{"id":65515,"date":"2026-09-15T15:17:53","date_gmt":"2026-09-15T15:17:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/quest-ce-quune-nation"},"modified":"2026-09-30T16:20:22","modified_gmt":"2026-09-30T16:20:22","slug":"quest-ce-quune-nation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/fr\/quest-ce-quune-nation","title":{"rendered":"Qu&rsquo;est-ce qu&rsquo;une nation ?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Un lecteur de ma chronique dans  <em>Le Conservateur<\/em>  m&rsquo;a pos\u00e9 une question. Je  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/fr\/en-quoi-je-ne-suis-pas-un-hayekien\">avait rappel\u00e9<\/a>  que les Norv\u00e9giens se sont s\u00e9par\u00e9s de la Su\u00e8de en 1905 parce qu\u2019ils n\u2019\u00e9taient pas su\u00e9dois, et les Finlandais de la Russie en 1917 parce qu\u2019ils n\u2019\u00e9taient pas russes. J\u2019ai fait remarquer que ces nations, ainsi que d\u2019autres, affirmaient leur identit\u00e9 sans pour autant se montrer hostiles envers d\u2019autres nations. La question de mon lecteur \u00e9tait la suivante : \u00ab Qui sont \u00ab ces nations \u00bb ? 100 % de la population qui y vit ? 50 % + 1 ? 75 % ? \u00bb C&rsquo;est une question intrigante : qu&rsquo;est-ce qui d\u00e9finit une nation ? Qu&rsquo;advient-il d&rsquo;une minorit\u00e9 nationale ? Qu\u2019en est-il de la dimension coercitive de la nation ? En effet, Lord Acton a fait remarquer qu\u2019une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 devait \u00eatre jug\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019aune de la mani\u00e8re dont elle traite ses minorit\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La mauvaise voie : extermination et d\u00e9portation<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parfois, le fait d\u2019appartenir \u00e0 une minorit\u00e9 a signifi\u00e9 l\u2019extermination : les colons europ\u00e9ens, tant en Am\u00e9rique du Nord qu\u2019en Am\u00e9rique du Sud, ont extermin\u00e9 les populations autochtones ; les Russes ont extermin\u00e9 les Circassiens ; les Turcs ont extermin\u00e9 les Arm\u00e9niens (ainsi que les Grecs et les Kurdes) ; les nazis ont extermin\u00e9 les Juifs ; les Khmers rouges ont extermin\u00e9 les \u00ab Nouvelles Personnes \u00bb. Souvent, cela a signifi\u00e9 la d\u00e9portation : la captivit\u00e9 babylonienne des Juifs en 597 av. J.-C. ; l\u2019expulsion des Juifs d\u2019Espagne au XVe si\u00e8cle ; l\u2019expulsion de 1,5 million de chr\u00e9tiens orthodoxes (Grecs) de Turquie et de 500 000 musulmans (Turcs) de Gr\u00e8ce en 1923 ; plusieurs d\u00e9portations massives de petites nations en Union sovi\u00e9tique ; l\u2019expulsion de 800 000 Juifs des pays arabes en 1948 et apr\u00e8s, ainsi que la fuite de 700 000 Arabes d\u2019Isra\u00ebl ; l\u2019exode de pr\u00e8s d\u2019un million de \u00ab Pieds-Noirs \u00bb d\u2019Alger vers la France en 1962. Il ne faut pas non plus oublier l\u2019expulsion de douze millions de germanophones de Pologne, de Tch\u00e9coslovaquie et d\u2019autres pays europ\u00e9ens apr\u00e8s 1945. Voltaire n\u2019\u00e9tait pas loin de la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 lorsqu\u2019il d\u00e9crivait l\u2019histoire du monde comme \u00ab une succession de crimes, de folies et de malheurs \u00bb.<\/p><div class='related_content'><span>RELATED<\/span><ul><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/fr\/andrzej-poczobut-recoit-le-prix-pemc'>Andrzej Poczobut re\u00e7oit le prix PEMC<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/fr\/en-quoi-je-ne-suis-pas-un-hayekien'>En quoi je ne suis pas un hayekien<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/fr\/pourquoi-lislande-a-t-elle-refuse-dadherer-a-lunion-europeenne'>Pourquoi l&rsquo;Islande a-t-elle refus\u00e9 d&rsquo;adh\u00e9rer \u00e0 l&rsquo;Union europ\u00e9enne ?<\/li><\/a><\/ul><\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les nations par choix<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ces crimes horribles ne peuvent toutefois pas \u00eatre imput\u00e9s uniquement au nationalisme : bon nombre d\u2019entre eux ont eu lieu avant que l\u2019\u00c9tat-nation ne devienne un v\u00e9ritable objectif politique. De plus, l\u2019historien fran\u00e7ais Ernest Renan et le po\u00e8te danois N.F.S. Grundtvig ont formul\u00e9 une th\u00e9orie lib\u00e9rale de la nationalit\u00e9. Renan <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110827065548\/http:\/\/www.cooper.edu\/humanities\/core\/hss3\/e_renan.html\">affirmait<\/a> qu\u2019une nation \u00e9tait un groupe constitu\u00e9 non pas n\u00e9cessairement par une langue commune ou une histoire partag\u00e9e, mais par la volont\u00e9 de ce groupe d\u2019\u00eatre une nation. Dans sa formule m\u00e9morable, il qualifiait la nation de \u00ab pl\u00e9biscite quotidien \u00bb. Cela impliquait le droit \u00e0 la s\u00e9cession : si un groupe s\u2019identifiait comme une nation et souhaitait former son propre \u00c9tat, il devait pouvoir le faire. C\u2019est ce qu\u2019ont fait les Norv\u00e9giens en 1905, les Finlandais en 1917 et plusieurs nations en Europe en 1918. Parfois, cela \u00e9tait juste, comme par exemple dans le cas des \u00c9tats