{"id":2361,"date":"2021-11-07T13:50:41","date_gmt":"2021-11-07T13:50:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/kavana-landtmann-1873-1918-i-2021"},"modified":"2021-11-07T13:50:41","modified_gmt":"2021-11-07T13:50:41","slug":"kavana-landtmann-1873-1918-i-2021","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/hr\/kavana-landtmann-1873-1918-i-2021","title":{"rendered":"Kavana Landtmann, 1873., 1918. i 2021"},"content":{"rendered":"

Carl Menger i njegova bra\u0107a; Max Weber i Joseph Schumpeter; problemi Austrije i svijeta…<\/p>\n

Bio je vedar i prohladni petak 6. studenoga 2021. kada sam ru\u010dala s nekoliko prijatelja u kafi\u0107u Landtmann u Be\u010du, neposredno nakon zavr\u0161etka uspje\u0161ne konferencije<\/a> o Austrijskoj \u0161koli ekonomije, koju je dr. Barbara Kolm organizirala na austrijskom Centralna banka. Caf\u00e9 je na Ringu u Be\u010du, u blizini kazali\u0161ta Burg, Gradske vije\u0107nice i Sveu\u010dili\u0161ta. Osnovana je 1873. godine i od tada je be\u010dka institucija.<\/p>\n

Menger i njegova bra\u0107a<\/h2>\n

Ovdje se Carl Menger<\/a> , otac Austrijske ekonomske \u0161kole, susreo sa svoja dva brata, Maxom i Antonom, i njihovim prijateljima i razgovarao s njima o ekonomiji i politici. Ro\u0111en 1840., Menger je 1871. objavio svoje Principe ekonomije<\/em><\/a> , koje je na mnogo na\u010dina bilo jednako originalno djelo kao i Bogatstvo naroda<\/em> Adama Smitha<\/a> . Mengerova velika inovacija bila je razbiti dobra u jedinice i analizirati koliko jedinica jednog dobra mo\u017ee biti zamijenjeno jedinicama drugog dobra kako bi se jednako dobro zadovoljile ljudske potrebe. Ovo je, ukratko, marginalna analiza. Robom se treba trgovati po njihovoj grani\u010dnoj vrijednosti ako \u017eeli pru\u017eiti \u0161to vi\u0161e zadovoljstva potro\u0161a\u010dima. Menger je naglasio, kao i Smith prije njega, da je kona\u010dni cilj cjelokupne proizvodnje potro\u0161nja. Ali ono \u0161to se razlikovao od Smitha bilo je po tome \u0161to je shvatio da je vrijednost subjektivna i da su odre\u0111ene koli\u010dine razli\u010ditih dobara jednake vrijednosti ako imaju isti kapacitet za zadovoljenje potreba potro\u0161a\u010da. Nije relevantna pro\u0161lost dobra, njegova cijena proizvodnje, nego njegova budu\u0107nost, njegova procjena od strane potencijalnih korisnika.<\/p>\n

Ovo mo\u017eda zvu\u010di trivijalno, ali je dvije politi\u010dke ideje popularne u to vrijeme, gruzizam i marksizam, li\u0161ilo njihovih teoretskih temelja, kao \u0161to sam istaknuo u svom radu na konferenciji dan ranije. Georgism je dobio ime po ameri\u010dkom piscu Henryju Georgeu (1839.\u20131897.) koji je u\u010dio da je zemlji\u0161te posebno po tome \u0161to je njegova opskrba bila fiksna tako da se najamnina mogla napla\u0107ivati za njezino kori\u0161tenje, a da zemljoposjednik na bilo koji na\u010din ne pridonosi njegovoj vrijednosti. No, Menger je istaknuo da je zemlja kao i svako drugo dobro i da treba biti cijenjena na margini. Vrijednost zemlji\u0161ta nije odra\u017eavala bilo kakav doprinos zemljoposjednika ili prirode, ve\u0107 procjenu pojedinih gospodarskih subjekata o njegovoj mogu\u0107oj uporabi u budu\u0107nosti.<\/p>\n

