{"id":65525,"date":"2026-09-15T15:17:53","date_gmt":"2026-09-15T15:17:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/czym-jest-narod"},"modified":"2026-09-30T16:21:23","modified_gmt":"2026-09-30T16:21:23","slug":"czym-jest-narod","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/pl\/czym-jest-narod","title":{"rendered":"Czym jest nar\u00f3d?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Czytelnik mojej rubryki w  <em>Konserwatysta<\/em>  zada\u0142 mi pytanie. Ja  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/pl\/w-czym-nie-jestem-hayekista\">przypomnia\u0142 sobie<\/a>  \u017ce Norwegowie od\u0142\u0105czyli si\u0119 od Szwecji w 1905 roku, poniewa\u017c nie byli Szwedami, a Finowie od Rosji w 1917 roku, poniewa\u017c nie byli Rosjanami. Zauwa\u017cy\u0142em, \u017ce te i inne narody podkre\u015bla\u0142y swoj\u0105 to\u017csamo\u015b\u0107, nie wykazuj\u0105c przy tym wrogo\u015bci wobec innych narod\u00f3w. Pytanie mojego czytelnika brzmia\u0142o: \u201eKim s\u0105 \u00bbte narody\u00ab? 100% ludzi tam mieszkaj\u0105cych? 50% + 1? 75%?\u201d. To intryguj\u0105ce pytanie: co tworzy nar\u00f3d? Co dzieje si\u0119 z mniejszo\u015bci\u0105 narodow\u0105? A co z elementem przymusu w poj\u0119ciu narodu? Rzeczywi\u015bcie, lord Acton zauwa\u017cy\u0142, \u017ce spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwo nale\u017cy ocenia\u0107 na podstawie tego, jak traktuje swoje mniejszo\u015bci.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Z\u0142a droga: eksterminacja i deportacja<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Czasami bycie w mniejszo\u015bci wi\u0105za\u0142o si\u0119 z eksterminacj\u0105: europejscy osadnicy zar\u00f3wno w Ameryce P\u00f3\u0142nocnej, jak i Po\u0142udniowej wymordowali rdzennych mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w; Rosjanie wymordowali Czerkies\u00f3w; Turcy wymordowali Ormian (a tak\u017ce Grek\u00f3w i Kurd\u00f3w); nazi\u015bci wymordowali \u017byd\u00f3w; Czerwoni Khmerzy wymordowali \u201eNowych Ludzi\u201d. Cz\u0119sto oznacza\u0142o to deportacj\u0119: niewola babilo\u0144ska \u017byd\u00f3w w 597 r. p.n.e.; wygnanie \u017byd\u00f3w z Hiszpanii w XV wieku; wygnanie 1,5 miliona prawos\u0142awnych chrze\u015bcijan (Grek\u00f3w) z Turcji oraz 500 000 muzu\u0142man\u00f3w (Turk\u00f3w) z Grecji w 1923 roku; liczne masowe deportacje ma\u0142ych narod\u00f3w w Zwi\u0105zku Radzieckim; wydalenie 800 000 \u017byd\u00f3w z kraj\u00f3w arabskich w 1948 roku i p\u00f3\u017aniej oraz ucieczka 700 000 Arab\u00f3w z Izraela; exodus prawie miliona \u201ePieds-Noir\u201d z Algieru do Francji w 1962 roku. Nie nale\u017cy r\u00f3wnie\u017c zapomina\u0107 o wyp\u0119dzeniu dwunastu milion\u00f3w os\u00f3b niemieckoj\u0119zycznych z Polski, Czechos\u0142owacji i innych kraj\u00f3w europejskich po 1945 roku. Wolter nie by\u0142 daleki od prawdy, gdy opisa\u0142 histori\u0119 \u015bwiata jako \u201ezbi\u00f3r zbrodni, szale\u0144stw i nieszcz\u0119\u015b\u0107\u201d.