{"id":26554,"date":"2024-05-09T07:05:39","date_gmt":"2024-05-09T07:05:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/moralnosc-rynku"},"modified":"2024-05-09T07:06:28","modified_gmt":"2024-05-09T07:06:28","slug":"moralnosc-rynku","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/pl\/moralnosc-rynku","title":{"rendered":"Moralno\u015b\u0107 rynku"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Dziennik Europejski: Zagrzeb, kwiecie\u0144 2024 r.<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Zagrzeb jest jednym z wielu malowniczych miast Habsburg\u00f3w w Europie \u015arodkowej, kt\u00f3re maj\u0105 d\u0142ug\u0105 i czasami kr\u0119t\u0105, ale zawsze interesuj\u0105c\u0105 histori\u0119. By\u0142em tam dwa lata temu, co opisa\u0142em <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/catholicism-and-capitalism-are-compatible\">tutaj<\/a>. 24 kwietnia 2024 r. ponownie znalaz\u0142em si\u0119 tam na <a href=\"https:\/\/freemarket-rs.com\/event\/2024-04-24-zagreb\/\">konferencji<\/a> zorganizowanej wsp\u00f3lnie przez Wy\u017csz\u0105 Szko\u0142\u0119 Ekonomii i Zarz\u0105dzania w Zagrzebiu oraz Austriackie Centrum Ekonomii. Poniewa\u017c z wykszta\u0142cenia jestem filozofem politycznym, zosta\u0142em poproszony o om\u00f3wienie moralno\u015bci rynku. Swoj\u0105 przemow\u0119 rozpocz\u0105\u0142em od wskazania, \u017ce argumenty przemawiaj\u0105ce za handlem s\u0105 stosunkowo proste i \u0142atwe. Mam jab\u0142ko, a potrzebuj\u0119 pomara\u0144czy. Masz pomara\u0144cz\u0119, a potrzebujesz jab\u0142ka. Oboje wyjdziemy na tym lepiej, je\u015bli zamienimy jab\u0142ko na pomara\u0144cz\u0119. Handlujemy tylko wtedy, gdy przynosi to obop\u00f3lne korzy\u015bci. Nie ma w tym \u017cadnego przymusu. Sprawa praw w\u0142asno\u015bci prywatnej wydaje si\u0119 jednak trudniejsza. Jak to si\u0119 sta\u0142o, \u017ce ja mam jab\u0142ko, a ty pomara\u0144cz\u0119?<\/p><div class='related_content'><span>RELATED<\/span><ul><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/pl\/z-otwartoscia-nalezy-postepowac-ostroznie'>Z otwarto\u015bci\u0105 nale\u017cy post\u0119powa\u0107 ostro\u017cnie<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/pl\/czy-john-stuart-mill-byl-liberalem'>Czy John Stuart Mill by\u0142 libera\u0142em?<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/pl\/dunska-tradycja-wolnosci'>Du\u0144ska tradycja wolno\u015bci<\/li><\/a><\/ul><\/div>\n<h3>Uzasadnienie prawa w\u0142asno\u015bci prywatnej<\/h3>\n<p>Angielski filozof John Locke udzieli\u0142 odpowiedzi w swoim <a href=\"https:\/\/oll.libertyfund.org\/titles\/hollis-the-two-treatises-of-civil-government-hollis-ed\"><br \/>\n  <em>Drugim traktacie o rz\u0105dzie cywilnym<\/em><br \/>\n<\/a> w 1689 roku. Zasadniczo chodzi\u0142o o to, \u017ce mo\u017cna przyw\u0142aszcza\u0107 sobie dobra &#8211; co oznacza\u0142o prawo do wykluczania innych z ich u\u017cytkowania &#8211; je\u015bli nie pogarsza si\u0119 sytuacji innych przez przyw\u0142aszczenie; i niekoniecznie pogarsza\u0142o si\u0119 ich sytuacj\u0119, poniewa\u017c ogromny wzrost produktywno\u015bci spowodowany prawami w\u0142asno\u015bci prywatnej z nawi\u0105zk\u0105 zrekompensowa\u0142 jedn\u0105 utracon\u0105 szans\u0119 wynikaj\u0105c\u0105 z przyw\u0142aszczenia. Argument Locke&#8217;a zosta\u0142 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Anarchy-State-Utopia-Robert-Nozick\/dp\/0465051006\/\">udoskonalony i wzmocniony<\/a> przez ameryka\u0144skiego filozofa Roberta Nozicka w jego genialnej <em>Anarchii, Pa\u0144stwie i Utopii<\/em>. Szkocki filozof David Hume <a href=\"https:\/\/oll.libertyfund.org\/titles\/bigge-a-treatise-of-human-nature\">twierdzi\u0142<\/a> jednak, \u017ce nie jest konieczne uzasadnianie prawa w\u0142asno\u015bci prywatnej w spos\u00f3b, w jaki uczyni\u0142 to Locke. Konieczny by\u0142 jedynie brak uzasadnionych roszcze\u0144 wzajemnych. Kanadyjski filozof Jan Narvesen przekonuj\u0105co <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40441228\">argumentowa\u0142<\/a> w tym samym duchu.