Jak konzervativn\u00ed jsou \u0161v\u00e9d\u0161t\u00ed konzervativn\u00ed voli\u010di?<\/li><\/a><\/ul><\/div>\nTato iniciativa, podporovan\u00e1 pravicovou \u0160v\u00fdcarskou lidovou stranou (v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b zn\u00e1mou jako SVP, ve francouz\u0161tin\u011b a ital\u0161tin\u011b jako UDC), usilovala o zaveden\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u00fastavn\u00edch omezen\u00ed v oblasti zahrani\u010dn\u00ed a bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politiky. Navzdory zna\u010dn\u00e9mu financov\u00e1n\u00ed kampan\u011b se jej\u00edm zast\u00e1nc\u016fm nepoda\u0159ilo p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dit voli\u010de, \u017ee \u0160v\u00fdcarsko pot\u0159ebuje restriktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed r\u00e1mec. Podle den\u00edku Le Temps se v jejich \u00fast\u0159ed\u00ed v historick\u00e9m bernsk\u00e9m kasinu rozhostilo ticho, jakmile byl v\u00fdsledek jasn\u00fd.<\/p>\n
\u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed ot\u00e1zkou bylo, jak by m\u011bla neutralita fungovat ve sv\u011bt\u011b, kde vojensk\u00e9 konflikty vedou tak\u00e9 k finan\u010dn\u00edm, obchodn\u00edm a diplomatick\u00fdm st\u0159et\u016fm. Zast\u00e1nci po\u017eadovali siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00fastavn\u00ed z\u00e1ruky proti zapojen\u00ed do t\u011bchto konflikt\u016f. V\u00fdsledek nazna\u010duje, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina voli\u010d\u016f up\u0159ednost\u0148ovala zachov\u00e1n\u00ed politick\u00e9 volnosti, a\u010dkoli samotn\u00e9 referendum nedok\u00e1\u017ee ur\u010dit individu\u00e1ln\u00ed motivy ka\u017ed\u00e9ho hlasu.<\/p>\n
Podle navrhovan\u00e9 zm\u011bny by byla \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e1 neutralita v\u00fdslovn\u011b definov\u00e1na jako trval\u00e1 a ozbrojen\u00e1. \u0160v\u00fdcarsku by bylo zak\u00e1z\u00e1no vstupovat do vojensk\u00fdch \u010di obrann\u00fdch spojenectv\u00ed a spolupracovat s nimi, leda\u017ee by \u010delilo skute\u010dn\u00e9mu nebo bezprost\u0159edn\u011b hroz\u00edc\u00edmu vojensk\u00e9mu \u00fatoku. Rovn\u011b\u017e by byla zak\u00e1z\u00e1na \u00fa\u010dast na vojensk\u00fdch konfliktech mezi jin\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty.<\/p>\n
Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ustanoven\u00ed se t\u00fdkalo hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch sankc\u00ed. \u0160v\u00fdcarsku by obecn\u011b bylo znemo\u017en\u011bno ukl\u00e1dat sankce v\u016f\u010di v\u00e1l\u010d\u00edc\u00edm st\u00e1t\u016fm, s v\u00fdjimkou sankc\u00ed OSN a opat\u0159en\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch na zabr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed obch\u00e1zen\u00ed sankc\u00ed. To by vytvo\u0159ilo mnohem u\u017e\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1klad pro \u00fa\u010dast \u0160v\u00fdcarska na omezen\u00edch p\u0159ijat\u00fdch evropsk\u00fdmi zem\u011bmi v\u016f\u010di Rusku.<\/p>\n
Pro Brusel tato perspektiva vyvolala okam\u017eitou strategickou obavu. \u0160v\u00fdcarsko sice nen\u00ed \u010dlenem Evropsk\u00e9 unie, ale vzhledem k jeho finan\u010dn\u00edmu v\u00fdznamu mohou jeho politick\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed ovlivnit \u00fa\u010dinnost evropsk\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed. Udr\u017eet sank\u010dn\u00ed re\u017eim je toti\u017e obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, pokud v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 sousedn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed centra podl\u00e9haj\u00ed podstatn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00fdm omezen\u00edm.<\/p>\n
Odm\u00edtnut\u00fd n\u00e1vrh tedy nem\u011bl pouze diplomatick\u00fd symbolick\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Omezen\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00edch transakc\u00ed, obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed s ur\u010den\u00fdmi osobami a obchodn\u00ed \u010dinnosti \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b z\u00e1vis\u00ed na spolupr\u00e1ci mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi jurisdikcemi. Kdyby \u0160v\u00fdcarsku br\u00e1nila \u00fastava v zachov\u00e1n\u00ed srovnateln\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed, \u010delili by evrop\u0161t\u00ed tv\u016frci politik p\u0159i prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f rozt\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011bn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n