<\/p><div class='related_content'><span>RELATED<\/span><ul><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/pl\/andrzej-poczobut-otrzymuje-nagrode-pemc'>Andrzej Poczobut otrzymuje nagrod\u0119 PEMC<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/pl\/w-czym-nie-jestem-hayekista'>W czym nie jestem hayekist\u0105<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/pl\/dlaczego-islandia-odrzucila-czlonkostwo-w-ue'>Dlaczego Islandia odrzuci\u0142a cz\u0142onkostwo w UE<\/li><\/a><\/ul><\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Narody z wyboru<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tych strasznych zbrodni nie mo\u017cna jednak przypisywa\u0107 wy\u0142\u0105cznie nacjonalizmowi: wiele z nich mia\u0142o miejsce, zanim pa\u0144stwo narodowe sta\u0142o si\u0119 rzeczywistym celem politycznym. Co wi\u0119cej, francuski historyk Ernest Renan i du\u0144ski poeta N.F.S. Grundtvig sformu\u0142owali liberaln\u0105 teori\u0119 narodowo\u015bci. Renan <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110827065548\/http:\/\/www.cooper.edu\/humanities\/core\/hss3\/e_renan.html\">twierdzi\u0142<\/a>, \u017ce nar\u00f3d to grupa, kt\u00f3rej nie musi \u0142\u0105czy\u0107 wsp\u00f3lny j\u0119zyk ani wsp\u00f3lna historia, ale wola bycia narodem. W swoim pami\u0119tnym stwierdzeniu nazwa\u0142 nar\u00f3d \u201ecodziennym plebiscytem\u201d. Oznacza\u0142o to prawo do secesji: je\u015bli grupa identyfikowa\u0142a si\u0119 jako nar\u00f3d i chcia\u0142a utworzy\u0107 w\u0142asne pa\u0144stwo, powinna mie\u0107 tak\u0105 mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107. Tak w\u0142a\u015bnie post\u0105pili Norwegowie w 1905 roku, Finowie w 1917 roku oraz kilka narod\u00f3w w Europie w 1918 roku. Czasami by\u0142o to s\u0142uszne, na przyk\u0142ad w przypadku pa\u0144stw ba\u0142tyckich i Polski. Czasami jednak nie; na przyk\u0142ad gdy Czesi narzucili swoje pa\u0144stwo niemieckim i s\u0142owackim s\u0105siadom lub gdy Serbowie zaanektowali dawne terytoria Habsburg\u00f3w: Chorwacj\u0119, Bo\u015bni\u0119 i Hercegowin\u0119 oraz S\u0142oweni\u0119. <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zmiany granic w wyniku plebiscyt\u00f3w<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Grundtvig, podobnie jak Renan,  <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.at\/books?id=B_cxEQAAQBAJ\">odby\u0142o si\u0119<\/a>  \u017ce nar\u00f3d definiuje si\u0119 poprzez jego wol\u0119 bycia narodem. W sporze mi\u0119dzy Dani\u0105 a Zwi\u0105zkiem Niemieckim o Szlezwik \u2013 kt\u00f3rego p\u00f3\u0142nocna cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 by\u0142a du\u0144skoj\u0119zyczna, a po\u0142udniowa niemieckoj\u0119zyczna \u2013 zaproponowa\u0142 przeprowadzenie plebiscyt\u00f3w w spornych regionach: mieszka\u0144cy mieli wybra\u0107 mi\u0119dzy Dani\u0105 a Niemcami. Zosta\u0142o to zrealizowane w 1920 roku. Nawiasem m\u00f3wi\u0105c, wydaje si\u0119 to jedynym mo\u017cliwym pokojowym rozwi\u0105zaniem konfliktu na Ukrainie. Je\u015bli jednak plebiscyty w regionach przygranicznych spowoduj\u0105, \u017ce mniejszo\u015bci znajd\u0105 si\u0119 w enklawach, nale\u017cy zagwarantowa\u0107 im prawa \u2013 na przyk\u0142ad osobom pos\u0142uguj\u0105cym si\u0119 j\u0119zykiem szwedzkim na fi\u0144skich Wyspach Alandzkich oraz osobom pos\u0142uguj\u0105cym si\u0119 j\u0119zykiem niemieckim we w\u0142oskim Po\u0142udniowym Tyrolu.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wolny handel, konkurencja podatkowa i wyb\u00f3r mi\u0119dzy utopiami<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Moja odpowied\u017a na pytanie czytelnika brzmia\u0142aby wi\u0119c cz\u0119\u015bciowo tak: prawo do secesji; zmiany granic w drodze plebiscyt\u00f3w; gwarancje praw mniejszo\u015bci. Doda\u0142bym jednak trzy uwagi, kt\u00f3re r\u00f3wnie\u017c ograniczy\u0142yby element przymusu w koncepcji pa\u0144stwowo\u015bci. Po pierwsze, mi\u0119dzynarodowy wolny handel umo\u017cliwi\u0142 ma\u0142ym pa\u0144stwom