{"id":38715,"date":"2025-01-28T18:59:52","date_gmt":"2025-01-28T18:59:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/irska-i-izazov-zagadenja-mora-bukom"},"modified":"2025-01-28T18:59:52","modified_gmt":"2025-01-28T18:59:52","slug":"irska-i-izazov-zagadenja-mora-bukom","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/hr\/irska-i-izazov-zagadenja-mora-bukom","title":{"rendered":"Irska i izazov zaga\u0111enja mora bukom"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-olk-copy-source=\"MessageBody\">Utjecaj zvuka koji proizlazi iz ljudskih aktivnosti (tj. antropogenog zvuka) na morski okoli\u0161 i zdravlje vrsta koje u njemu \u017eive predmet je sveobuhvatnih istra\u017eivanja ve\u0107 nekoliko desetlje\u0107a.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>Pou\u010dan sa\u017eetak fokusa ovog istra\u017eivanja od 1970-ih do 21. stolje\u0107a pru\u017eili su Shane Guan, Amy R. Scholik-Schlomer i Jacqueline Pearson-Meyer u \u010dasopisu The Journal of the American Acoustic Society.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>Ondje autori isti\u010du da, dok se dugo shva\u0107alo da je povi\u0161ena buka \u0161tetna za otkrivanje signala od strane zajednice za protupodmorni\u010dko ratovanje, tek ranih 1970-ih su se pojavile sli\u010dne zabrinutosti u vezi s morskim \u017eivotom koji koristi zvuk za razli\u010dite \u017eivotne funkcije ; dok su 1980-ih bile neke od prvih studija o u\u010dincima buke od priobalnog istra\u017eivanja i razvoja nafte i plina na morske sisavce u arkti\u010dkim vodama.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>Ovo je uslijedilo 1990-ih, ka\u017eu autori, s intenzivnim istra\u017eivanjem niskofrekventnih izvora za oceansku termometriju i detekciju podmorja te akusti\u010dnog utjecaja na morske sisavce nakon \u0161to je zabilje\u017een veliki broj doga\u0111aja masovnog nasukanja kitova.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>Od tog vremena me\u0111unarodna i europska istra\u017eivanja o zaga\u0111enju oceana bukom ostala su konstanta, pra\u0107ena sve ve\u0107im osje\u0107ajem uzbune u pogledu \u0161tete koja se morskom \u017eivotu nanosi antropogenim zvukom.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>To se odra\u017eava u regulatornom pristupu Europske unije kako je navedeno u Okvirnoj direktivi o morskoj strategiji (MSFD) (2008\/56\/EZ) i Direktivi o o\u010duvanju prirodnih stani\u0161ta te divlje flore i faune (tj. Direktiva o stani\u0161tima) .<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>Prema Direktivi o stani\u0161tima, sve vrste morskih sisavaca koje se normalno pojavljuju u Irskoj moraju biti za\u0161ti\u0107ene od opasnosti uklju\u010duju\u0107i antropogenu buku.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>Me\u0111utim, va\u017eno je da je MSFD taj koji konkretno definira one\u010di\u0161\u0107enje ne samo u fizi\u010dkom smislu, ve\u0107 iu smislu izravnog ili neizravnog uno\u0161enja morske podvodne buke koju uzrokuju ljudi u morski okoli\u0161.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>U odre\u0111ivanju \u0161to \u010dini \u0161tetnu buku poma\u017ee tehni\u010dka skupina za podvodnu buku MSFD-a za zajedni\u010dku strategiju provedbe kojom predsjedaju predstavnici zemalja EU-a.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>Kao \u0161to je definirano u MSFD-u, buka mora biti na takvoj razini da rezultira ili \u0107e vjerojatno rezultirati &#8220;\u0161tetnim u\u010dincima kao \u0161to su \u0161teta za \u017eivotne resurse i morske ekosustave, uklju\u010duju\u0107i gubitak bioraznolikosti, opasnosti za ljudsko zdravlje, ometanje morskog djelatnosti, uklju\u010duju\u0107i ribolov, turizam i rekreaciju te druga zakonita kori\u0161tenja mora, naru\u0161avanje kakvo\u0107e za kori\u0161tenje morske vode i smanjenje sadr\u017eaja ili, op\u0107enito, naru\u0161avanje odr\u017eivog kori\u0161tenja morskih dobara i usluga.\u201d<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>Neizbje\u017eno je da \u0107e takva sveobuhvatna definicija imati \u0161irok raspon utjecaja, uklju\u010duju\u0107i potrebu za uvo\u0111enjem sveobuhvatnih razina nadzora.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>U Irskoj ovim procesom upravlja Odjel za stambeno planiranje i lokalnu upravu koji je vode\u0107e tijelo za provedbu MSFD-a, a podr\u017eava ga niz drugih odjela i dr\u017eavnih agencija, uklju\u010duju\u0107i Morski institut (MI).