Marksizam je, s druge strane, dobio ime po njema\u010dkom filozofu Karlu Marxu (1818\u20131883) koji je u\u010dio da je rad poseban po tome \u0161to stvara svu vrijednost, te da je bur\u017eoazija iskori\u0161tavala proletarijat, tjeraju\u0107i ga da pre\u017eivljava od \u0161krtih pla\u0107a. No Menger je istaknuo da vrijednost nije stvorena radom. Vrijednost je stvorena u tr\u017ei\u0161nom procesu. Radilo se o tome koliko dobro zadane koli\u010dine dobara mogu zadovoljiti ljudske potrebe. Rad je bio kao i svako drugo dobro. Trebalo bi se cijeniti na margini, ako se \u017eeli \u0161to vi\u0161e pridonijeti ljudskom zadovoljstvu. Ako va\u0161 prihod treba pru\u017eiti informacije o tome kako najbolje mo\u017eete slu\u017eiti potrebama drugih, onda on mora odra\u017eavati va\u0161u grani\u010dnu korisnost za druge.<\/p>\n

Mengerove slutnje<\/h2>\n

Menger je 1873. godine imenovan profesorom ekonomije na Sveu\u010dili\u0161tu u Be\u010du, a kao znanstvenik je u\u017eivao takvo po\u0161tovanje da je tri godine kasnije postao privatnim u\u010diteljem prijestolonasljednika Rudolfa, sina habsbur\u0161kog cara Franje Josefa. Sa\u010duvana su njegova predavanja knezu. Ondje jasno obja\u0161njava prednosti slobodne trgovine, privatnog vlasni\u0161tva i ograni\u010dene vlade. Provode\u0107i dvije godine s princom, podu\u010davaju\u0107i ga i putuju\u0107i s njim po Europi, Menger se 1878. vratio svojoj profesorskoj funkciji na Sveu\u010dili\u0161tu. Bila su to turbulentna vremena. Vi\u0161enacionalno Podunavsko Carstvo do\u017eivjelo je poraz u ratu protiv Pruske 1866. godine, a godinu dana kasnije habsbur\u0161ke vlasti su pretvorene u uniju izme\u0111u austrijskog i ma\u0111arskog dijela. Cijelo je Carstvo ipak formiralo golemo podru\u010dje slobodne trgovine, sa zajedni\u010dkom valutom, \u010dvrsto utemeljenom na zlatnom standardu, a posljednjih nekoliko desetlje\u0107a devetnaestog stolje\u0107a i po\u010detka dvadesetog stolje\u0107a do\u0161lo je do velikog ekonomskog napretka, dok su manjine poput \u017didovi su u\u017eivali za\u0161titu dvojne krune.<\/p>\n

Mengerov brat Max dijelio je njegove politi\u010dke stavove i bio je \u010dlan austrijskog Zastupni\u010dkog doma, dok je tre\u0107i brat Anton, poznati profesor prava, bio socijalist. Trojica bra\u0107e su se u kavani Landtmann imali o \u010demu sva\u0111ati. Menger je bio pesimisti\u010dan po pitanju budu\u0107nosti Habsbur\u0161kog Carstva, a jednom je krajem 1870-ih rekao dr. Joachimu Landauu, liberalnom \u010dlanu austrijskog Zastupni\u010dkog doma i Maxovom prijatelju: ‘Politika koju vode europske sile \u0107e dovesti do u\u017easnog rata koji \u0107e zavr\u0161iti jezivim revolucijama, izumiranjem europske kulture i uni\u0161tenjem prosperiteta svih naroda.’ Princ Rudolf je dijelio Mengerov duboki pesimizam i tragi\u010dno je 1889. po\u010dinio samoubojstvo. Menger je 1900. uzdignut u austrijski dom lordova, ali se povukao s profesorske du\u017enosti 1903. godine. Umro je 1921. godine.<\/p>\n