czerpanie korzy\u015bci z mi\u0119dzynarodowego podzia\u0142u pracy, zwi\u0119kszaj\u0105c ich \u017cywotno\u015b\u0107. Po drugie, konkurencja podatkowa mi\u0119dzy pa\u0144stwami (lub regionami) ograniczy z\u0142e traktowanie mniejszo\u015bci. Po trzecie, jak zauwa\u017ca Robert Nozick  <a href=\"https:\/\/ia600106.us.archive.org\/12\/items\/robert-nozick-anarchy-state-and-utopia\/Robert%20Nozick%20-%20Anarchy%20State%20and%20Utopia.pdf\">argumentowa\u0142<\/a>, im mniej ingeruje pa\u0144stwo, tym bardziej mo\u017ce ono s\u0142u\u017cy\u0107 jako ramy dla r\u00f3\u017cnych utopii, spo\u0142eczno\u015bci tworzonych z w\u0142asnego wyboru: komuni\u015bci mogliby zak\u0142ada\u0107 wsp\u00f3lnoty bez w\u0142asno\u015bci prywatnej; niekt\u00f3re spo\u0142eczno\u015bci mog\u0142yby by\u0107 liberalne, inne bardziej tradycyjne. Jedynym warunkiem by\u0142oby prawo do wjazdu i wyjazdu. Nar\u00f3d powinien by\u0107 domem, a nie wi\u0119zieniem ani fortec\u0105.<\/p>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Czytelnik mojej rubryki w Konserwatysta zada\u0142 mi pytanie. Ja przypomnia\u0142 sobie \u017ce Norwegowie od\u0142\u0105czyli si\u0119 od Szwecji w 1905 roku, poniewa\u017c nie byli Szwedami, a Finowie od Rosji w 1917 roku, poniewa\u017c nie byli Rosjanami. Zauwa\u017cy\u0142em, \u017ce te i inne narody podkre\u015bla\u0142y swoj\u0105 to\u017csamo\u015b\u0107, nie wykazuj\u0105c przy tym wrogo\u015bci wobec innych narod\u00f3w. Pytanie mojego czytelnika [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":83,"featured_media":60973,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2064],"tags":[1207,589,3520,2778,1028],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[361],"types":[455],"class_list":["post-65525","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-swiat","tag-deportation","tag-freedom","tag-genocide","tag-nation-state","tag-nationalism","regions-western-europe-pl","types-opinion-pl"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Czym jest nar\u00f3d? - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/pl\/czym-jest-narod\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pl_PL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Czym jest nar\u00f3d? - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Czytelnik mojej rubryki w Konserwatysta zada\u0142 mi pytanie. Ja przypomnia\u0142 sobie \u017ce Norwegowie od\u0142\u0105czyli si\u0119 od Szwecji w 1905 roku, poniewa\u017c nie byli Szwedami, a Finowie od Rosji w 1917 roku, poniewa\u017c nie byli Rosjanami. Zauwa\u017cy\u0142em, \u017ce te i inne narody podkre\u015bla\u0142y swoj\u0105 to\u017csamo\u015b\u0107, nie wykazuj\u0105c przy tym wrogo\u015bci wobec innych narod\u00f3w. 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D. Phil. Politics Oxford 1985. Professor of Politics 1988\u20132023. Professor Emeritus since 2023. Member of the Board of Directors Mont Pelerin Society 1998\u20132004. Member of the Board of Overseers Central Bank of Iceland 2001\u20132009. 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Ja przypomnia\u0142 sobie \u017ce Norwegowie od\u0142\u0105czyli si\u0119 od Szwecji w 1905 roku, poniewa\u017c nie byli Szwedami, a Finowie od Rosji w 1917 roku, poniewa\u017c nie byli Rosjanami. Zauwa\u017cy\u0142em, \u017ce te i inne narody podkre\u015bla\u0142y swoj\u0105 to\u017csamo\u015b\u0107, nie wykazuj\u0105c przy tym wrogo\u015bci wobec innych narod\u00f3w. 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