baltes et de la Pologne. Mais parfois, ce n\u2019\u00e9tait pas le cas ; par exemple, lorsque les Tch\u00e8ques ont impos\u00e9 leur \u00c9tat \u00e0 leurs voisins allemands et slovaques, ou lorsque les Serbes ont annex\u00e9 les anciens domaines des Habsbourg que sont la Croatie, la Bosnie-Herz\u00e9govine et la Slov\u00e9nie. <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Modifications des fronti\u00e8res par r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Grundtvig, tout comme Renan,  <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.at\/books?id=B_cxEQAAQBAJ\">organis\u00e9<\/a>  qu\u2019une nation se d\u00e9finissait par sa volont\u00e9 d\u2019\u00eatre une nation. Dans le diff\u00e9rend opposant le Danemark \u00e0 la Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration allemande au sujet du Schleswig, dont le nord \u00e9tait danois et le sud germanophone, il proposa d\u2019organiser des r\u00e9f\u00e9rendums dans les r\u00e9gions contest\u00e9es : la population devait choisir entre le Danemark et l\u2019Allemagne. Ces r\u00e9f\u00e9rendums eurent lieu en 1920. Soit dit en passant, cela semble \u00eatre la seule issue pacifique possible au conflit en Ukraine. Mais si des r\u00e9f\u00e9rendums organis\u00e9s dans les r\u00e9gions frontali\u00e8res laissent des minorit\u00e9s isol\u00e9es dans des enclaves, leurs droits doivent \u00eatre garantis, comme c&rsquo;est le cas, par exemple, pour les locuteurs su\u00e9dois des \u00eeles \u00c5land finlandaises et les locuteurs allemands du Tyrol du Sud italien.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Libre-\u00e9change, concurrence fiscale et choix entre deux utopies<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ma r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 la question de mon lecteur serait donc, en partie : le droit \u00e0 la s\u00e9cession ; la modification des fronti\u00e8res par r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum ; les garanties des droits des minorit\u00e9s. Mais j\u2019ajouterais trois consid\u00e9rations qui contribueraient \u00e9galement \u00e0 r\u00e9duire la dimension coercitive de la nation. Premi\u00e8rement, le libre-\u00e9change international a permis aux petits \u00c9tats de b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier des avantages de la division internationale du travail, ce qui a renforc\u00e9 leur viabilit\u00e9. Deuxi\u00e8mement, la concurrence fiscale entre les \u00c9tats (ou les r\u00e9gions) limitera les mauvais traitements inflig\u00e9s aux minorit\u00e9s. Troisi\u00e8mement, comme l\u2019a soulign\u00e9 Robert Nozick  <a href=\"https:\/\/ia600106.us.archive.org\/12\/items\/robert-nozick-anarchy-state-and-utopia\/Robert%20Nozick%20-%20Anarchy%20State%20and%20Utopia.pdf\">a fait valoir<\/a>, moins l\u2019\u00c9tat est intrusif, plus il peut servir de cadre \u00e0 diff\u00e9rentes utopies, \u00e0 des communaut\u00e9s fond\u00e9es sur le libre choix : les communistes pourraient cr\u00e9er des communaut\u00e9s sans propri\u00e9t\u00e9 priv\u00e9e ; certaines communaut\u00e9s pourraient \u00eatre lib\u00e9rales, d\u2019autres plus traditionnelles. La seule condition serait le droit d\u2019y entrer et d\u2019en sortir. La nation devrait \u00eatre un foyer, ni une prison ni une forteresse.<\/p>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Un lecteur de ma chronique dans Le Conservateur m&rsquo;a pos\u00e9 une question. Je avait rappel\u00e9 que les Norv\u00e9giens se sont s\u00e9par\u00e9s de la Su\u00e8de en 1905 parce qu\u2019ils n\u2019\u00e9taient pas su\u00e9dois, et les Finlandais de la Russie en 1917 parce qu\u2019ils n\u2019\u00e9taient pas russes. J\u2019ai fait remarquer que ces nations, ainsi que d\u2019autres, affirmaient leur [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":83,"featured_media":60971,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2575],"tags":[1207,589,3520,2778,1028],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[2567],"types":[2570],"class_list":["post-65515","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-le-monde","tag-deportation","tag-freedom","tag-genocide","tag-nation-state","tag-nationalism","regions-western-europe-fr","types-opinion-fr"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Qu&#039;est-ce qu&#039;une nation ? - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/fr\/quest-ce-quune-nation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Qu&#039;est-ce qu&#039;une nation ? - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Un lecteur de ma chronique dans Le Conservateur m&rsquo;a pos\u00e9 une question. Je avait rappel\u00e9 que les Norv\u00e9giens se sont s\u00e9par\u00e9s de la Su\u00e8de en 1905 parce qu\u2019ils n\u2019\u00e9taient pas su\u00e9dois, et les Finlandais de la Russie en 1917 parce qu\u2019ils n\u2019\u00e9taient pas russes. 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Je avait rappel\u00e9 que les Norv\u00e9giens se sont s\u00e9par\u00e9s de la Su\u00e8de en 1905 parce qu\u2019ils n\u2019\u00e9taient pas su\u00e9dois, et les Finlandais de la Russie en 1917 parce qu\u2019ils n\u2019\u00e9taient pas russes. 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