Weber i Schumpeter<\/h2>\n

Na\u017ealost, Mengerova briga nije bila neutemeljena. Prvi svjetski rat po\u010deo je u ljeto 1914. godine, nakon \u0161to je srpski agent u Sarajevu izvr\u0161io atentat na habsbur\u0161kog prijestolonasljednika. Takozvane sredi\u0161nje sile, Austro-Ugarska i Njema\u010dka, borile su se protiv Francuske, Rusije, Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, a na kraju i Sjedinjenih Dr\u017eava. 1917. Rusko Carstvo je propalo, a nekoliko mjeseci kasnije bolj\u0161evici su na \u010delu s Lenjinom preuzeli vlast. Brutalno su potisnuli svu politi\u010dku opoziciju i pobili rusku carsku obitelj i mnoge \u010dlanove stare aristokracije, pretvaraju\u0107i te aristokrate koje nisu ubili u gra\u0111ane drugog reda, poznate kao ‘biv\u0161i ljudi’. Bolj\u0161evici su nacionalizirali sredstva za proizvodnju i poku\u0161ali kontrolirati gospodarstvo centralnim ekonomskim planiranjem.<\/p>\n

Cijeli svijet je sa zaprepa\u0161tenjem i \u010du\u0111enjem promatrao doga\u0111aje u Rusiji. Po\u010detkom 1918. njema\u010dki sociolog Max Weber proveo je neko vrijeme u Be\u010du, a jednog dana se susreo s nekoliko prijatelja u Caf\u00e9 Landtmann, uklju\u010duju\u0107i austrijskog ekonomista Josepha Schumpetera koji je, kao i Weber, bio pod velikim utjecajem Mengera. Razgovarali su o izvedivosti bolj\u0161evi\u010dkog projekta. Schumpeter je pozdravio revoluciju kao laboratorijski eksperiment jer je sada socijalizam morao dokazati svoju prakti\u010dnost: Kako su bolj\u0161evi\u010dki planeri mogli prona\u0107i ispravne cijene pojedina\u010dnih sredstava za proizvodnju nakon \u0161to su ih izvlastili i ukinuli tr\u017ei\u0161te za njih, tr\u017ei\u0161te kapitala? Weber je uzvratio da \u0107e to biti laboratorij pun le\u0161eva i, nakon nekoliko \u017eestokih razmjena, izjurio van. Schumpeter je ostao sjediti i sa smije\u0161kom je primijetio svom prijatelju Felixu Somaryju: ‘Kako netko mo\u017ee tako nastaviti u kafi\u0107u?’<\/p>\n

Ubrzo nakon ove sva\u0111e u Caf\u00e9u Landtmann, Prvi svjetski rat zavr\u0161io je porazom Sredi\u0161njih sila. Habsbur\u0161ko Carstvo je propalo, a srednja i isto\u010dna Europa raspale se na mnoge male dr\u017eave, neprijateljske jedna prema drugoj, a svaka je usvojila svoju slabu valutu i podigla prepreke trgovini sa svojim susjedima. Nakon toga, nisu se mogli oduprijeti naletu totalitarizma, Hitlerovog nacionalsocijalizma i Staljinovog komunizma. Weber koji je ubrzo umro pokazao se u pravu: komunisti\u010dki eksperiment odnio je \u017eivote oko sto milijuna ljudi u dvadesetom stolje\u0107u. Postao je laboratorij pun le\u0161eva.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Carl Menger i njegova bra\u0107a; Max Weber i Joseph Schumpeter; problemi Austrije i svijeta… Bio je vedar i prohladni petak 6. studenoga 2021. kada sam ru\u010dala s nekoliko prijatelja u kafi\u0107u Landtmann u Be\u010du, neposredno nakon zavr\u0161etka uspje\u0161ne konferencije o Austrijskoj \u0161koli ekonomije, koju je dr. Barbara Kolm organizirala na austrijskom Centralna banka. Caf\u00e9 je […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":1914,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[185,161],"tags":[],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[330],"types":[450],"class_list":["post-2361","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kultura-hr","category-politika-hr","regions-central-europe-hr","types-opinion-hr"],"yoast_head":"\nKavana Landtmann, 1873., 1918. i 2021 - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/hr\/kavana-landtmann-1873-1918-i-2021\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hr_HR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kavana Landtmann, 1873., 1918. i 2021 - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Carl Menger i njegova bra\u0107a; Max Weber i Joseph Schumpeter; problemi Austrije i svijeta… Bio je vedar i prohladni petak 6. studenoga 2021. kada sam ru\u010dala s nekoliko prijatelja u kafi\u0107u Landtmann u Be\u010du, neposredno nakon zavr\u0161etka uspje\u0161ne konferencije o Austrijskoj \u0161koli ekonomije, koju je dr. 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