{"id":18963,"date":"2024-02-06T08:43:38","date_gmt":"2024-02-06T08:43:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cum-sa-ajungi-in-danemarca-din-roma"},"modified":"2024-02-06T08:43:38","modified_gmt":"2024-02-06T08:43:38","slug":"cum-sa-ajungi-in-danemarca-din-roma","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/cum-sa-ajungi-in-danemarca-din-roma","title":{"rendered":"„Cum s\u0103 ajungi \u00een Danemarca” – din Roma"},"content":{"rendered":"

Jurnal european: Roma, iunie 2022<\/h2>\n

Roma merit\u0103 cu siguran\u021b\u0103 s\u0103 fie numit\u0103 „Ora\u0219ul Etern”. Nic\u0103ieri nu se simte at\u00e2t de puternic sentimentul istoriei ca \u00een capitala Imperiului Roman \u0219i, mai t\u00e2rziu, a Bisericii Catolice \u0219i a statului italian. Scriitorul britanic Edward Gibbon \u0219i-a amintit \u00een memoriile sale cum a fost inspirat s\u0103 scrie renumita sa istorie a Imperiului: „La Roma, pe 15 octombrie 1764, \u00een timp ce st\u0103team \u0219i meditam printre ruinele Capitoliului, \u00een timp ce fra\u021bii descul\u021bi c\u00e2ntau Vesperele \u00een templul lui Jupiter, mi-a venit pentru prima dat\u0103 \u00een minte ideea de a scrie despre declinul \u0219i c\u0103derea Ora\u0219ului”. \u00cen decembrie 1923, Jon Thorlaksson, antreprenor islandez, prim-ministru \u0219i primul lider al Partidului Independen\u021bei conservator-liberal, se afla \u00een ruinele Forumului Romanum \u0219i \u0219i-a permis s\u0103 verse o lacrim\u0103 reflect\u00e2nd la declinul acestui mare ora\u0219. Dar, \u00eentr-un anumit sens, vechii romani sunt \u00eenc\u0103 \u00een via\u021b\u0103 prin intermediul limbilor romanice, toate cobor\u00e2te din latina colocvial\u0103, iar timp de un mileniu latina clasic\u0103 a fost, desigur, mijlocul de comunicare \u00een Europa de Vest. \u00centr-adev\u0103r, \u00een 1933, sus-numitul Jon (a\u0219a cum ar trebui s\u0103 i se spun\u0103: majoritatea islandezilor nu au nume de familie, Thorlaksson \u00eensemn\u00e2nd doar c\u0103 era fiul lui Thorlak), \u00een prezent primar al capitalei Islandei, Reykjavik, s-a trezit a\u0219ezat l\u00e2ng\u0103 mare\u0219alul italian Italo Balbo la o cin\u0103 \u00een Reykjavik, unde Balbo a f\u0103cut o escal\u0103 \u00een timpul celebrului s\u0103u zbor transatlantic din 1933, de la Orbetello, Italia, la Chicago. Jon \u0219i Balbo au avut dificult\u0103\u021bi de comunicare p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd \u0219i-au dat seama c\u0103 am\u00e2ndoi puteau vorbi latina, pe atunci predat\u0103 la licee at\u00e2t \u00een Islanda, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een Italia. Dup\u0103 aceea au purtat o conversa\u021bie aprins\u0103 \u00een latin\u0103 fluent\u0103. Pentru mine, este \u00eentotdeauna o pl\u0103cere s\u0103 vizitez Ora\u0219ul Etern, a\u0219a cum am f\u0103cut-o \u00een vara anului 2022, c\u00e2nd am fost invitat s\u0103 \u021bin o prelegere \u00een cadrul unei conferin\u021be organizate de ECR, Conservatorii \u0219i Reformi\u0219tii Europeni, \u00een perioada 24-25 iunie. Subiectul a fost cel de-al treilea sector, \u00eentre sectorul public \u0219i cel privat.<\/p>\n

