{"id":18474,"date":"2024-01-31T16:43:52","date_gmt":"2024-01-31T16:43:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/explorarea-mostenirii-nordice"},"modified":"2024-01-31T16:43:52","modified_gmt":"2024-01-31T16:43:52","slug":"explorarea-mostenirii-nordice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/explorarea-mostenirii-nordice","title":{"rendered":"Explorarea mo\u0219tenirii nordice"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Jurnal european: Copenhaga, mai 2022<\/h2>\n<p>Ora\u0219ul Copenhaga are o semnifica\u021bie special\u0103 pentru islandezi, deoarece a fost mult timp capitala lor. Islanda a fost colonizat\u0103 ini\u021bial \u00eentre 874 \u0219i 930, \u00een special de norvegienii din vestul \u021b\u0103rii. Din 930 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1262, \u00een aceast\u0103 regiune a existat o <a href=\"https:\/\/rse.hi.is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/BirgirThRunolfsson.Commonwealth-2.pdf\">comunitate<\/a> care nu avea rege, ci doar <a href=\"https:\/\/rse.hi.is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/SigurdurLindal.LawCommonwealth.pdf\">lege<\/a> (dup\u0103 cum a spus un cronicar german). Islandezii au cedat apoi presiunilor regelui Norvegiei \u0219i au devenit supu\u0219ii acestuia, \u00een schimbul garan\u021biilor c\u0103 va respecta legile locale, va men\u021bine pacea \u0219i va asigura un comer\u021b suficient, ceea ce era esen\u021bial pentru aceast\u0103 insul\u0103 \u00eendep\u0103rtat\u0103 \u0219i b\u0103tut\u0103 de v\u00e2nturi din Atlanticul de Nord. \u00cen 1380, coroana norvegian\u0103 a trecut \u00een m\u00e2inile regelui danez, care \u00een cele din urm\u0103 a f\u0103cut din Copenhaga re\u0219edin\u021ba sa permanent\u0103. Numele danez al ora\u0219ului este K\u00f8benhavn, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 Portul Negustorilor. Ora\u0219ul, fondat oficial \u00een 1167, a fost un centru comercial timp de secole, fiind situat pe str\u00e2mtoarea dintre insula danez\u0103 Zealand \u0219i Suedia \u0219i av\u00e2nd un port excelent. Toate \u021b\u0103rile nordice au fost conduse de la Copenhaga p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1523, c\u00e2nd Suedia s-a r\u0103zvr\u0103tit cu succes \u00eempotriva regelui danez \u0219i, odat\u0103 cu Suedia, a luat \u0219i Finlanda. Apoi, \u00een 1814, dup\u0103 o \u00eenfr\u00e2ngere \u00een r\u0103zboaiele napoleoniene, regele danez a fost nevoit s\u0103 cedeze Norvegia regelui suedez, dar din motive care nu sunt \u00eenc\u0103 clare s-a decis ca Danemarca s\u0103 p\u0103streze posesiunile norvegiene din Atlanticul de Nord, Islanda, Insulele Feroe \u0219i Groenlanda.<\/p>\n<h3>Argumentele lui Jon Sigurdsson pentru independen\u021b\u0103<\/h3>\n<p>De\u0219i a fost condus\u0103 de la Copenhaga, <a href=\"https:\/\/rse.hi.is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/CBI.history-and-culture.pdf\">Islanda<\/a> nu a f\u0103cut niciodat\u0103 parte din Danemarca. Avea propriile legi \u0219i propria limb\u0103 \u0219i se m\u00e2ndrea cu o mo\u0219tenire literar\u0103 bogat\u0103 \u0219i unic\u0103, mai ales poezii, cronici \u0219i sagas din perioada Commonwealth-ului, dar \u0219i diverse legende, basme \u0219i c\u00e2ntece populare. \u00cen 1848, <a href=\"https:\/\/econjwatch.org\/File+download\/980\/GissurarsonMay2017.pdf?mimetype=pdf\">lupta<\/a> islandez\u0103 <a href=\"https:\/\/econjwatch.org\/File+download\/980\/GissurarsonMay2017.pdf?mimetype=pdf\">pentru independen\u021b\u0103<\/a> a \u00eenceput atunci c\u00e2nd un istoric islandez \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 de 37 de ani care locuia la Copenhaga, Jon Sigurdsson, a publicat un &#8222;\u00cendemn c\u0103tre islandezi&#8221;. Acesta a prezentat trei argumente principale pentru dreptul islandezilor