{"id":51651,"date":"2026-02-28T19:09:35","date_gmt":"2026-02-28T19:09:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/un-monde-de-petites-cours-et-de-hautes-clotures-non"},"modified":"2026-02-28T19:09:35","modified_gmt":"2026-02-28T19:09:35","slug":"un-monde-de-petites-cours-et-de-hautes-clotures-non","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/fr\/un-monde-de-petites-cours-et-de-hautes-clotures-non","title":{"rendered":"Un monde de petites cours et de hautes cl\u00f4tures ? Non !"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S&rsquo;il est un principe sur lequel tous les \u00e9tudiants s\u00e9rieux en \u00e9conomie s&rsquo;accordent, c&rsquo;est bien celui du libre-\u00e9change. La division du travail entre les individus et les pays augmente le produit total, car les gens font alors ce qu&rsquo;ils savent faire le mieux, et ils en profitent, ainsi que les autres. Nous ne devons cependant pas ignorer l&rsquo;opposition persistante au libre-\u00e9change. Le protectionnisme n&rsquo;est pas une lubie personnelle du pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Donald Trump. Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 la r\u00e8gle plut\u00f4t que l&rsquo;exception dans l&rsquo;histoire des \u00c9tats-Unis, et il jouit d&rsquo;un solide soutien ailleurs. Il ne peut pas \u00eatre simplement rejet\u00e9 avec d\u00e9dain. Au contraire, il convient de la comprendre et d&rsquo;y r\u00e9pondre par ce que j&rsquo;appellerais les AA : Arguments et Alliances.      <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le soutien au protectionnisme<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deux faits expliquent l&rsquo;attrait politique du protectionnisme. Le premier est la r\u00e9partition in\u00e9gale des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices et des pertes du libre-\u00e9change. Les avantages sont dispers\u00e9s, tandis que les pertes sont concentr\u00e9es. Les avantages &#8211; baisse des prix et renforcement de la concurrence &#8211; ne deviennent visibles qu&rsquo;\u00e0 long terme et profitent \u00e0 l&rsquo;ensemble de la population, ce qui signifie que le b\u00e9n\u00e9fice pour chaque citoyen n&rsquo;est pas tr\u00e8s important \u00e0 un moment donn\u00e9. Les pertes du libre-\u00e9change, telles que la disparition d&#8217;emplois improductifs, sont en revanche clairement visibles \u00e0 court terme. De plus, ces pertes ne touchent qu&rsquo;une petite partie de la population, qui en est donc bien consciente. L&rsquo;ensemble de la population profite de la baisse des prix des denr\u00e9es alimentaires, si celles-ci sont \u00e9chang\u00e9es librement, mais seuls les producteurs de denr\u00e9es alimentaires, les agriculteurs, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient de la protection contre la concurrence \u00e9trang\u00e8re. Ceux qui se consid\u00e8rent comme les perdants du libre-\u00e9change sont incit\u00e9s \u00e0 organiser le soutien politique au protectionnisme. Les int\u00e9r\u00eats particuliers parlent fort aux hommes politiques, alors que l&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat g\u00e9n\u00e9ral n&rsquo;est souvent pour eux qu&rsquo;un faible murmure. Toute politique est locale, s&rsquo;est exclam\u00e9 un jour Tip O&rsquo;Neill, leader de longue date de la Chambre des repr\u00e9sentants des \u00c9tats-Unis.         <\/p><div class='related_content'><span>RELATED<\/span><ul><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/fr\/le-libre-echange-au-xxie-siecle'>Le libre-\u00e9change au XXIe si\u00e8cle<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/fr\/les-deux-elephants-dans-le-magasin-de-porcelaine'>Les deux \u00e9l\u00e9phants dans le magasin de porcelaine<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/fr\/ue-mercosur-un-cas-conservateur-pour-le-commerce-et-le-realisme-strategique'>UE-Mercosur : Un cas conservateur pour le commerce et le r\u00e9alisme strat\u00e9gique<\/li><\/a><\/ul><\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arguments plausibles mais fallacieux<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le deuxi\u00e8me fait expliquant le soutien au protectionnisme est que de nombreux arguments en sa faveur semblent plausibles \u00e0 premi\u00e8re vue, m\u00eame s&rsquo;ils sont fallacieux. On dit que le libre-\u00e9change fait des gagnants et des perdants. Mais ses avantages l&#8217;emportent largement sur ses