<\/p>\n<p>Zar\u00f3wno Locke, jak i Hume przedstawiaj\u0105 przekonuj\u0105ce argumenty na rzecz swoich stanowisk. Pomijaj\u0105c jednak problem pocz\u0105tkowego zaw\u0142aszczenia, argumenty za prywatnymi prawami w\u0142asno\u015bci s\u0105 z pewno\u015bci\u0105 mocne. Takie prawa przynosz\u0105 zar\u00f3wno dobrobyt, jak i pok\u00f3j. Przynosz\u0105 dobrobyt, poniewa\u017c lepiej dbasz o to, co nale\u017cy do ciebie, ni\u017c o to, co nale\u017cy do innych. B\u0119dziesz sadzi\u0107 jab\u0142onie i drzewa pomara\u0144czowe we w\u0142asnym ogrodzie, ale raczej nie we wsp\u00f3lnym. Posiadanie praw w\u0142asno\u015bci do d\u00f3br umo\u017cliwia r\u00f3wnie\u017c ich wymian\u0119 z obop\u00f3ln\u0105 korzy\u015bci\u0105. Co wi\u0119cej, takie prawa w\u0142asno\u015bci umo\u017cliwiaj\u0105 planowanie przysz\u0142o\u015bci, na przyk\u0142ad inwestowanie w innowacje. Po drugie, prawo w\u0142asno\u015bci prywatnej zapewnia pok\u00f3j, poniewa\u017c nie trzeba k\u0142\u00f3ci\u0107 si\u0119 z innymi o korzystanie z zasob\u00f3w. Ty podejmujesz decyzje dotycz\u0105ce swoich zasob\u00f3w, a inni podejmuj\u0105 decyzje dotycz\u0105ce swoich zasob\u00f3w. Dobre ogrodzenia tworz\u0105 dobrych s\u0105siad\u00f3w.<\/p>\n<h3>Argument z to\u017csamo\u015bci<\/h3>\n<p>W\u0142asno\u015b\u0107 prywatna jest jednak tylko jednym z czterech filar\u00f3w wolnego spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwa, wraz z wolnym handlem, ograniczonym rz\u0105dem i poszanowaniem tradycji. Jaka jest filozofia wolnego spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwa? Jak mo\u017cna to uzasadni\u0107? W moim wyk\u0142adzie wskaza\u0142em, \u017ce dwa najcz\u0119stsze uzasadnienia wolnego spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwa to utylitaryzm i prawo naturalne. My\u015bl\u0119, \u017ce \u017cadne z tych dw\u00f3ch uzasadnie\u0144 nie wystarczy\u0142oby samo w sobie, chocia\u017c by\u0107 mo\u017ce w po\u0142\u0105czeniu mog\u0142yby to zrobi\u0107, tak jak angielski filozof H. L. A. Hart  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Concept-Law-Clarendon-Hart-Paperback\/dp\/B010WHKAJG\">argumentowa\u0142<\/a>  w s\u0142ynnym eseju &#8222;Minimalna tre\u015b\u0107 prawa naturalnego&#8221;. Istnia\u0142 jednak trzeci spos\u00f3b podej\u015bcia do tego problemu, przedstawiony przez angielskiego filozofa Michaela Oakeshotta. Kr\u00f3tko m\u00f3wi\u0105c, nie potrzebujemy uzasadnienia wolnego spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwa, poniewa\u017c z czasem zaakceptowali\u015bmy i przyj\u0119li\u015bmy pewn\u0105 to\u017csamo\u015b\u0107, to\u017csamo\u015b\u0107 jednostek z wol\u0105 i zdolno\u015bci\u0105 do samodzielnego wyboru. To, co nazwa\u0142em konserwatywnym liberalizmem, mo\u017cna najlepiej opisa\u0107 jako samo\u015bwiadomo\u015b\u0107 wolnego spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwa, artykulacj\u0119 praktyki, kt\u00f3ra sta\u0142a si\u0119 nasz\u0105 drug\u0105 natur\u0105. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Rationalism-Politics-essays-Michael-Oakeshott\/dp\/0865970955\">Najwyra\u017aniejsze stwierdzenie<\/a> tego stanowiska znajduje si\u0119 w eseju Oakeshotta &#8222;Masy w demokracji przedstawicielskiej&#8221;, w kt\u00f3rym wyja\u015bnia on r\u00f3wnie\u017c sprzeciw mas wobec wolnego spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwa. S\u0105 to ci ludzie, kt\u00f3rym brakuje woli i zdolno\u015bci do samodzielnego dokonywania wybor\u00f3w, a zatem wycofuj\u0105 si\u0119 do grup o z g\u00f3ry okre\u015blonych celach: masowy cz\u0142owiek zaci\u0105ga si\u0119 do armii, maszeruje zgodnie z rozkazami lub do\u0142\u0105cza do stowarzyszenia, kt\u00f3re dokonuje wi\u0119kszo\u015bci lub wszystkich wybor\u00f3w za niego. Boi si\u0119 siebie jako jednostki, nie chce by\u0107 sob\u0105.