la autodeterminare. \u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, \u00een perioada Commonwealth-ului, Islanda a fost \u00eentr-adev\u0103r un stat suveran, iar atunci c\u00e2nd islandezii au jurat credin\u021b\u0103 regelui norvegian \u00een 1262, aceasta a fost doar fa\u021b\u0103 de rege \u0219i nu fa\u021b\u0103 de Norvegia sau, mai t\u00e2rziu, fa\u021b\u0103 de Danemarca. Prin urmare, Jon &#8211; a\u0219a cum i se spune \u00een Islanda, deoarece islandezii nu au nume de familie, Sigurdsson fiind doar o notificare a faptului c\u0103 tat\u0103l lui Jon se numea Sigurd &#8211; a sus\u021binut, atunci c\u00e2nd regele danez a predat puterea poporului danez \u00een 1848 (ratificat\u0103 printr-o constitu\u021bie \u00een 1849), c\u0103 nu rezult\u0103 c\u0103 na\u021biunea danez\u0103, prin intermediul organelor statului danez, a ob\u021binut dreptul de a conduce Islanda. Aceasta era o chestiune care trebuia rezolvat\u0103 \u00eentre rege \u0219i na\u021biunea islandez\u0103. \u00cen al doilea r\u00e2nd, islandezii constituiau o na\u021biune distinct\u0103, cu o istorie comun\u0103 de aproape o mie de ani, cu un teritoriu propriu, definit de grani\u021be naturale, cu propriile legi, limb\u0103 \u0219i mo\u0219tenire literar\u0103. \u00cen al treilea r\u00e2nd, se presupune c\u0103 islandezii \u0219tiau probabil mai bine ce este \u00een interesul lor dec\u00e2t birocra\u021bii de la Copenhaga, ceea ce reprezint\u0103, desigur, argumentul tradi\u021bional pentru descentralizare (sau principiul subsidiarit\u0103\u021bii).<\/p><div class='related_content'><span>RELATED<\/span><ul><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/pietele-se-mentin-stabile-investitorii-urmarind-iranul-pretul-petrolului-si-bancile-centrale'>Pie\u021bele se men\u021bin stabile, investitorii urm\u0103rind Iranul, pre\u021bul petrolului \u0219i b\u0103ncile centrale<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/europa-sprijina-italia-meta-trebuie-sa-plateasca-editorii-pentru-continutul-stirilor-online'>Europa sprijin\u0103 Italia: Meta trebuie s\u0103 pl\u0103teasc\u0103 editorii pentru con\u021binutul \u0219tirilor online<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/realitatea-gazelor-din-europa-italia-navigheaza-in-tranzitia-energetica-cu-un-echilibru-strategic'>Realitatea gazelor din Europa: Italia navigheaz\u0103 \u00een tranzi\u021bia energetic\u0103 cu un echilibru strategic<\/li><\/a><\/ul><\/div>\n<p>Jon Sigurdsson a murit \u00een 1883 f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103-\u0219i vad\u0103 \u00eemplinit visul de a transforma Islanda \u00eentr-un stat suveran. Guvernele daneze bine inten\u021bionate ale vremii nu au luat \u00een serios pozi\u021bia sa. Islandezii erau o na\u021biune minuscul\u0103 care tr\u0103ia pe o insul\u0103 pustie. Pentru a supravie\u021bui, se pare c\u0103 aveau nevoie de danezi. Dar, la \u00eenceputul secolului XX, economia islandez\u0103 a crescut semnificativ, pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce islandezii au dob\u00e2ndit capitalul \u0219i tehnologia necesare pentru a utiliza zonele de pescuit fertile din jurul insulei. \u00cen acela\u0219i timp, cererile de autodeterminare na\u021bional\u0103 au devenit mai puternice, inclusiv \u00een \u021b\u0103rile nordice. Norvegia s-a separat de Suedia \u00een 1905, iar Finlanda de Rusia \u00een 1917. \u00cen urma unor negocieri amiabile, danezii \u0219i islandezii au convenit ca Islanda s\u0103 devin\u0103 un stat suveran la 1 decembrie 1918, \u00eentr-o uniune personal\u0103 cu regele danez, iar tratatul dintre cele dou\u0103 \u021b\u0103ri s\u0103 poat\u0103 fi revizuit \u0219i, eventual, abrogat dup\u0103 25 de ani. Proiectul politic al lui Jon Sigurdsson fusese acum pus \u00een aplicare. Statul islandez a achizi\u021bionat <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jonshus.dk\/\">casa<\/a> (ilustrat\u0103 mai sus) \u00een care a locuit la Copenhaga, pe \u00d8ster Voldgade 12, \u00een apropiere de centrul ora\u0219ului. Un apartament din cas\u0103 a fost pus la dispozi\u021bia cercet\u0103torilor islandezi care efectuau cercet\u0103ri la Copenhaga. Am avut de dou\u0103 ori ocazia de a folosi apartamentul, de fiecare dat\u0103 pentru o lun\u0103. Prima dat\u0103 a fost \u00een vara anului 2002, pentru a studia literatura nordic\u0103 \u00een vederea unui dic\u021bionar de citate pe care \u00eel \u00eentocmeam. A doua oar\u0103 a fost \u00een vara anului 2023, pentru a explora tradi\u021bia liberal\u0103 nordic\u0103.<\/p>\n<h3>Argumentele lui Jon Sigurdsson \u00een favoarea liberului schimb<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/econjwatch.org\/File+download\/980\/GissurarsonMay2017.pdf?mimetype=pdf\">Jon Sigurdsson<\/a> \u00eensu\u0219i a f\u0103cut parte din tradi\u021bia liberal\u0103 nordic\u0103. Bun cunosc\u0103tor al istoriei, economiei \u0219i politicii, a fost influen\u021bat nu numai de mo\u0219tenirea politic\u0103 remarcabil\u0103 a na\u021biunilor nordice, ci \u0219i de liberalismul anglo-saxon. &#8222;Libertatea individual\u0103 nu ar trebui s\u0103 fie limitat\u0103 dec\u00e2t \u00een cazul \u00een care societatea ca \u00eentreg (na\u021biunea) ar fi afectat\u0103 de aceasta&#8221;, scria el \u00een 1841. Jon i-a \u00eendemnat pe compatrio\u021bii s\u0103i s\u0103 \u00eenve\u021be de la alte na\u021biuni f\u0103r\u0103 a fi nevoi\u021bi s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i sacrifice propria identitate. &#8222;Am avansat cel mai mult atunci c\u00e2nd am c\u0103l\u0103torit mult \u0219i am f\u0103cut comer\u021b cu alte \u021b\u0103ri, dar cu mai multe \u021b\u0103ri, nu doar cu una singur\u0103&#8221;, observa el \u00een 1842. Un an mai t\u00e2rziu, a pledat pentru liberul schimb \u00een spiritul lui Adam Smith:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Comer\u021bul nostru este limitat la o singur\u0103 \u021bar\u0103 \u0219i nu avem voie s\u0103 facem afaceri cu alte \u021b\u0103ri. Acest lucru contravine naturii schimbului \u0219i evolu\u021biei, deoarece progresul \u0219i prosperitatea depind de comer\u021bul cu ceea ce este necesar, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t oamenii s\u0103 se sprijine reciproc. Atunci c\u00e2nd o na\u021biune nu respect\u0103 aceast\u0103 regul\u0103 \u0219i aceast\u0103 lege a naturii, va fi pedepsit\u0103, iar pedeapsa va fi propria umilin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i pierdere. Nicio \u021bar\u0103 din lume nu este complet autosuficient\u0103, chiar dac\u0103 prostia uman\u0103 a \u00eencercat s\u0103 o fac\u0103 astfel. Nici o \u021bar\u0103 nu este de a\u0219a natur\u0103 \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 nu poat\u0103 contribui cu ceva \u0219i astfel s\u0103 ob\u021bin\u0103 ceea ce are nevoie. Dar atunci c\u00e2nd o \u021bar\u0103 a ob\u021binut ceea ce are nevoie, ceea ce este ceea ce aduce comer\u021bul, atunci este ca \u0219i cum ea \u00eens\u0103\u0219i ar fi de\u021binut aceste necesit\u0103\u021bi. Atunci c\u00e2nd comer\u021bul este liber, fiecare na\u021biune ofer\u0103 ceea ce are \u00een surplus celor care au ceea ce \u00eei trebuie.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Jon a indicat Anglia ca fiind exemplul pe care ar trebui s\u0103-l urmeze islandezii. Progresul s\u0103u rapid, scria el \u00een 1844, poate fi atribuit f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103 libert\u0103\u021bii sale de ini\u021biativ\u0103 \u0219i de asociere.