Al treilea sector<\/h3>\n

Cel de-al treilea sector este \u00eentr-adev\u0103r un subiect extrem de relevant pentru liberalii conservatori<\/a> europeni. \u00cen discursul meu de la Roma, am amintit c\u0103 doi g\u00e2nditori proeminen\u021bi, Edmund Burke \u0219i Alexis de Tocqueville, au pus accentul pe cel de-al treilea sector, sau ceea ce se nume\u0219te \u00een mod obi\u0219nuit societatea civil\u0103, constituit\u0103 din familie, localitate, congrega\u021bie, asocia\u021bii voluntare, cluburi sportive, \u0219coli \u0219i, nu \u00een ultimul r\u00e2nd, na\u021biunea cu istoria, limba, legea, literatura, legendele, miturile, c\u00e2ntecele populare, dansurile populare \u0219i alte obiceiuri, obiceiuri \u0219i maniere. At\u00e2t Burke, c\u00e2t \u0219i Tocqueville au \u00een\u021beles c\u0103 indivizii nu sunt doar consumatori \u0219i produc\u0103tori care \u00eencheie \u00eentre ei contracte executorii. Omul economic, homo economicus<\/em>, este o construc\u021bie ra\u021bional\u0103, util\u0103 pentru a face previziuni economice, dar nu este o descriere plauzibil\u0103 a naturii \u0219i condi\u021biilor fiin\u021belor umane. De asemenea, indivizii sunt membri ai mai multor comunit\u0103\u021bi, cu leg\u0103turi, ata\u0219amente \u0219i angajamente care decurg din aceast\u0103 apartenen\u021b\u0103. Acesta a fost cel care, adesea, le-a dat vie\u021bii lor o direc\u021bie \u0219i un sens.<\/p>\n

La conferin\u021ba de la Roma, am considerat c\u0103 cea mai util\u0103 contribu\u021bie pe care a\u0219 putea-o aduce ar fi s\u0103 prezint o perspectiv\u0103 nordic\u0103 asupra celui de-al treilea sector. La acea vreme f\u0103ceam cercet\u0103ri timp de o lun\u0103 \u00een Copenhaga, capitala Danemarcei, despre tradi\u021bia liberal\u0103 nordic\u0103. Ipoteza mea de lucru a fost c\u0103 succesul relativ al \u021b\u0103rilor nordice nu s-a datorat statul social<\/em> construite de social-democra\u021bi la mijlocul secolului XX, ci mai degrab\u0103 datorit\u0103 cadrului juridic \u0219i social solid oferit de stat na\u021bional<\/em>, sus\u021binut\u0103 de un sector ter\u021biar puternic, dezvoltat \u00een principal \u00een secolele al XVIII-lea \u0219i al XIX-lea. \u00cen discursul meu m-am concentrat asupra Danemarcei. Unul dintre motivele pentru care Danemarca s-a descurcat bine \u00een epoca modern\u0103 a fost for\u021ba societ\u0103\u021bii civile, dup\u0103 cum a observat filosoful american Francis Fukuyama \u00eentr-o carte recent\u0103,
\n The Origins of Political Order (Originile ordinii politice)<\/em>
\n<\/a>. El a sugerat chiar c\u0103 multe alte societ\u0103\u021bi trebuiau s\u0103 afle „cum s\u0103 ajung\u0103 \u00een Danemarca”.<\/p>\n

