{"id":55326,"date":"2026-05-10T06:45:13","date_gmt":"2026-05-10T06:45:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/byl-john-stuart-mill-liberal"},"modified":"2026-05-10T06:45:13","modified_gmt":"2026-05-10T06:45:13","slug":"byl-john-stuart-mill-liberal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cs\/byl-john-stuart-mill-liberal","title":{"rendered":"Byl John Stuart Mill liber\u00e1l?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anglick\u00fd filozof John Stuart Mill se narodil v kv\u011btnu 1806, tedy p\u0159ed 220 lety, a proto jsem byl ned\u00e1vno pozv\u00e1n, abych na setk\u00e1n\u00ed islandsk\u00e9ho kni\u017en\u00edho klubu diskutoval o jeho <em>Eseji o svobod\u011b<\/em>. Zat\u00edmco jsem tuto knihu u\u010dil ve sv\u00fdch hodin\u00e1ch politick\u00e9 filozofie na Islandsk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b po dobu 30 let, m\u016fj pohled na ni se v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu m\u011bnil. Uzn\u00e1v\u00e1m, \u017ee Mill byl vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed, otev\u0159en\u00fd a znal\u00fd spisovatel. Ale je jeho pov\u011bst ikony svobody zaslou\u017een\u00e1?   <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Svoboda projevu<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nejp\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed <em>Eseje o svobod\u011b<\/em> je Millova argumentace ve prosp\u011bch svobody projevu: Pokud je zak\u00e1zan\u00fd n\u00e1zor spr\u00e1vn\u00fd, lid\u00e9 p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed o mo\u017enost vym\u011bnit omyl za pravdu; pokud je nespr\u00e1vn\u00fd, ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed v\u00fdhodu objasn\u011bn\u00ed a pos\u00edlen\u00ed pravdy p\u0159i pokusu o jeho vyvr\u00e1cen\u00ed. Tento argument je jist\u011b st\u00e1le aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed. V\u00fdmluvn\u011b jej formuloval i Mill\u016fv sou\u010dasn\u00edk, d\u00e1nsk\u00fd b\u00e1sn\u00edk N. F. S. Grundtvig, kter\u00fd trval na tom, \u017ee svoboda mus\u00ed existovat jak pro Lokiho, dareb\u00e1ka, tak pro Thora, hrdinu. Mus\u00edm v\u0161ak poznamenat, \u017ee nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed svobodou pro oby\u010dejn\u00e9 lidi je svoboda jak volby povol\u00e1n\u00ed, zbo\u017e\u00ed a slu\u017eeb na trhu, tak i svoboda ponechat si co nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f. Spole\u010dnost nen\u00ed debatn\u00ed klub, je to boj za zlep\u0161en\u00ed podm\u00ednek n\u00e1s sam\u00fdch a na\u0161ich rodin.    <\/p><div class='related_content'><span>RELATED<\/span><ul><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cs\/s-otevrenosti-je-treba-zachazet-opatrne'>S otev\u0159enost\u00ed je t\u0159eba zach\u00e1zet opatrn\u011b<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cs\/rozhovory-se-studenty-za-svobodu'>Rozhovory se studenty za svobodu<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cs\/danska-tradice-svobody'>D\u00e1nsk\u00e1 tradice svobody<\/li><\/a><\/ul><\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Z\u00e1sada \u0161kodlivosti<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mill\u016fv slavn\u00fd princip \u0161kody tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee donucen\u00ed je ospravedlniteln\u00e9 pouze proto, aby se zabr\u00e1nilo \u0161kod\u00e1m zp\u016fsoben\u00fdm druh\u00fdm. Tento princip byl \u010dasto kritizov\u00e1n pro svou nejasnost. S t\u00edm nesouhlas\u00edm. Je nap\u0159\u00edklad z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee princip \u0161kody by povolil n\u00e1vykov\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, pokud by nezp\u016fsobovaly nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed; povolil by tak\u00e9 prostituci. Nav\u00edc d\u016fsledky z\u00e1kazu t\u011bchto \u010dinnost\u00ed jsou pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b hor\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e d\u016fsledky jejich povolen\u00ed. Probl\u00e9m utilitaristick\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f v\u0161ak spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee sm\u011b\u0161uj\u00ed chv\u00e1lyhodn\u00e9 a zavr\u017een\u00edhodn\u00e9. Zdravotn\u00ed sestra i d\u011bvka jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za osoby, kter\u00e9 p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed u\u017eitek. D\u00e1v\u00e1m p\u0159ednost p\u0159\u00edstupu svat\u00e9ho Tom\u00e1\u0161e Akvinsk\u00e9ho. Ten tvrdil, \u017ee v\u0161ichni jsme h\u0159\u00ed\u0161n\u00edci, ale \u017ee z\u00e1kon by se m\u011bl zab\u00fdvat pouze h\u0159\u00edchy \u0161kodliv\u00fdmi pro druh\u00e9, jako je n\u00e1sil\u00ed nebo kr\u00e1de\u017e. V praxi to vede k n\u011b\u010demu podobn\u00e9mu jako Mill\u016fv princip \u0161kody, ale z\u00e1sadn\u00ed rozd\u00edl mezi ne\u0159estmi a ctnostmi z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 zachov\u00e1n.         <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Omyl redistribu\u010dn\u00edho socialismu<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mill si byl v\u011bdom, \u017ee utilitarismus m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 probl\u00e9my. V <em>Eseji o svobod\u011b<\/em> napsal, \u017ee se op\u00edr\u00e1 o trval\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy \u010dlov\u011bka jako pokrokov\u00e9 bytosti. Zde bezstarostn\u011b p\u0159e\u0161el od maximalizace u\u017eitku &#8211; co\u017e je to, o \u010dem utilitarismus je &#8211; k vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed podm\u00ednek pro rozkv\u011bt \u010dlov\u011bka. Pochybuji proto, \u017ee ho lze ozna\u010dit za utilitaristu. Stejn\u011b tak pochybuji o tom, \u017ee ho lze ozna\u010dit za liber\u00e1la. Ve sv\u00fdch <em>Z\u00e1sad\u00e1ch politick\u00e9 ekonomie<\/em> rozli\u0161oval mezi z\u00e1kony v\u00fdroby a rozd\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed. U\u010dil, \u017ee z\u00e1kony v\u00fdroby jsou nem\u011bnn\u00e9, na rozd\u00edl od z\u00e1kon\u016f rozd\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 lze m\u011bnit t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 podle libosti. To je v\u0161ak fale\u0161n\u00e9 rozli\u0161en\u00ed, proto\u017ee rozd\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f na z\u00e1klad\u011b volby n\u00e1m poskytuje nepostradatelnou informaci o tom, kde jsou na\u0161e schopnosti a dovednosti nejl\u00e9pe vyu\u017eity. T\u00edm usm\u011br\u0148uje v\u00fdrobu. Redistributivn\u00ed socialismus v\u0161ak do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry z\u00e1vis\u00ed na tomto teoretick\u00e9m omylu.         <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kdo by si vybral socialismus?<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ve sv\u00fdch pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch spisech se Mill domn\u00edval, \u017ee socialismus by mohl nahradit kapitalismus, proto\u017ee d\u011blnick\u00e9 kolektivy by mohly b\u00fdt produktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e soukrom\u00e9 podniky. M\u00fdlil se. Zd\u016fraz\u0148oval v\u0161ak, \u017ee takov\u00e9 kolektivy mus\u00ed b\u00fdt dobrovoln\u00e9. V kapitalismu si lid\u00e9 samoz\u0159ejm\u011b mohou zvolit socialismus pro sebe, a ne pro ostatn\u00ed. Je zaj\u00edmavou ot\u00e1zkou, kolik z nich by tak u\u010dinilo. Odpov\u011b\u010f poskytuj\u00ed agr\u00e1rn\u00ed kolektivn\u00ed spole\u010denstv\u00ed v Izraeli, <em>kibucy<\/em>: M\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e t\u0159i procenta.     <\/p>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Anglick\u00fd filozof John Stuart Mill se narodil v kv\u011btnu 1806, tedy p\u0159ed 220 lety, a proto jsem byl ned\u00e1vno pozv\u00e1n, abych na setk\u00e1n\u00ed islandsk\u00e9ho kni\u017en\u00edho klubu diskutoval o jeho Eseji o svobod\u011b. Zat\u00edmco jsem tuto knihu u\u010dil ve sv\u00fdch hodin\u00e1ch politick\u00e9 filozofie na Islandsk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b po dobu 30 let, m\u016fj pohled na ni se v [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":83,"featured_media":55158,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[181],"tags":[987,589,919,3160,912],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[364,404],"types":[449],"class_list":["post-55326","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kultura-cs","tag-capitalism","tag-freedom","tag-law","tag-mill","tag-socialism","regions-western-europe-cs","regions-world-cs","types-opinion-cs"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Byl John Stuart Mill liber\u00e1l? - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cs\/byl-john-stuart-mill-liberal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Byl John Stuart Mill liber\u00e1l? - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Anglick\u00fd filozof John Stuart Mill se narodil v kv\u011btnu 1806, tedy p\u0159ed 220 lety, a proto jsem byl ned\u00e1vno pozv\u00e1n, abych na setk\u00e1n\u00ed islandsk\u00e9ho kni\u017en\u00edho klubu diskutoval o jeho Eseji o svobod\u011b. 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