P\u0159esn\u00e9 d\u016fsledky schv\u00e1len\u00ed by v\u0161ak z\u00e1visely na zp\u016fsobu prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed a pr\u00e1vn\u00edm v\u00fdkladu. V\u00fdjimka t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se opat\u0159en\u00ed proti obch\u00e1zen\u00ed sankc\u00ed by si vy\u017e\u00e1dala zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pozornost. Bylo by proto p\u0159ehnan\u00e9 tvrdit, \u017ee by automaticky zmizela ka\u017ed\u00e1 omezen\u00ed postihuj\u00edc\u00ed Rusko. Opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011br je ten, \u017ee tato iniciativa ohro\u017eovala schopnost \u0160v\u00fdcarska zachovat sv\u00e9 st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed slad\u011bn\u00ed s evropsk\u00fdmi sankcemi.<\/p>\n
Jeho zam\u00edtnut\u00ed tuto schopnost zachov\u00e1v\u00e1. Nevytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed to pro Bern povinnost p\u0159ij\u00edmat ka\u017ed\u00e9 budouc\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed EU, ani to nep\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost za \u0161v\u00fdcarskou zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politiku na Brusel. \u0160v\u00fdcarsko si zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed instituce a rozhodovac\u00ed procesy. Voli\u010di odm\u00edtli \u00fastavn\u00ed omezen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by v\u00fdrazn\u011b z\u00fa\u017eilo mo\u017enosti t\u011bchto instituc\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Moskva m\u011bla na v\u00fdsledku zjevn\u00fd z\u00e1jem. Kdyby se \u0160v\u00fdcarsko vymanilo z evropsk\u00fdch sankc\u00ed, oslabilo by to politickou soudr\u017enost, na n\u00ed\u017e je zalo\u017een ekonomick\u00fd tlak na Rusko. V\u00fdjimka v r\u00e1mci Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f m\u011bla rovn\u011b\u017e zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed v\u00fdznam, proto\u017ee Rusko m\u00e1 v Rad\u011b bezpe\u010dnosti st\u00e1l\u00e9 k\u0159eslo a pr\u00e1vo veta, co\u017e mu umo\u017e\u0148uje blokovat z\u00e1sadn\u00ed rezoluce nam\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 proti n\u011bmu samotn\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n
Tato institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed realita poukazuje na probl\u00e9m spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed v tom, \u017ee se souhlas OSN pova\u017euje za hlavn\u00ed krit\u00e9rium pro p\u0159ijatelnost sankc\u00ed. Tento r\u00e1mec sice na prvn\u00ed pohled poskytuje univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed standard, jeho fungov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ak z\u00e1vis\u00ed na souhlasu mocn\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b t\u011bch, kter\u00e9 jsou do konfliktu p\u0159\u00edmo zapojeny. Za takov\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed absence sankc\u00ed OSN nemus\u00ed nutn\u011b znamenat, \u017ee mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spole\u010denstv\u00ed se shodlo na tom, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 reakce nen\u00ed na m\u00edst\u011b.<\/p>\n
\u0160ir\u0161\u00ed debata se to\u010d\u00ed kolem rozd\u00edlu mezi vojenskou neutralitou a politick\u00fdm \u010di ekonomick\u00fdm distancov\u00e1n\u00edm se. \u0160v\u00fdcarsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da zast\u00e1v\u00e1 n\u00e1zor, \u017ee neutralita je slu\u010diteln\u00e1 se sankcemi a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spoluprac\u00ed. Ve sv\u00e9m ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm vysv\u011btlen\u00ed k t\u00e9to iniciativ\u011b uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee \u0160v\u00fdcarsko po rusk\u00e9m \u00fatoku na Ukrajinu z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti p\u0159ijalo sankce EU, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e si nad\u00e1le zachovalo sv\u016fj neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed status.<\/p>\n
Tento postoj odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed pojet\u00ed neutrality jako prost\u0159edku k ochran\u011b nez\u00e1vislosti a bezpe\u010dnosti p\u0159i sou\u010dasn\u00e9m podporov\u00e1n\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du. Zast\u00e1nci p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch pravidel zast\u00e1vaj\u00ed odli\u0161n\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup a kladou v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed d\u016fraz na distancov\u00e1n\u00ed se od soupe\u0159\u00edc\u00edch mocensk\u00fdch blok\u016f. Referendum jejich navrhovanou \u00fastavn\u00ed formulaci rozhodn\u011b odm\u00edtlo, je v\u0161ak nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee by tento z\u00e1sadn\u00ed spor trvale vy\u0159e\u0161ilo.<\/p>\n