Grundtvig \u0219i coeziunea social\u0103<\/h3>\n

Reformele economice din Danemarca, inspirate de Adam Smith, au creat la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al XVIII-lea o clas\u0103 numeroas\u0103 de fermieri independen\u021bi care au devenit \u00een secolul al XIX-lea sus\u021bin\u0103tori loiali ai lui Nikolaj F. S. Grundtvig, marele liberal conservator, considerat \u00een general drept cel mai influent interpret (sau chiar creator) al identit\u0103\u021bii na\u021bionale daneze, Danishness, danskhed<\/em>. Grundtvig, un pastor, nu a fost doar un autor prolific de imnuri, ci \u0219i un sus\u021bin\u0103tor al „cre\u0219tinismului fericit”. A fost un sus\u021bin\u0103tor ferm al libert\u0103\u021bii religioase \u0219i al libert\u0103\u021bii de exprimare, inclusiv pentru cei pe care \u00eei dezaproba. Adagiul s\u0103u „Libertate pentru Loke ca \u0219i pentru Thor” este cunoscut \u00een Danemarca \u0219i \u00een celelalte \u021b\u0103ri nordice: Loke era un zeu p\u0103g\u00e2n viclean, \u00een timp ce Thor era un zeu eroic. Grundtvig a contribuit, de asemenea, \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103 la liceele populare \u00eenfiin\u021bate \u00een Danemarca \u0219i \u00een alte \u021b\u0103ri nordice \u00een secolul al XIX-lea. Acestea au oferit educa\u021bie civic\u0103 multor persoane care nu aveau nici timpul, nici mijloacele necesare pentru a urma o educa\u021bie universitar\u0103.<\/p>\n

Nu \u00een ultimul r\u00e2nd, sub influen\u021ba Grundtvigienilor, Danemarca a devenit o \u021bar\u0103 a coeziunii sociale \u0219i a unui nivel ridicat de \u00eencredere, \u00een timp ce virtu\u021bile civice, precum onestitatea, polite\u021bea, punctualitatea \u0219i h\u0103rnicia, au prosperat. Societatea danez\u0103 a fost \u0219i este caracterizat\u0103 de fiabilitate, mutualitate, solidaritate, responsabilitate, transparen\u021b\u0103 \u0219i un nivel sc\u0103zut de corup\u021bie. \u00cen mod paradoxal, am afirmat \u00een discursul meu, \u00eenfr\u00e2ngerile militare ale Danemarcei din secolul al XIX-lea, c\u00e2nd a trebuit s\u0103 cedeze Norvegia Suediei \u0219i Schleswig-Holstein Prusiei, s-au dovedit a fi o binecuv\u00e2ntare deghizat\u0103. Danezii au renun\u021bat la visele zadarnice de cuceriri militare \u0219i s-au concentrat \u00een schimb pe comer\u021b, industrie \u0219i agricultur\u0103 modern\u0103, domenii \u00een care au devenit lideri mondiali. \u00centre timp, societatea civil\u0103 danez\u0103 s-a consolidat, nu numai prin antreprenoriatul individual, ci \u0219i prin cooperarea voluntar\u0103 \u00een multe domenii, de exemplu \u00een congrega\u021biile libere, comunit\u0103\u021bile locale, fabricile de lactate, cooperativele de consumatori \u0219i liceele private.<\/p>\n

Spiritul na\u021bional danez<\/h3>\n

Islanda a fost condus\u0103 de la Copenhaga \u00eentre 1380 \u0219i 1918, c\u00e2nd a devenit o \u021bar\u0103 suveran\u0103, o monarhie constitu\u021bional\u0103 \u00een uniune personal\u0103 cu regele danez. \u00cen trecut, majoritatea islandezilor care studiau \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate mergeau \u00een Danemarca, de\u0219i cu siguran\u021b\u0103 nu era adev\u0103rat ceea ce scria fantezistul francez Jean-Jacques Rousseau (\u00een Nota P la partea a doua a Discursului s\u0103u despre inegalitate) c\u0103 unii dintre „nobilii s\u0103lbatici” islandezi adu\u0219i \u00een Danemarca s-au ofilit \u0219i au murit, \u00een timp ce al\u021bii s-au \u00eenecat c\u00e2nd au \u00eencercat s\u0103 se \u00eentoarc\u0103 \u00eenot \u00een \u021bara lor! \u00centre Danemarca \u0219i Islanda exist\u0103 \u00een continuare leg\u0103turi culturale puternice. De exemplu, prima mea limb\u0103 str\u0103in\u0103 la \u0219coal\u0103 a fost daneza. \u00cen general, cred c\u0103 islandezii au beneficiat de pe urma rela\u021biei lor cu Danemarca, mai ales dup\u0103 ce danezii au abandonat mercantilismul \u00een secolul al XVIII-lea \u0219i absolutismul \u00een secolul al XIX-lea.<\/p>\n

