{"id":47560,"date":"2025-12-05T19:59:20","date_gmt":"2025-12-05T19:59:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/le-debat-sur-la-democratie-2025-et-1945"},"modified":"2025-12-05T19:59:20","modified_gmt":"2025-12-05T19:59:20","slug":"le-debat-sur-la-democratie-2025-et-1945","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/fr\/le-debat-sur-la-democratie-2025-et-1945","title":{"rendered":"Le d\u00e9bat sur la d\u00e9mocratie : 2025 et 1945"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le 12 novembre 2025, Ursula von der Leyen, chef de la Commission europ\u00e9enne, a d\u00e9voil\u00e9 le \u00ab\u00a0bouclier d\u00e9mocratique\u00a0\u00bb. Ce projet comprend un nouvel institut, le Centre europ\u00e9en pour la r\u00e9silience d\u00e9mocratique, qui est cens\u00e9 recruter des experts pour lutter contre la d\u00e9sinformation. Ironiquement, la Commission europ\u00e9enne de Mme von der Leyen n&rsquo;est pas d\u00e9mocratiquement \u00e9lue, bien qu&rsquo;elle d\u00e9tienne le pouvoir ex\u00e9cutif et l\u00e9gislatif au sein de l&rsquo;Union europ\u00e9enne.  <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Une \u00e9p\u00e9e contre la libert\u00e9 ?<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cela me rappelle ce qu&rsquo;a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1815957\">dit<\/a> un jour l&rsquo;\u00e9minent \u00e9conomiste Frank H. Knight : lorsqu&rsquo;un homme ou un groupe demande du pouvoir pour faire le bien, son r\u00e9flexe est d&rsquo;effacer les trois derniers mots, laissant simplement \u00ab\u00a0je veux du pouvoir\u00a0\u00bb. Le bouclier d\u00e9mocratique est cens\u00e9 \u00eatre principalement dirig\u00e9 contre la d\u00e9sinformation russe, en particulier les tentatives d&rsquo;influencer les \u00e9lections en Occident. Il s&rsquo;agit certainement d&rsquo;une menace r\u00e9elle. Mais o\u00f9 est la garantie que le bouclier d\u00e9mocratique ne sera pas utilis\u00e9 contre la libert\u00e9 d&rsquo;expression, les id\u00e9es audacieuses, les arguments controvers\u00e9s, les approches non orthodoxes ? Il convient de rappeler que l&rsquo;Union sovi\u00e9tique a maintenu une \u00e9norme machine de propagande dans les d\u00e9mocraties occidentales avant et pendant la guerre froide. Si cette machine a certainement eu un certain impact, elle n&rsquo;a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 ferm\u00e9e. L&rsquo;id\u00e9e d&rsquo;un bouclier de la d\u00e9mocratie est un faible \u00e9cho, certes tr\u00e8s faible, du minist\u00e8re des Lumi\u00e8res publiques ( !) et de la Propagande de G\u00f6bbels, et du minist\u00e8re de la V\u00e9rit\u00e9 dans <g id=\"gid_1\">Nineteen-Eighy Four<\/g> d&rsquo;Orwell. Il pourrait devenir moins un bouclier pour la d\u00e9mocratie qu&rsquo;une \u00e9p\u00e9e contre la libert\u00e9.       <\/p><div class='related_content'><span>RELATED<\/span><ul><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/fr\/la-tradition-danoise-de-liberte'>La tradition danoise de libert\u00e9<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/fr\/pourquoi-les-nationalistes-devraient-soutenir-la-mondialisation'>Pourquoi les nationalistes devraient soutenir la mondialisation<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/fr\/les-europeens-ont-repondu-qui-les-ecoute'>Les Europ\u00e9ens ont r\u00e9pondu. Qui les \u00e9coute ?<\/li><\/a><\/ul><\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Libert\u00e9 pour Loki et pour Thor<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L&rsquo;histoire se r\u00e9p\u00e8te. En 1945, imm\u00e9diatement apr\u00e8s la capitulation des forces d&rsquo;occupation nazies au Danemark, un d\u00e9bat anim\u00e9 a eu lieu sur les limites de la libert\u00e9, le <a href=\"https:\/\/danmarkshistorien.lex.dk\/Demokratidebatten_1945-46\">\u00ab\u00a0d\u00e9bat sur la d\u00e9mocratie\u00a0\u00bb.<\/a> Il a d\u00e9but\u00e9 avec deux intellectuels communistes, J\u00f8rgen J\u00f8rgensen et Mogens Fog, qui ont affirm\u00e9 qu&rsquo;un pays d\u00e9mocratique devait se d\u00e9fendre. Il ne peut tol\u00e9rer les discours antid\u00e9mocratiques, par exemple ceux des nazis. Les deux communistes ont rejet\u00e9 la c\u00e9l\u00e8bre maxime du po\u00e8te danois du XIXe si\u00e8cle et lib\u00e9ral national N. F. S. Grundtvig, selon laquelle la libert\u00e9 doit exister aussi bien pour Loki que pour Thor. (Loki \u00e9tait un dieu pa\u00efen voyou, malveillant et sournois, tandis que Thor \u00e9tait un dieu pa\u00efen h\u00e9ro\u00efque, brandissant son marteau contre les forces du mal). Face aux deux communistes, de nombreux intellectuels danois ont protest\u00e9 contre le fait que la d\u00e9mocratie n&rsquo;\u00e9tait pas seulement une affaire de d\u00e9lib\u00e9ration et de discussion, et qu&rsquo;elle n\u00e9cessitait donc la libert\u00e9 d&rsquo;expression.      <\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La contribution la plus r\u00e9fl\u00e9chie au d\u00e9bat est venue d&rsquo;un \u00e9minent Grundtvigien, le professeur de droit Poul Andersen. Il a fait valoir qu&rsquo;il existait de nombreuses conceptions diff\u00e9rentes de la d\u00e9mocratie et que, par cons\u00e9quent, une interdiction des discours antid\u00e9mocratiques \u00e9tait difficile \u00e0 mettre en \u0153uvre. Il a conclu que toute opinion politique devrait \u00eatre autoris\u00e9e, m\u00eame si elle implique le rejet de la d\u00e9mocratie, oui, m\u00eame s&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;une demande de changement constitutionnel dans un sens anti-d\u00e9mocratique. Les limitations ne devraient concerner que les moyens utilis\u00e9s, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 M. Andersen. La violence et la terreur doivent \u00eatre exclues.    <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La v\u00e9rit\u00e9 renforc\u00e9e par la r\u00e9futation du mensonge<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Il est quelque peu incongru que les communistes danois aient exig\u00e9 en 1945 l&rsquo;interdiction des discours antid\u00e9mocratiques, car le clivage historique entre les communistes et les sociaux-d\u00e9mocrates \u00e9tait apr\u00e8s tout que les communistes n&rsquo;excluaient pas de s&#8217;emparer du pouvoir par des moyens non d\u00e9mocratiques. Mais John Stuart Mill a exprim\u00e9 une id\u00e9e similaire \u00e0 celle de Grundtvig et Andersen dans son c\u00e9l\u00e8bre <g id=\"gid_0\">Essai sur la libert\u00e9<\/g>, \u00e0 savoir que la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 serait renforc\u00e9e si elle devait r\u00e9futer le mensonge. M\u00eame l&rsquo;\u00c9glise catholique avait l&rsquo;habitude de nommer un \u00ab\u00a0avocat du diable\u00a0\u00bb<g id=\"gid_1\">(Advocatus Diaboli<\/g>) pour argumenter contre les candidats \u00e0 la saintet\u00e9. Peut-\u00eatre le Danemark, en tant qu&rsquo;\u00c9tat membre de l&rsquo;Union europ\u00e9enne, usera-t-il de son influence pour faire respecter la maxime de Grundtvig sur la libert\u00e9 de Loki et de Thor.   <\/p>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le 12 novembre 2025, Ursula von der Leyen, chef de la Commission europ\u00e9enne, a d\u00e9voil\u00e9 le \u00ab\u00a0bouclier d\u00e9mocratique\u00a0\u00bb. Ce projet comprend un nouvel institut, le Centre europ\u00e9en pour la r\u00e9silience d\u00e9mocratique, qui est cens\u00e9 recruter des experts pour lutter contre la d\u00e9sinformation. Ironiquement, la Commission europ\u00e9enne de Mme von der Leyen n&rsquo;est pas d\u00e9mocratiquement \u00e9lue, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":83,"featured_media":47480,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2533],"tags":[682,1145,1120,1236,1356],"editorial-positions":[42],"regions":[2563],"types":[2570],"class_list":["post-47560","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-culture-fr","tag-democracy","tag-denmark","tag-freedom-of-expression","tag-nazism","tag-von-der-leyen","editorial-positions-focus","regions-northern-europe-fr","types-opinion-fr"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Le d\u00e9bat sur la d\u00e9mocratie : 2025 et 1945 - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/fr\/le-debat-sur-la-democratie-2025-et-1945\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Le d\u00e9bat sur la d\u00e9mocratie : 2025 et 1945 - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Le 12 novembre 2025, Ursula von der Leyen, chef de la Commission europ\u00e9enne, a d\u00e9voil\u00e9 le \u00ab\u00a0bouclier d\u00e9mocratique\u00a0\u00bb. Ce projet comprend un nouvel institut, le Centre europ\u00e9en pour la r\u00e9silience d\u00e9mocratique, qui est cens\u00e9 recruter des experts pour lutter contre la d\u00e9sinformation. 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