\u0160v\u00fdcarsk\u00e1 tradice neutrality m\u00e1 hlubok\u00e9 historick\u00e9 ko\u0159eny sahaj\u00edc\u00ed a\u017e do 16. stolet\u00ed a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho uzn\u00e1n\u00ed se do\u010dkala v roce 1815. Zem\u011b se form\u00e1ln\u011b nezapojila do \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 ze dvou sv\u011btov\u00fdch v\u00e1lek a k Organizaci spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f p\u0159istoupila teprve v roce 2002. Tato historie v\u0161ak nikdy nevyvr\u00e1tila praktickou nutnost \u0159\u00eddit vztahy s okoln\u00edmi mocnostmi.<\/p>\n
Neutralita rovn\u011b\u017e tvo\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1klad reputace \u0160v\u00fdcarska jako diplomatick\u00e9ho prost\u0159edn\u00edka. Jeho schopnost nab\u00eddnout zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1vis\u00ed na d\u016fv\u011bryhodnosti a akceptaci ze strany dot\u010den\u00fdch stran. Zda sankce tuto d\u016fv\u011bryhodnost posiluj\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee h\u00e1j\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed principy, \u010di ji naopak oslabuj\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee nazna\u010duj\u00ed stran\u011bn\u00ed jedn\u00e9 ze stran, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 spornou ot\u00e1zkou. Ani jeden z t\u011bchto v\u00fdklad\u016f nem\u016f\u017ee zaru\u010dit, \u017ee v\u00e1l\u010d\u00edc\u00ed vl\u00e1dy \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9 zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ijmou.<\/p>\n
Z pohledu Evropy toto hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed ilustruje st\u00e1le slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed, p\u0159ed nimi\u017e stoj\u00ed neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed zem\u011b. Rakousko a Irsko jsou \u010dleny EU, zat\u00edmco \u0160v\u00fdcarsko j\u00edm nen\u00ed, a proto se jejich institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed postaven\u00ed podstatn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed. P\u0159esto v\u0161ak v\u0161echny tyto zem\u011b \u010del\u00ed v\u00fdzv\u011b, jak skloubit zaveden\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed tradice s po\u017eadavky na bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ci a reakce na konflikty, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed dopad na cel\u00fd kontinent.<\/p>\n
V\u00fdsledek \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9ho referenda by nem\u011bl b\u00fdt vykl\u00e1d\u00e1n jako souhlas s \u010dlenstv\u00edm ve vojensk\u00e9m spojenectv\u00ed. Voli\u010di rozhodovali o konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u00fastavn\u00ed zm\u011bn\u011b, nikoli o tom, zda se maj\u00ed zcela vzd\u00e1t neutrality. Politick\u00e9 poselstv\u00ed je konkr\u00e9tn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed: drtiv\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina se postavila proti tomu, aby budouc\u00ed vl\u00e1dy byly v\u00e1z\u00e1ny restriktivn\u00ed definic\u00ed obsa\u017eenou v t\u00e9to iniciativ\u011b.<\/p>\n
Druh\u00e9 referendum p\u0159ineslo dal\u0161\u00ed jednozna\u010dn\u00e9 odm\u00edtnut\u00ed. Voli\u010di zam\u00edtli n\u00e1vrh na potravinovou suverenitu pom\u011brem hlas\u016f 72,5 %, \u010d\u00edm\u017e odm\u00edtli iniciativu, jej\u00edm\u017e c\u00edlem bylo dos\u00e1hnout ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku \u00farovn\u011b sob\u011bsta\u010dnosti nejm\u00e9n\u011b 70 %. A\u010dkoli se t\u00e9mata li\u0161ila, ob\u011b hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed vyvolala ot\u00e1zky ohledn\u011b toho, do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry by m\u011bla b\u00fdt n\u00e1rodn\u00ed autonomie chr\u00e1n\u011bna prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm z\u00e1vazn\u00fdch vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00edch po\u017eadavk\u016f.<\/p>\n
