosti p\u0159edstavovat pen\u00edze, kter\u00e9 do Ameriky p\u0159i\u0161ly, ani\u017e by tam p\u016fvodn\u011b m\u011bly b\u00fdt. <\/p>\n

N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad ECR, by pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b \u0159ekli, \u017ee jde o pragmatick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k americk\u00e9mu prezidentovi, kter\u00e9mu cht\u011bj\u00ed kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 na n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bv\u011b p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161et v\u011bci, leskl\u00e9 v\u011bci, drah\u00e9 v\u011bci. Je to realita, ve kter\u00e9 \u017eijeme, a tak bychom v n\u00ed m\u011bli \u017e\u00edt, jak nejl\u00e9pe um\u00edme. <\/p>\n

Srovnejte to s irsk\u00fdmi opozi\u010dn\u00edmi stranami. Sinn F\u00e9in, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed demokrat\u00e9, Zelen\u00ed a Lid\u00e9 p\u0159ed ziskem se se\u0159adili, aby kritizovali Martina za to, \u017ee nepou\u010dil americk\u00e9ho prezidenta o v\u00e1lce v \u00cdr\u00e1nu, o tom, co se v sou\u010dasnosti d\u011bje v Gaze, a o \u00fadajn\u00e9m poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va. Jeden z mluv\u010d\u00edch Sinn F\u00e9in si posteskl nad „promarn\u011bnou p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed“ promluvit na sv\u011btov\u00e9 sc\u00e9n\u011b. Jin\u00fd ozna\u010dil setk\u00e1n\u00ed za „\u017ealostn\u00e9 selh\u00e1n\u00ed“ p\u0159i zpochyb\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed Trumpov\u00fdch postoj\u016f. Je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee Sinn F\u00e9in prohl\u00e1sila, \u017ee letos na Den svat\u00e9ho Patrika B\u00edl\u00fd d\u016fm nenav\u0161t\u00edv\u00ed, co\u017e byl chv\u00e1lyhodn\u011b konzistentn\u00ed postoj, kter\u00fd jen m\u00edrn\u011b naru\u0161ilo prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed Ameri\u010dan\u016f, \u017ee jim nikdy neposlali pozv\u00e1nku. <\/p>\n

Irsk\u00e1 levice nen\u00ed ve sv\u00e9m postoji v t\u00e9to v\u011bci ojedin\u011bl\u00e1, nebo dokonce neobvykl\u00e1. M\u00e1te \u00fa\u017easnou kombinaci lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed nen\u00e1vid\u00ed kapitalismus, lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed nen\u00e1vid\u00ed Ameri\u010dany, nebo alespo\u0148 sou\u010dasnou americkou administrativu, a lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed vyd\u011bl\u00e1vaj\u00ed pen\u00edze na A nebo B. Mo\u017en\u00e1 na A i B, pokud jsou dob\u0159\u00ed. Na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed se mnoz\u00ed z lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou k tomuto n\u00e1zoru nejsiln\u011bji motivov\u00e1ni, nikdy nedostali k moci ani na dosah lv\u00edho \u0159evu, a tak mohou svobodn\u011b plkat nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed nesmysly, kter\u00e9 by okam\u017eit\u011b zahodili, kdyby byli sami u moci, proto\u017ee takov\u00e9 nesmysly jsou vylo\u017een\u011b sebevra\u017eedn\u00e9, kdy\u017e jste skute\u010dn\u011b u moci. <\/p>\n

Irsko je pon\u011bkud neobvyklej\u0161\u00ed, mo\u017en\u00e1 dokonce jedine\u010dn\u00e9 v tom, do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry p\u0159il\u00e1kalo americk\u00e9 podniky do sv\u00e9 zem\u011b a jak je tam udr\u017eelo, i kdy\u017e dal\u0161\u00ed zem\u011b EU, zejm\u00e9na ty z v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy, za\u010daly o americk\u00e9 pen\u00edze siln\u011bji sout\u011b\u017eit. Irsko tam m\u00e1 \u0159adu struktur\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u00fdhod, po\u010d\u00ednaje polohou, za kterou Britov\u00e9 nemohou, a kon\u010de t\u00edm, \u017ee m\u00edsto rodn\u00e9ho jazyka mluv\u00edme anglicky, za co\u017e mohou Britov\u00e9, a je tedy ot\u00e1zkou, zda je to p\u0159\u00edzna\u010dn\u00e9 pro \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed vztahy mezi EU a USA. <\/p>\n

To je myln\u00fd dojem, proto\u017ee intenzita irsk\u00fdch vazeb na USA je jist\u011b hlub\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u mnoha na\u0161ich evropsk\u00fdch koleg\u016f, ale v Evrop\u011b nen\u00ed zem\u011b, kter\u00e1 by nem\u011bla vazby na USA, a mnoh\u00e9 z nich by r\u00e1dy byly tam, kde je Irsko.<\/p>\n

Evrop\u0161t\u00ed l\u00edd\u0159i by si m\u011bli vz\u00edt p\u0159\u00edklad sp\u00ed\u0161e z irsk\u00e9ho premi\u00e9ra ne\u017e z irsk\u00e9 opozice. Mor\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u00f3za nic nem\u011bn\u00ed je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za velkou pravdu politiky, ale p\u0159i jedn\u00e1n\u00ed s Trumpovou administrativou, kter\u00e1 p\u0159evzala \u010d\u00e1st nechuti \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho re\u017eimu k backtalkingu, je mo\u017en\u00e1 spr\u00e1vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee mor\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u00f3za nyn\u00ed docela p\u0159\u00edmo m\u011bn\u00ed stav va\u0161eho bankovn\u00edho konta. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Na ned\u00e1vn\u00e9m zased\u00e1n\u00ed skupina ECR uv\u00edtala pokrok ve V\u00fdboru pro mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed obchod Evropsk\u00e9ho parlamentu v ot\u00e1zce obchodn\u00edho r\u00e1mce mezi EU a USA. Daniele Polato, koordin\u00e1tor v\u00fdboru, \u0159ekl: „Dne\u0161n\u00ed hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed je krokem k obnoven\u00ed tolik pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 p\u0159edv\u00eddatelnosti pro evropsk\u00e9 ekonomiky a podniky. Po m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch nejistoty pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed podniky jasn\u00fd r\u00e1mec, kter\u00fd jim umo\u017en\u00ed s d\u016fv\u011brou pl\u00e1novat, investovat […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":77,"featured_media":43475,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[150],"tags":[],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[],"types":[],"class_list":["post-53280","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-obchod-a-ekonomika"],"yoast_head":"\nHospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 vztahy mezi EU a USA na p\u0159\u00edkladu Irska - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cs\/hospodarske-vztahy-mezi-eu-a-usa-na-prikladu-irska\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 vztahy mezi EU a USA na p\u0159\u00edkladu Irska - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Na ned\u00e1vn\u00e9m zased\u00e1n\u00ed skupina ECR uv\u00edtala pokrok ve V\u00fdboru pro mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed obchod Evropsk\u00e9ho parlamentu v ot\u00e1zce obchodn\u00edho r\u00e1mce mezi EU a USA. 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