{"id":60767,"date":"2026-08-01T17:13:03","date_gmt":"2026-08-01T17:13:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/trois-modeles-pour-lue"},"modified":"2026-08-01T17:13:03","modified_gmt":"2026-08-01T17:13:03","slug":"trois-modeles-pour-lue","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/fr\/trois-modeles-pour-lue","title":{"rendered":"Trois mod\u00e8les pour l&rsquo;UE"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les fondateurs de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne avaient trois objectifs. L\u2019un d\u2019entre eux \u00e9tait d\u2019assurer la paix entre la France et l\u2019Allemagne. Un autre consistait \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une zone de libre-\u00e9change unique pour l\u2019Europe, afin de tirer parti de la division du travail comme source de croissance \u00e9conomique. Les fondateurs \u00e9taient convaincus que l\u2019int\u00e9gration \u00e9conomique rapprocherait les Europ\u00e9ens, rappelant le vieil adage selon lequel \u00absi les marchandises ne peuvent franchir les fronti\u00e8res, ce sont les soldats qui le feront\u00bb. Ils avaient conscience que le troisi\u00e8me objectif ne pourrait \u00eatre atteint qu\u2019\u00e0 long terme, \u00e9tape par \u00e9tape : former les \u00c9tats-Unis d\u2019Europe, aussi puissants et productifs que les \u00c9tats-Unis d\u2019Am\u00e9rique.    <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le mod\u00e8le am\u00e9ricain<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les \u00c9tats-Unis constituaient-ils un mod\u00e8le plausible pour renforcer la coop\u00e9ration europ\u00e9enne ? En 1789, les r\u00e9volutionnaires am\u00e9ricains ont remplac\u00e9 la Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration \u00e9tablie en 1781 par une F\u00e9d\u00e9ration. Sous le r\u00e9gime de la Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration, les \u00c9tats individuels semblaient trop puissants et l\u2019\u00c9tat f\u00e9d\u00e9ral trop faible, incapable de pr\u00e9lever des imp\u00f4ts, de garantir le libre-\u00e9change entre les \u00c9tats ou de maintenir une arm\u00e9e. Mais il existait des diff\u00e9rences importantes, voire cruciales, entre l\u2019Europe et cette nouvelle et puissante f\u00e9d\u00e9ration. Tout d\u2019abord, l\u2019Europe \u00e9tait compos\u00e9e de divers pays ayant chacun leur propre langue, leur propre histoire et leur propre culture, tandis que les \u00c9tats-Unis partageaient une seule langue, une seule histoire et une seule culture. Une autre diff\u00e9rence r\u00e9sidait dans le fait que chaque pays europ\u00e9en poss\u00e9dait sa propre tradition politique, tandis que les \u00c9tats-Unis s\u2019appuyaient sur la forte tradition anglo-saxonne, ou plut\u00f4t germanique, du gouvernement par consentement et du droit de r\u00e9bellion. Dans une certaine mesure, les Pays-Bas et la Flandre en Belgique partageaient cette tradition, mais celle-ci avait \u00e9t\u00e9 largement r\u00e9prim\u00e9e en Allemagne. La France avait une tradition de centralisation : les Jacobins de la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise \u00e9taient les h\u00e9ritiers de Colbert tout autant que de Rousseau.       <\/p><div class='related_content'><span>RELATED<\/span><ul><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/fr\/le-fonds-souverain-national-italien-une-nouvelle-strategie-pour-stimuler-la-croissance-et-favoriser-les-investissements-a-long-terme'>Le Fonds souverain national italien : une nouvelle strat\u00e9gie pour stimuler la croissance et favoriser les investissements \u00e0 long terme<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/fr\/entree-en-vigueur-de-la-reglementation-europeenne-sur-le-droit-a-la-reparation-ce-que-ces-nouvelles-obligations-impliquent-pour-les-fabricants-et-les-consommateurs'>Entr\u00e9e en vigueur de la r\u00e9glementation europ\u00e9enne sur le droit \u00e0 la r\u00e9paration : ce que ces nouvelles obligations impliquent pour les fabricants et les consommateurs<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/fr\/referendum-en-islande-un-vote-en-faveur-de-la-souverainete-ou-un-vote-en-faveur-de-lue'>R\u00e9f\u00e9rendum en Islande : un vote en faveur de la souverainet\u00e9 ou un vote en faveur de l&rsquo;UE ?<\/li><\/a><\/ul><\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les \u00e9lecteurs europ\u00e9ens rejettent la centralisation<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bien s\u00fbr, les fondateurs de l\u2019UE ont pris conscience de la grande diversit\u00e9 de l\u2019Europe. Comme Jean Monnet l\u2019a clairement indiqu\u00e9 dans ses m\u00e9moires, la formation des \u00c9tats-Unis d\u2019Europe devait se faire progressivement, en tant que r\u00e9sultat d\u2019une int\u00e9gration croissante, d\u2019abord \u00e9conomique, puis politique. Une identit\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne \u00e9mergerait alors des identit\u00e9s nationales et les supplanterait en grande partie. Ce processus devait \u00eatre soigneusement guid\u00e9 par une \u00e9lite \u00e9clair\u00e9e, et non dirig\u00e9 par des agitateurs d\u00e9mocratiques. Dans une certaine mesure, Monnet et ses compagnons de route ont r\u00e9ussi. L\u2019int\u00e9gration \u00e9conomique entre 1957 et 1993 a apport\u00e9 la prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019Europe gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la concurrence. Mais avec le trait\u00e9 de Maastricht de 1992, l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne a chang\u00e9 de cap, visant non seulement l\u2019int\u00e9gration juridique et politique n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 un march\u00e9 commun, mais aussi une int\u00e9gration politique plus pouss\u00e9e, euph\u00e9misme d\u00e9signant la centralisation dans la tradition fran\u00e7aise. Cette \u00e9volution s\u2019est toutefois heurt\u00e9e \u00e0 la r\u00e9sistance des \u00e9lecteurs europ\u00e9ens, qui ont rejet\u00e9 \u00e0 plusieurs reprises une centralisation accrue. La r\u00e9ponse de l\u2019\u00e9lite \u00e9clair\u00e9e de Bruxelles a consist\u00e9 \u00e0 organiser de nouvelles \u00e9lections jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019obtention du r\u00e9sultat souhait\u00e9, ou simplement \u00e0 ignorer les \u00e9lecteurs et \u00e0 apporter des modifications superficielles \u00e0 ses propres propositions, comme lorsque la Constitution europ\u00e9enne a \u00e9t\u00e9 rejet\u00e9e et que, par la suite, le trait\u00e9 de Lisbonne, de contenu similaire, a \u00e9t\u00e9 adopt\u00e9.        <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le mod\u00e8le suisse<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L\u2019id\u00e9e selon laquelle le mod\u00e8le am\u00e9ricain serait inadapt\u00e9 est presque irr\u00e9sistible. En effet, il existe deux autres mod\u00e8les qui pourraient mieux convenir \u00e0 l\u2019Europe. L\u2019un d\u2019eux est celui de la Suisse, qui a su surmonter les tensions entre les communaut\u00e9s linguistiques, religieuses et culturelles gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une d\u00e9centralisation pouss\u00e9e : les cantons disposent d\u2019un contr\u00f4le bien plus important que les collectivit\u00e9s locales dans la plupart des autres pays europ\u00e9ens. Dans le contexte europ\u00e9en, cela impliquerait de restituer des comp\u00e9tences aux \u00c9tats-nations, ainsi qu\u2019aux communaut\u00e9s qui les composent, tout en ne conservant \u00e0 Bruxelles que les comp\u00e9tences indispensables au fonctionnement d\u2019un march\u00e9 commun libre et efficace. Le principe de subsidiarit\u00e9 devrait servir de ligne directrice : les d\u00e9cisions doivent \u00eatre prises par ceux qu\u2019elles concernent.    <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le mod\u00e8le nordique<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L\u2019autre mod\u00e8le est celui de la coop\u00e9ration nordique. Les derni\u00e8res guerres nordiques ont oppos\u00e9 le Danemark \u00e0 la Su\u00e8de en 1813-1814, puis, bri\u00e8vement, la Norv\u00e8ge \u00e0 la Su\u00e8de en 1814. Au XIXe si\u00e8cle, un sentiment d\u2019identit\u00e9 nordique commune, voire de destin commun, s\u2019est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 dans tous les pays nordiques. Cependant, les int\u00e9r\u00eats nationaux des cinq pays divergeant, ceux-ci n\u2019ont pas form\u00e9 d\u2019alliance militaire ni d\u2019union \u00e9conomique. En 1952, le Conseil nordique a toutefois \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9 en tant que forum de coop\u00e9ration entre les cinq pays, et une int\u00e9gration juridique et \u00e9conomique s\u2019est progressivement mise en place, de mani\u00e8re spontan\u00e9e et avec un abandon minimal de souverainet\u00e9. Les passeports ont \u00e9t\u00e9 supprim\u00e9s, le march\u00e9 du travail a \u00e9t\u00e9 int\u00e9gr\u00e9, l\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 d\u2019acc\u00e8s aux services sociaux au-del\u00e0 des fronti\u00e8res a \u00e9t\u00e9 garantie et les \u00e9changes culturels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 encourag\u00e9s.     <\/p>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Les fondateurs de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne avaient trois objectifs. L\u2019un d\u2019entre eux \u00e9tait d\u2019assurer la paix entre la France et l\u2019Allemagne. Un autre consistait \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une zone de libre-\u00e9change unique pour l\u2019Europe, afin de tirer parti de la division du travail comme source de croissance \u00e9conomique. Les fondateurs \u00e9taient convaincus que l\u2019int\u00e9gration \u00e9conomique rapprocherait les [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":83,"featured_media":60661,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2546],"tags":[3396,599,3145,1385,813],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[2561,2566,2568],"types":[2570],"class_list":["post-60767","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-essais","tag-common-market","tag-european-union","tag-nordic-countries","tag-switzerland","tag-united-states","regions-central-europe-fr","regions-usa-fr","regions-world-fr","types-opinion-fr"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Trois mod\u00e8les pour l&#039;UE - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/fr\/trois-modeles-pour-lue\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Trois mod\u00e8les pour l&#039;UE - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Les fondateurs de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne avaient trois objectifs. L\u2019un d\u2019entre eux \u00e9tait d\u2019assurer la paix entre la France et l\u2019Allemagne. Un autre consistait \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une zone de libre-\u00e9change unique pour l\u2019Europe, afin de tirer parti de la division du travail comme source de croissance \u00e9conomique. Les fondateurs \u00e9taient convaincus que l\u2019int\u00e9gration \u00e9conomique rapprocherait les [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/fr\/trois-modeles-pour-lue\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/hannes.h.gissurarson\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-08-01T17:13:03+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Europenight.shutterstock_2204629035-scaled.