<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>U 2020. Ministarstvo je objavilo procjenu Irske morske strategije i utvr\u0111ivanja dobrog stanja okoli\u0161a kako je odre\u0111eno \u010dlankom 9 MSDF-a.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>Procjena je dala niz pozitivnih zapa\u017eanja koja su uklju\u010divala utvr\u0111ivanja da je razina impulzivne podvodne buke koja uzrokuje aktivnosti unutar podru\u010dja Irske ozna\u010denog Okvirnom direktivom o pomorskoj strategiji bila op\u0107enito niska tijekom razdoblja 2016.-2018.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>Procjena je tako\u0111er zaklju\u010dila da je tada\u0161nje trenutno stanje irskog morskog okoli\u0161a bilo kompatibilno s MSDF-ovim razumijevanjem onoga \u0161to se kvalificira kao dobro stanje okoli\u0161a za prostornu distribuciju, vremenski opseg i razine antropogenih impulzivnih izvora zvuka.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>Unato\u010d ovim pozitivnim primjedbama, nekoliko irskih parlamentaraca nedavno je izrazilo zabrinutost da se proces procjene jo\u0161 uvijek odvija prema uvjetima smjernica iz 2014. za upravljanje rizikom za morske sisavce od umjetnih izvora zvuka u irskim vodama.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>Postoji osje\u0107aj da je Smjernice potrebno a\u017eurirati kako bi odra\u017eavale porast aktivnosti koje stvaraju buku povezane sa zna\u010dajnom eskalacijom radova povezanih s obnovljivim izvorima energije na moru.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>S obzirom na obnovljive izvore energije u moru, rasprava o morskoj buci samo \u0107e se pove\u0107ati.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>Za Irsku \u0107e biti iznimno zahtjevan zadatak prona\u0107i ravnote\u017eu izme\u0111u svoje predanosti postizanju cilja proizvodnje vjetroelektrana iz obnovljivih izvora energije na moru od 5 GW do 2030. i 20 GW do 2040. i njezinog sustava pomorskog planiranja koji \u0107e tako\u0111er morati uzeti u obzir Obveze i obveze Irske prema Konvenciji OSPAR i Konvenciji UN-a o biolo\u0161koj raznolikosti.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>The Minister responsible for these matters in the previous Irish Government, Malcolm Noonan, has addressed some of these concerns directly and has pointed specifically to the GOMOREUS project (Guidance on Managing offshore Renewable Energy Underwater Sound) being conducted by the Marine Institute that is being delivered by University College Cork (UCC) MaREI Centre.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>According to Minister Noonan, it is intended that the GOMOREUS project will develop practical, integrated, and harmonised guidance to inform the management of continuous and impulsive underwater noise for Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) development in Irish waters, in compliance with EU legislation such as the Habitats Directive and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>It is also proposed that Ireland\u2019s National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) will then use the outputs from the GOMOREUS project to update its 2014 Guidance to Manage the Risk to Marine Mammals before the publication of the final updated guidance, expected to commence in Q2 2025. A public consultation process is also expected to take place prior to publication. <\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>This consultation process should be of intense interest to Ireland\u2019s fisheries sector, particularly in light of growing research on the impact of marine noise on the lifecycle of species that inhabit Ireland\u2019s traditional fishing grounds with some studies indicating that marine noise can diminish reduced communication among a number of fish species thereby causing commercial catches rates to drop by up to 80%.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>Any updated guidance or legislation that attempts to significantly reduce the levels of anthropogenic noise will also be closely monitored by Ireland\u2019s commercial shipping operators.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>Indeed the 2014 Guidance singles out the growing trend in noise pollution as attributable in large part to a growth in commercial shipping activity. The international research since then has only confirmed this view. <\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>The potential for conflict this will create can be observed from recent parliamentary questions on the importance of Ireland\u2019s maritime transport sector. There the stark potential for a clash between the environmental and species welfare aspects of the problem and Ireland\u2019s overwhelming trade dependence on commercial shipping becomes clear. <\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>As the previous Minister for Transport reminded parliamentarians, maritime transport is the most important means of connecting Ireland to international markets, accounting for more than 90% of Ireland\u2019s international trade.