<\/p>\n<h3>Jon Sigurdsson ca liberal conservator<\/h3>\n<p>\u00cen 1855, comer\u021bul dintre Islanda \u0219i alte \u021b\u0103ri a devenit liber, dup\u0103 ce anterior fusese limitat la subiec\u021bii danezi. Jon Sigurdsson a salutat aceast\u0103 schimbare important\u0103 \u0219i a reiterat argumentele \u00een favoarea liberului schimb \u00eentr-o scrisoare adresat\u0103 fratelui s\u0103u \u00een 1866:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Crede\u021bi c\u0103 cineva ne va absorbi. L\u0103sa\u021bi-i pe to\u021bi s\u0103 ne absoarb\u0103, \u00een sensul c\u0103 fac comer\u021b cu noi \u0219i afaceri cu noi. Libertatea nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 s\u0103 tr\u0103ie\u0219ti singur \u0219i s\u0103 nu ai nimic de-a face cu ceilal\u021bi. M\u0103 \u00eendoiesc c\u0103 Simeon Stylites sau Diogene au fost mai liberi dec\u00e2t orice alt popor f\u0103r\u0103 restric\u021bii. Este adev\u0103rat c\u0103 libertatea vine mai ales din interior, dar nicio libertate relevant\u0103 \u00een societate nu se realizeaz\u0103 dec\u00e2t \u00een cadrul schimburilor, iar acestea sunt, prin urmare, necesare pentru libertate.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Cu toate acestea, Jon era, de asemenea, o persoan\u0103 conservatoare. \u00cen 1875, tinerii s\u0103i admiratori i-au organizat o s\u0103rb\u0103toare la Reykjavik, unul dintre ei compun\u00e2nd \u0219i recit\u00e2nd un poem \u00een onoarea sa. C\u00e2nd Jon le-a mul\u021bumit, a contestat o afirma\u021bie din poem, potrivit c\u0103reia el ar fi fost &#8222;liderul care nu a cunoscut niciodat\u0103 constr\u00e2ngerile&#8221;. El a respins ideea c\u0103 nu a cunoscut niciodat\u0103 constr\u00e2ngeri. Disciplina \u0219i constr\u00e2ngerile erau necesare pentru dezvoltarea uman\u0103, a observat el. Restric\u021biile erau indispensabile \u00een interior \u0219i \u00een exterior, pentru indivizi \u0219i pentru na\u021biuni. Libertatea ne\u00eengr\u0103dit\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 limite, nu era libertate, ci pur \u0219i simplu agita\u021bie \u0219i dezordine. Astfel, Jon poate fi caracterizat \u00een mod conving\u0103tor ca fiind un liberal conservator.<\/p>\n<h3>Tradi\u021bia politic\u0103 nordic\u0103<\/h3>\n<p>Luna pe care am petrecut-o la Copenhaga \u00een vara anului 2022 a fost at\u00e2t fructuoas\u0103, c\u00e2t \u0219i pl\u0103cut\u0103. \u00cen confortul lini\u0219tit al casei lui Jon Sigurdsson din \u00d8ster Voldgade, am putut studia \u0219i reflecta asupra mo\u0219tenirii politice a na\u021biunilor nordice:  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.svensktidskrift.se\/nordic-pioneers-of-liberal-thought-snorri-sturluson\/\">Snorri Sturluson&#8217;s<\/a>  avertismente \u00eempotriva puterii nelimitate \u00een istoria sa despre regii norvegieni;  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.svensktidskrift.se\/nordic-pioneers-of-liberal-thought-anders-chydenius\/\">Anders Chydenius<\/a>  argumentele \u00een favoarea comer\u021bului liber \u0219i a diviziunii muncii \u00een secolul al XVIII-lea; constitu\u021bia norvegian\u0103 liberal\u0103 din 1814 de la Eidsvoll; marii oameni de stat liberali ai secolului al XIX-lea care au pus bazele prosperit\u0103\u021bii scandinave, Anton Martin Schweigaard \u00een Norvegia \u0219i Johan August Gripenstedt \u00een Suedia. \u00cen special, am examinat lucr\u0103rile remarcabilului liberal danez Nikolaj F. S. Grundtvig, pastor, poet \u0219i polimat, care \u0219i-a \u00eendemnat compatrio\u021bii s\u0103 p\u0103streze \u0219i s\u0103 dezvolte patrimoniul na\u021bional. Personaj fascinant, Grundtvig este adesea considerat principalul sus\u021bin\u0103tor sau chiar creatorul identit\u0103\u021bii na\u021bionale daneze, <em>danskhed,<\/em> danezitatea danez\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>De la casa lui Jon Sigurdsson este doar o scurt\u0103 plimbare p\u00e2n\u0103 la Kongens Nytorv, Noua Pia\u021b\u0103 a Regelui, unde se