{"id":55325,"date":"2026-05-10T06:45:13","date_gmt":"2026-05-10T06:45:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/czy-john-stuart-mill-byl-liberalem"},"modified":"2026-05-10T06:45:13","modified_gmt":"2026-05-10T06:45:13","slug":"czy-john-stuart-mill-byl-liberalem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/pl\/czy-john-stuart-mill-byl-liberalem","title":{"rendered":"Czy John Stuart Mill by\u0142 libera\u0142em?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Angielski filozof John Stuart Mill urodzi\u0142 si\u0119 w maju 1806 roku, 220 lat temu, dlatego te\u017c zosta\u0142em niedawno zaproszony do om\u00f3wienia jego <em>Eseju o wolno\u015bci<\/em> na spotkaniu islandzkiego klubu ksi\u0105\u017cki. Podczas gdy przez 30 lat wyk\u0142ada\u0142em t\u0119 ksi\u0105\u017ck\u0119 na zaj\u0119ciach z filozofii politycznej na Uniwersytecie Islandzkim, m\u00f3j pogl\u0105d na ni\u0105 zmieni\u0142 si\u0119 z czasem. Przyznaj\u0119, \u017ce Mill by\u0142 doskona\u0142ym, otwartym i kompetentnym pisarzem. Ale czy jego reputacja ikony wolno\u015bci jest zas\u0142u\u017cona?   <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wolno\u015b\u0107 wypowiedzi<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Najbardziej przekonuj\u0105c\u0105 cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 <em>An Essay on Liberty<\/em> jest argument Milla na rzecz wolno\u015bci s\u0142owa: Je\u015bli zakazana opinia jest s\u0142uszna, ludzie s\u0105 pozbawieni mo\u017cliwo\u015bci wymiany b\u0142\u0119du na prawd\u0119; je\u015bli jest b\u0142\u0119dna, trac\u0105 korzy\u015b\u0107 z wyja\u015bnienia i wzmocnienia prawdy w pr\u00f3bie jej obalenia. Argument ten jest z pewno\u015bci\u0105 wci\u0105\u017c aktualny. Jest on r\u00f3wnie\u017c wymownie sformu\u0142owany przez wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnego Millowi du\u0144skiego poet\u0119 N. F. S. Grundtviga, kt\u00f3ry podkre\u015bla\u0142, \u017ce musi istnie\u0107 wolno\u015b\u0107 zar\u00f3wno dla Lokiego, \u0142otra, jak i dla Thora, bohatera. Musz\u0119 jednak zauwa\u017cy\u0107, \u017ce najwa\u017cniejsz\u0105 wolno\u015bci\u0105 dla zwyk\u0142ych ludzi jest wolno\u015b\u0107 zar\u00f3wno wyboru zawodu, towar\u00f3w i us\u0142ug na rynku, jak i zatrzymania jak najwi\u0119kszej cz\u0119\u015bci swoich dochod\u00f3w. Spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwo to nie klub dyskusyjny; to walka o popraw\u0119 warunk\u00f3w \u017cycia nas samych i naszych rodzin.    <\/p><div class='related_content'><span>RELATED<\/span><ul><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/pl\/z-otwartoscia-nalezy-postepowac-ostroznie'>Z otwarto\u015bci\u0105 nale\u017cy post\u0119powa\u0107 ostro\u017cnie<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/pl\/rozmowa-z-organizacja-students-for-liberty'>Rozmowa z organizacj\u0105 Students for Liberty<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/pl\/dunska-tradycja-wolnosci'>Du\u0144ska tradycja wolno\u015bci<\/li><\/a><\/ul><\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zasada Szkody<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S\u0142ynna zasada krzywdy Milla g\u0142osi, \u017ce przymus jest uzasadniony tylko w celu zapobiegania krzywdzie innych. Zasada ta by\u0142a cz\u0119sto krytykowana za to, \u017ce jest niejasna. Nie zgadzam si\u0119 z tym. Oczywiste jest na przyk\u0142ad, \u017ce zasada krzywdy dopuszcza\u0142aby substancje uzale\u017cniaj\u0105ce, pod warunkiem, \u017ce nie powodowa\u0142yby one niebezpiecznych zachowa\u0144; dopuszcza\u0142aby r\u00f3wnie\u017c prostytucj\u0119. Co wi\u0119cej, konsekwencje zakazania tych dzia\u0142a\u0144 s\u0105 prawdopodobnie gorsze ni\u017c konsekwencje ich dozwolenia. Problem z utylitarystycznymi kalkulacjami polega jednak na tym, \u017ce \u0142\u0105cz\u0105 one to, co godne pochwa\u0142y, z tym, co naganne. Zar\u00f3wno piel\u0119gniarka, jak i dziwka s\u0105 uwa\u017cane za przynosz\u0105ce po\u017cytek. Wol\u0119 podej\u015bcie \u015bw. Tomasza z Akwinu. Tomasza z Akwinu, kt\u00f3ry twierdzi\u0142, \u017ce wszyscy jeste\u015bmy grzesznikami, ale prawo powinno zajmowa\u0107 si\u0119 tylko grzechami szkodliwymi dla innych, takimi jak przemoc czy kradzie\u017c. W praktyce prowadzi to do czego\u015b podobnego do zasady krzywdy Milla, ale kluczowe rozr\u00f3\u017cnienie mi\u0119dzy wadami i cnotami zostaje zachowane.         <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">B\u0142\u0105d socjalizmu redystrybucyjnego<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mill by\u0142 \u015bwiadomy, \u017ce utylitaryzm ma swoje problemy. W <em>An Essay on Liberty (Eseju o wolno\u015bci<\/em> ) napisa\u0142, \u017ce swoje argumenty za wolno\u015bci\u0105 opiera na trwa\u0142ych interesach cz\u0142owieka jako istoty post\u0119powej. Tutaj beztrosko przeszed\u0142 od maksymalizacji u\u017cyteczno\u015bci &#8211; kt\u00f3ra jest tym, o co chodzi w utylitaryzmie &#8211; do tworzenia warunk\u00f3w dla ludzkiego rozkwitu. Dlatego w\u0105tpi\u0119, czy mo\u017cna go nazwa\u0107 utylitaryst\u0105. W\u0105tpi\u0119 r\u00f3wnie\u017c, czy mo\u017cna go nazwa\u0107 libera\u0142em. W swoich <em>Zasadach ekonomii<\/em> politycznej dokona\u0142 rozr\u00f3\u017cnienia mi\u0119dzy prawami produkcji i dystrybucji. Prawa produkcji by\u0142y, jak naucza\u0142, niezmienne, w przeciwie\u0144stwie do praw dystrybucji, kt\u00f3re mo\u017cna zmienia\u0107 niemal do woli. Jest to jednak fa\u0142szywe rozr\u00f3\u017cnienie, poniewa\u017c dystrybucja dochod\u00f3w z wyboru dostarcza nam niezb\u0119dnych informacji o tym, gdzie nasze zdolno\u015bci i umiej\u0119tno\u015bci s\u0105 najlepiej wykorzystywane. W ten spos\u00f3b kieruje produkcj\u0105. Socjalizm redystrybucyjny w du\u017cej mierze opiera si\u0119 jednak na tym teoretycznym b\u0142\u0119dzie.         <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kto wybra\u0142by socjalizm?<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">W swoich p\u00f3\u017aniejszych pismach Mill uwa\u017ca\u0142, \u017ce socjalizm mo\u017ce zast\u0105pi\u0107 kapitalizm, poniewa\u017c kolektywy pracownicze mog\u0105 by\u0107 bardziej produktywne ni\u017c firmy prywatne. Myli\u0142 si\u0119. Podkre\u015bla\u0142 jednak, \u017ce takie kolektywy musz\u0105 by\u0107 dobrowolne. W kapitalizmie ludzie mog\u0105 oczywi\u015bcie wybra\u0107 socjalizm dla siebie, ale nie dla innych. Interesuj\u0105ce jest pytanie, ilu z nich by to zrobi\u0142o. Rolnicze spo\u0142eczno\u015bci kolektywne w Izraelu, <em>kibuce<\/em>, dostarczaj\u0105 odpowiedzi: Mniej ni\u017c trzy procent.     <\/p>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Angielski filozof John Stuart Mill urodzi\u0142 si\u0119 w maju 1806 roku, 220 lat temu, dlatego te\u017c zosta\u0142em niedawno zaproszony do om\u00f3wienia jego Eseju o wolno\u015bci na spotkaniu islandzkiego klubu ksi\u0105\u017cki. Podczas gdy przez 30 lat wyk\u0142ada\u0142em t\u0119 ksi\u0105\u017ck\u0119 na zaj\u0119ciach z filozofii politycznej na Uniwersytecie Islandzkim, m\u00f3j pogl\u0105d na ni\u0105 zmieni\u0142 si\u0119 z czasem. Przyznaj\u0119, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":83,"featured_media":55161,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[174],"tags":[987,589,919,3160,912],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[361,405],"types":[455],"class_list":["post-55325","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kultura","tag-capitalism","tag-freedom","tag-law","tag-mill","tag-socialism","regions-western-europe-pl","regions-world-pl","types-opinion-pl"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Czy John Stuart Mill by\u0142 libera\u0142em? - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/pl\/czy-john-stuart-mill-byl-liberalem\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pl_PL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Czy John Stuart Mill by\u0142 libera\u0142em? - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Angielski filozof John Stuart Mill urodzi\u0142 si\u0119 w maju 1806 roku, 220 lat temu, dlatego te\u017c zosta\u0142em niedawno zaproszony do om\u00f3wienia jego Eseju o wolno\u015bci na spotkaniu islandzkiego klubu ksi\u0105\u017cki. Podczas gdy przez 30 lat wyk\u0142ada\u0142em t\u0119 ksi\u0105\u017ck\u0119 na zaj\u0119ciach z filozofii politycznej na Uniwersytecie Islandzkim, m\u00f3j pogl\u0105d na ni\u0105 zmieni\u0142 si\u0119 z czasem. 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