co\u00fbts, et les perdants ne le seront qu&rsquo;\u00e0 court terme. S&rsquo;il est vrai que la mar\u00e9e montante ne soul\u00e8ve pas tous les bateaux, il est tout aussi vrai qu&rsquo;aucun bateau n&rsquo;est soulev\u00e9 dans un mar\u00e9cage stagnant. On dit qu&rsquo;il faut prot\u00e9ger les emplois. Mais il y a beaucoup plus d&#8217;emplois cr\u00e9\u00e9s par l&rsquo;augmentation de la productivit\u00e9 que d&#8217;emplois perdus \u00e0 cause du libre-\u00e9change. On dit qu&rsquo;il faut prot\u00e9ger les salaires contre la sous-ench\u00e8re dans les pays \u00e0 bas salaires. Mais l\u00e0 encore, la cr\u00e9ation de richesses par l&rsquo;esprit d&rsquo;entreprise et l&rsquo;innovation sur des march\u00e9s internationaux comp\u00e9titifs augmentera la demande de main-d&rsquo;\u0153uvre et donc les salaires. On dit qu&rsquo;il faut prot\u00e9ger les industries naissantes. Mais quand l&rsquo;enfant devient-il un adulte qui n&rsquo;a plus besoin d&rsquo;\u00eatre prot\u00e9g\u00e9 de la concurrence \u00e9trang\u00e8re ?         <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arguments et alliances<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bien s\u00fbr, si les \u00c9tats-Unis et l&rsquo;Union europ\u00e9enne adoptent le protectionnisme, ils sont suffisamment grands pour pouvoir n\u00e9anmoins b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier de la plupart des avantages de la division du travail et du libre-\u00e9change, puisque les \u00e9changes se feraient principalement entre les cinquante \u00c9tats membres des \u00c9tats-Unis et entre les vingt-sept \u00c9tats membres de l&rsquo;Union europ\u00e9enne, deux \u00e9normes march\u00e9s. Mais pour la plupart des autres pays, le protectionnisme se traduirait par de petites cours et de hautes cl\u00f4tures. Comment \u00e9viter cela ? En partie par des arguments, selon moi. Le protectionnisme doit et peut \u00eatre r\u00e9fut\u00e9, tandis que les opportunit\u00e9s cr\u00e9\u00e9es par le libre-\u00e9change doivent \u00eatre pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es avec force. C&rsquo;est ce que fait de mani\u00e8re convaincante une anthologie r\u00e9cente, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.co.uk\/Free-Trade-Twenty-First-Century-Political-ebook\/dp\/B0DF17CJMY\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=5OZNBHESILPJ&amp;dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.NSEyxzFWkOx9yt3NqAirhA.hGRZwF8XEVYF8yrOhUoUDqR0TrugoC5mw6b80pLI9T0&amp;dib_tag=se&amp;keywords=hannan+rangeley+free+trade&amp;qid=1759498477&amp;sprefix=hannan+rangeley+free+trade%2Caps%2C293&amp;sr=8-1\"><em>Le libre-\u00e9change au XXIe si\u00e8cle<\/em><\/a>\u00e9dit\u00e9e par Lord <a href=\"https:\/\/danielhannan.info\">Daniel Hannan<\/a> et <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cobdencentre.org\/author\/max\/\">Max Rangeley<\/a>. En partie, je dirais que le protectionnisme pourrait \u00e9galement \u00eatre vaincu par des alliances de libre-\u00e9change, non seulement par des groupes de pression mais aussi par des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s d&rsquo;id\u00e9alistes, telles que l&rsquo;Anti-Corn Law League de Richard Cobden, dont la r\u00e9union de 1846 \u00e0 Exeter Hall, \u00e0 Londres, est illustr\u00e9e ci-dessus.      <\/p>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>S&rsquo;il est un principe sur lequel tous les \u00e9tudiants s\u00e9rieux en \u00e9conomie s&rsquo;accordent, c&rsquo;est bien celui du libre-\u00e9change. La division du travail entre les individus et les pays augmente le produit total, car les gens font alors ce qu&rsquo;ils savent faire le mieux, et ils en profitent, ainsi que les autres. Nous ne devons cependant [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":83,"featured_media":50963,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2546,2575],"tags":[2977,2973,2976,2053,1155],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[2566,2567,2568],"types":[2570],"class_list":["post-51651","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-essais","category-le-monde","tag-cobden","tag-hannan","tag-politicians","tag-protectionism","tag-trade","regions-usa-fr","regions-western-europe-fr","regions-world-fr","types-opinion-fr"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Un monde de petites cours et de hautes cl\u00f4tures ? 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