Z t\u011bchto dvou v\u00fdsledk\u016f lze vyvodit spole\u010dn\u00e9 ideologick\u00e9 ponau\u010den\u00ed jen do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry. Potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 v\u00fdroba a zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politika zahrnuj\u00ed odli\u0161n\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy, n\u00e1klady a o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Tyto soub\u011b\u017en\u00e9 por\u00e1\u017eky nicm\u00e9n\u011b ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee pouh\u00e9 odvol\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed se na suverenitu nesta\u010dilo k zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inov\u00e9 podpory pro \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd z t\u011bchto n\u00e1vrh\u016f. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 z t\u011bchto iniciativ musela voli\u010de p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dit, \u017ee jej\u00ed praktick\u00e9 d\u016fsledky ospravedl\u0148uj\u00ed omezen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 by zavedla.<\/p>\n
Pro Bern znamen\u00e1 tento v\u00fdsledek v prvn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b zachov\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho stavu. \u00dastava z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 beze zm\u011bny, vl\u00e1da si zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 flexibilitu a spolupr\u00e1ce v oblasti evropsk\u00fdch sankc\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee pokra\u010dovat. Pro Brusel t\u00edm byl odstran\u011bn potenci\u00e1ln\u011b z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fd zdroj nejistoty. Pro zast\u00e1nce t\u00e9to iniciativy v\u0161ak rozsah a geografick\u00fd dosah por\u00e1\u017eky vy\u017eaduj\u00ed p\u0159ehodnocen\u00ed jejich argumentace.<\/p>\n
Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzvou bude tuto flexibilitu p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edt. \u0160v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady mus\u00ed i nad\u00e1le vysv\u011btlovat, jak jednotliv\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed slou\u017e\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00edm z\u00e1jm\u016fm a jak zapadaj\u00ed do jejich ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed neutrality. Referendum zachovalo n\u00e1stroje zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politiky; neodstranilo v\u0161ak povinnost zd\u016fvod\u0148ovat jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed. \u0160v\u00fdcar\u0161t\u00ed voli\u010di ponechali toto posouzen\u00ed v politick\u00e9 ar\u00e9n\u011b, kde lze diskutovat o m\u011bn\u00edc\u00edch se okolnostech a p\u0159ehodnocovat rozhodnut\u00ed. \u0160v\u00fdcarsko tak z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed, ale st\u00e1le je schopno reagovat, kdy\u017e mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed krize vystavuj\u00ed jeho z\u00e1sady a z\u00e1jmy tlaku.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Alessandro Fiorentino<\/h4>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed por\u00e1\u017eka v referendu ponech\u00e1v\u00e1 Bernu otev\u0159en\u00e9 mo\u017enosti v oblasti zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politiky a chr\u00e1n\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd prvek evropsk\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 reakce na Moskvu. \u0160v\u00fdcar\u0161t\u00ed voli\u010di drtivou v\u011bt\u0161inou zam\u00edtli n\u00e1vrh na zaveden\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed definice neutrality, \u010d\u00edm\u017e zachovali vl\u00e1d\u011b svobodu spolupracovat s mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmi partnery a udr\u017eovat sankce proti Rusku. Tento v\u00fdsledek m\u00e1 d\u016fsledky daleko za hranicemi \u0160v\u00fdcarska, odstra\u0148uje potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":97,"featured_media":65237,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158],"tags":[3575,689,3579,3574,3573,3577,3578,3576,1000,250,215,247,270,268,283,316,599,734,49,243,146,214,1385,252,213,282,487],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[328,339,344,356,364],"types":[415,449,423],"class_list":["post-65542","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politika","tag-belligerant","tag-elections","tag-neutrality","tag-restriction","tag-svizzera","tag-swiss","tag-ticino","tag-unitednations","tag-conservatism","tag-economy","tag-eu","tag-eu-council","tag-europa","tag-europe","tag-european-commission","tag-european-parliament","tag-european-union","tag-israel","tag-italy","tag-nato","tag-politics","tag-russia","tag-switzerland","tag-technology","tag-ukraine","tag-ursula-von-der-leyen","tag-war","regions-central-europe-cs","regions-eastern-europe-cs","regions-northern-europe-cs","regions-southern-europe-cs","regions-western-europe-cs","types-news-cs","types-opinion-cs","types-polls-cs"],"yoast_head":"\n
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