afl\u0103 Teatrul Na\u021bional, faimosul magazin Magasin du Nord, c\u00e2teva restaurante bune \u0219i venerabilul Hotel d&#8217;Angleterre, unde am stat uneori. Are un spa \u0219i o piscin\u0103 frumoas\u0103 la subsol. \u00cen pia\u021b\u0103 se afl\u0103 \u0219i cel mai vechi pub din Copenhaga, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hviidsvinstue.dk\/\">Hviids vinstue<\/a>, \u00eenfiin\u021bat \u00een 1723. A fost \u0219i r\u0103m\u00e2ne popular printre islandezii din Copenhaga. \u00cen interior se afl\u0103 portretul a patru celebrii (sau poate notorii) islandezi, doi poe\u021bi \u0219i doi istorici, care au tr\u0103it la Copenhaga pentru o perioad\u0103 de timp, de\u0219i \u00een perioade diferite. Istoricul mai \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103, Arni Palsson, men\u021bionat mai sus, a exclamat odat\u0103: &#8222;Se spune c\u0103 b\u0103utura este o evadare din realitate. Dar oamenii se pot salva uneori fugind&#8221;. Istoricul mai t\u00e2n\u0103r mi-a predat, de fapt, \u00een liceu. Hviids vinstue ofer\u0103 nu numai faimoasele beri daneze, Tuborg \u0219i Carlsberg, ci \u0219i sm\u00f8rrebr\u00f8d daneze, sandvi\u0219uri deschise cu garnituri delicioase, cum ar fi creve\u021bi, somon afumat sau conservat, friptur\u0103 de vit\u0103 \u0219i ou\u0103.<\/p>\n<h3>Un toast pentru libertate<\/h3>\n<p>Chiar dup\u0103 col\u021b, pe Ving\u00e5rdstr\u00e6de 6, se afl\u0103 unul dintre restaurantele mele preferate din Copenhaga, <a href=\"https:\/\/konghans.dk\/\">Kong Hans K\u00e6lder<\/a> (King Hans Cellar), de dou\u0103 stele Michelin, care serve\u0219te ceea ce am putea descrie ca fiind m\u00e2ncare danez\u0103 de inspira\u021bie francez\u0103, elegant\u0103 \u0219i gustoas\u0103. Regele Hans (sau Ioan) a domnit din 1481 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1513. La fel ca al\u021bi regi scandinavi, a trebuit s\u0103 accepte o Cart\u0103, oarecum asem\u0103n\u0103toare cu Magna Carta englez\u0103, care s\u0103 reafirme drepturile tradi\u021bionale ale supu\u0219ilor s\u0103i. Crama King Hans este, prin urmare, un loc potrivit pentru un toast \u00een cinstea marelui patrimoniu liberal nordic.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jurnal european: Copenhaga, mai 2022 Ora\u0219ul Copenhaga are o semnifica\u021bie special\u0103 pentru islandezi, deoarece a fost mult timp capitala lor. Islanda a fost colonizat\u0103 ini\u021bial \u00eentre 874 \u0219i 930, \u00een special de norvegienii din vestul \u021b\u0103rii. Din 930 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1262, \u00een aceast\u0103 regiune a existat o comunitate care nu avea rege, ci doar lege [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":39,"featured_media":17647,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[183,263,160],"tags":[1000,268,911,1028,1027],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[346],"types":[456],"class_list":["post-18474","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultura-ro","category-legal-ro","category-politica","tag-conservatism","tag-europe","tag-liberalism","tag-nationalism","tag-nordic","regions-northern-europe-ro","types-opinion-ro"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Explorarea mo\u0219tenirii nordice - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/explorarea-mostenirii-nordice\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Explorarea mo\u0219tenirii nordice - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Jurnal european: Copenhaga, mai 2022 Ora\u0219ul Copenhaga are o semnifica\u021bie special\u0103 pentru islandezi, deoarece a fost mult timp capitala lor. Islanda a fost colonizat\u0103 ini\u021bial \u00eentre 874 \u0219i 930, \u00een special de norvegienii din vestul \u021b\u0103rii. 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