<\/p>\n<p>Argument Oakeshotta z to\u017csamo\u015bci mo\u017cna opisa\u0107 w kategoriach metafizycznych. Historia ludzko\u015bci jest histori\u0105 wolno\u015bci w tym sensie, \u017ce Heglowski Duch \u015awiata, <em>Weltgeist,<\/em> stopniowo stawa\u0142 si\u0119 samo\u015bwiadomy. Najpierw by\u0142a wolno\u015b\u0107 jednego cz\u0142owieka, despoty, potem wolno\u015b\u0107 niekt\u00f3rych, elity, a w ko\u0144cu wolno\u015b\u0107 wszystkich, w liberalnej demokracji. Ale wolno\u015b\u0107 wszystkich wymaga zasad, kt\u00f3re umo\u017cliwiaj\u0105 r\u00f3\u017cnym jednostkom pokojowe wsp\u00f3\u0142istnienie, a zasady te, jak twierdzi Oakeshott, musz\u0105 by\u0107 bezcelowe, cho\u0107 z pewno\u015bci\u0105 nie s\u0105 bezcelowe. Prawo powinno nale\u017ce\u0107 do s\u0119dziego, a nie do gracza. Powinien m\u00f3wi\u0107 ludziom, jak maj\u0105 post\u0119powa\u0107, a nie co maj\u0105 robi\u0107. Stopniowe rozszerzanie wolno\u015bci by\u0142o ide\u0105, kt\u00f3rej u\u017cy\u0142 ameryka\u0144ski filozof Francis Fukuyama, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/24027184\">przewiduj\u0105c<\/a> &#8222;koniec historii&#8221;, w kt\u00f3rym Duch Zachodu sta\u0142 si\u0119 Duchem \u015awiata. Ale b\u0142\u0119dem Fukuyamy by\u0142o my\u015blenie, \u017ce wszystkie narody s\u0105 na drodze do wolno\u015bci. Niekt\u00f3re narody zamiast tego wycofa\u0142y si\u0119 w podda\u0144stwo, na przyk\u0142ad Rosjanie, kt\u00f3rzy, z pewnymi honorowymi wyj\u0105tkami, wydaj\u0105 si\u0119 obawia\u0107 wolno\u015bci. Zasadniczo jednak Fukuyama ma racj\u0119: Ka\u017cdy nadaje si\u0119 do wolno\u015bci, cho\u0107 nabycie woli i zdolno\u015bci do korzystania z niej mo\u017ce zaj\u0105\u0107 du\u017co czasu.<\/p>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dziennik Europejski: Zagrzeb, kwiecie\u0144 2024 r. &nbsp; Zagrzeb jest jednym z wielu malowniczych miast Habsburg\u00f3w w Europie \u015arodkowej, kt\u00f3re maj\u0105 d\u0142ug\u0105 i czasami kr\u0119t\u0105, ale zawsze interesuj\u0105c\u0105 histori\u0119. By\u0142em tam dwa lata temu, co opisa\u0142em tutaj. 24 kwietnia 2024 r. ponownie znalaz\u0142em si\u0119 tam na konferencji zorganizowanej wsp\u00f3lnie przez Wy\u017csz\u0105 Szko\u0142\u0119 Ekonomii i Zarz\u0105dzania w [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":52,"featured_media":26064,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[174],"tags":[589,916,904,1079,1155],"editorial-positions":[42],"regions":[405],"types":[455],"class_list":["post-26554","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kultura","tag-freedom","tag-morality","tag-peace","tag-property","tag-trade","editorial-positions-focus","regions-world-pl","types-opinion-pl"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Moralno\u015b\u0107 rynku - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/pl\/moralnosc-rynku\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pl_PL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Moralno\u015b\u0107 rynku - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dziennik Europejski: Zagrzeb, kwiecie\u0144 2024 r. &nbsp; Zagrzeb jest jednym z wielu malowniczych miast Habsburg\u00f3w w Europie \u015arodkowej, kt\u00f3re maj\u0105 d\u0142ug\u0105 i czasami kr\u0119t\u0105, ale zawsze interesuj\u0105c\u0105 histori\u0119. 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