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1440\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Hannes Gissurarson\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@HHGConferences\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Hannes Gissurarson\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.theconservative.online\\\/fr\\\/trois-modeles-pour-lue#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.theconservative.online\\\/fr\\\/trois-modeles-pour-lue\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Hannes Gissurarson\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.theconservative.online\\\/fr#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/57f9ac02d26987135183ffc3b91f4fbe\"},\"headline\":\"Trois mod\u00e8les pour l&rsquo;UE\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-08-01T17:13:03+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.theconservative.online\\\/fr\\\/trois-modeles-pour-lue\"},\"wordCount\":934,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.theconservative.online\\\/fr\\\/trois-modeles-pour-lue#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.theconservative.online\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/Europenight.shutterstock_2204629035-scaled.jpeg\",\"keywords\":[\"Common Market\",\"European Union\",\"Nordic countries\",\"Switzerland\",\"United States\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Essais\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.theconservative.online\\\/fr\\\/trois-modeles-pour-lue\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.theconservative.online\\\/fr\\\/trois-modeles-pour-lue\",\"name\":\"Trois mod\u00e8les pour l'UE - The Conservative\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.theconservative.online\\\/fr#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.theconservative.online\\\/fr\\\/trois-modeles-pour-lue#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.theconservative.online\\\/fr\\\/trois-modeles-pour-lue#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.theconservative.online\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/Europenight.shutterstock_2204629035-scaled.jpeg\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-08-01T17:13:03+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.theconservative.online\\\/fr#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/57f9ac02d26987135183ffc3b91f4fbe\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.theconservative.online\\\/fr\\\/trois-modeles-pour-lue#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.theconservative.online\\\/fr\\\/trois-modeles-pour-lue\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.theconservative.online\\\/fr\\\/trois-modeles-pour-lue#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.theconservative.online\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/Europenight.shutterstock_2204629035-scaled.jpeg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.theconservative.online\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/Europenight.shutterstock_2204629035-scaled.jpeg\",\"width\":2560,\"height\":1440,\"caption\":\"Europe at night viewed from space with city lights in European Union countries and cities. Planet Earth. Elements from NASA. Technology, global communication, world connections.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.theconservative.online\\\/fr\\\/trois-modeles-pour-lue#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.theconservative.online\\\/fr\\\/home\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Trois mod\u00e8les pour l&rsquo;UE\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.theconservative.online\\\/fr#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.theconservative.online\\\/fr\",\"name\":\"The Conservative\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.theconservative.online\\\/fr?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.theconservative.online\\\/fr#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/57f9ac02d26987135183ffc3b91f4fbe\",\"name\":\"Hannes Gissurarson\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/d1292c6867aa2b48aaaf40f8359f130f8efbced45c7d0f5db3105feea926e93a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/d1292c6867aa2b48aaaf40f8359f130f8efbced45c7d0f5db3105feea926e93a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/d1292c6867aa2b48aaaf40f8359f130f8efbced45c7d0f5db3105feea926e93a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Hannes Gissurarson\"},\"description\":\"Born in 1953. D. Phil. Politics Oxford 1985. Professor of Politics 1988\u20132023. Professor Emeritus since 2023. Member of the Board of Directors Mont Pelerin Society 1998\u20132004. Member of the Board of Overseers Central Bank of Iceland 2001\u20132009. Visiting Scholar, Hoover Institution and many universities.\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/hannes.h.gissurarson\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instagram.com\\\/hannes1953\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/in\\\/hannes-gissurarson-90485239\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/HHGConferences\",\"https:\\\/\\\/en.wikipedia.org\\\/wiki\\\/Hannes_H\u00f3lmsteinn_Gissurarson\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.theconservative.online\\\/fr\\\/author\\\/hannes-euspec-2025-26\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Trois mod\u00e8les pour l'UE - The Conservative","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/fr\/trois-modeles-pour-lue","og_locale":"fr_FR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Trois mod\u00e8les pour l'UE - The Conservative","og_description":"Les fondateurs de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne avaient trois objectifs. 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