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>The continuing need to ensure that these routes are protected and not adversely impacted by marine noise regulations has only deepened since Brexit when Ireland experienced what has been described as a rapid and unprecedented reconfiguration of its traditional supply chains with customs obligations driving a surge in the demand for services on direct routes between Irish ports and mainland Europe.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>As the Minister for Transport put it- in 2019 Ireland had about 30 direct sailings to and from European ports. Today, there are over 70 direct sailings to the continent and capacity continues to be added. <\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>In the absence of widely available noise reduction technology, it will be a considerable and complex problem for Ireland to maintain the Government desire to achieve \u2018maximum connectivity\u2019 for Irish importers and exporters with parallel desire to implement a robust marine protection strategy in line with first mandatory cap on underwater noise that was introduced in March of 2024 by the European Commission.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>This new cap requires all 27 European Member states to incorporate a noise threshold in their national legislation.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>These thresholds are as follows:<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>Continuous noise: No more than 20% of a marine area can be exposed to continuous underwater noise over one year.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>Impulsive noise: No more than 20% of a marine habitat can be exposed to impulsive noise over one day, and no more than 10% over one year.<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div>There are grounds for optimism however given that work to resolve or ameliorate these complex challenges has already been conducted by BIMCO (The Baltic and International Maritime Council and one of the largest of the international shipping associations representing shipowners) and the International Chamber of Shipping (ICS).<\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"x_elementToProof\">In this regard, the guide developed by BIMCO and the ICS which aims to help the shipping industry understand and reduce underwater radiated noise from ships and help the industry is a significant step forward in how assisting states to implementing the underwater noise guidelines from the International Maritime Organization (IMO).<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Utjecaj zvuka koji proizlazi iz ljudskih aktivnosti (tj. antropogenog zvuka) na morski okoli\u0161 i zdravlje vrsta koje u njemu \u017eive predmet je sveobuhvatnih istra\u017eivanja ve\u0107 nekoliko desetlje\u0107a. Pou\u010dan sa\u017eetak fokusa ovog istra\u017eivanja od 1970-ih do 21. stolje\u0107a pru\u017eili su Shane Guan, Amy R. Scholik-Schlomer i Jacqueline Pearson-Meyer u \u010dasopisu The Journal of the American Acoustic [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":51,"featured_media":38627,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[231],"tags":[],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[],"types":[450],"class_list":["post-38715","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-okolis","types-opinion-hr"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Irska i izazov zaga\u0111enja mora bukom - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/hr\/irska-i-izazov-zagadenja-mora-bukom\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hr_HR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Irska i izazov zaga\u0111enja mora bukom - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Utjecaj zvuka koji proizlazi iz ljudskih aktivnosti (tj. antropogenog zvuka) na morski okoli\u0161 i zdravlje vrsta koje u njemu \u017eive predmet je sveobuhvatnih istra\u017eivanja ve\u0107 nekoliko desetlje\u0107a. 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