De-a lungul timpului, am ajuns s\u0103 apreciez numeroasele tr\u0103s\u0103turi atractive ale spiritului sau culturii na\u021bionale daneze, care deriv\u0103 \u00een principal din (sau poate c\u0103 sunt o expresie a) puternicului al treilea sector danez. Acest spirit na\u021bional a fost bine surprins \u00een ziceri ale unor danezi celebri. Georg Brandes, criticul literar din secolul al XIX-lea, a remarcat odat\u0103: „Cine nu \u00een\u021belege o glum\u0103, nu \u00een\u021belege daneza”. \u00cen 1940, c\u00e2nd un ofi\u021ber german a vorbit cu admira\u021bie despre autodisciplina danezilor sub ocupa\u021bie, primarul din Copenhaga, Ernst Kaper, a replicat: „Aceasta nu este disciplin\u0103, ci cultur\u0103”. Comediantul \u0219i pianistul din secolul XX, Victor Borge, a observat odat\u0103 c\u0103 „z\u00e2mbetul este cea mai scurt\u0103 distan\u021b\u0103 dintre oameni”.<\/p>\n

Expresii de „danez\u0103<\/h3>\n

Perspectiva pl\u0103cut\u0103 \u0219i pozitiv\u0103, dar u\u0219or ironic\u0103, care este foarte danez\u0103, este bine exprimat\u0103 \u00een poemele scurte \u0219i concise ale lui Piet Hein, un polimat danez de la mijlocul secolului XX. Una dintre ele se refer\u0103 la „Cei care \u0219tiu”:<\/p>\n

Cei care \u00eentotdeauna
\n\u0219tiu ce e mai bine
\nsunt
\nun d\u0103un\u0103tor universal.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

O alt\u0103 poezie este despre „Cum e dragostea”:<\/p>\n

Dragostea este ca
\nun ananas,
\ndulce \u0219i
\nnedefinibile.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00cen\u021belepciunea popular\u0103 danez\u0103 se reg\u0103se\u0219te, de asemenea, \u00een multe proverbe vechi citate \u00een mod obi\u0219nuit (unele dintre ele exist\u0103, desigur, \u0219i \u00een alte limbi). Un exemplu este: „Elsk din Nabo men riv ikke Gjerdet ned.”. Iube\u0219te-\u021bi aproapele, dar nu d\u0103r\u00e2ma gardul. Un alt proverb este: „Enhver er sin egen lykkes smed”. Fiecare om este arhitectul propriei sale averi. (Sun\u0103 cumva mai bine \u00een danez\u0103 dec\u00e2t \u00een englez\u0103.)<\/p>\n

Spiritul na\u021bional danez, danskhed,<\/em> este poate cel mai bine descris prin cuvinte care sunt greu de tradus \u00een alte limbi. A\u0219 eviden\u021bia dou\u0103 astfel de cuvinte. Unul dintre acestea este „arbejdsgl\u00e6de”. Literalmente \u00eenseamn\u0103 „bucuria muncii”, ceea ce sun\u0103 oarecum artificial \u00een englez\u0103. Reflect\u0103 cu adev\u0103rat etica puternic\u0103 a muncii din Danemarca, dar \u0219i convingerea danez\u0103 c\u0103 munca ar trebui s\u0103 fie satisf\u0103c\u0103toare \u00een sine, pl\u0103cut\u0103, oferind un sentiment de \u00eemplinire personal\u0103. Locul de munc\u0103 ar trebui s\u0103 fie un forum pentru cooperare \u0219i \u00eencurajare reciproc\u0103. Cel\u0103lalt cuv\u00e2nt intraductibil este „hygge”. Descrie un sentiment sau o activitate cald\u0103, confortabil\u0103, orice lucru care te face s\u0103 fii relaxat \u0219i \u00eemplinit. Evoc\u0103 imaginea unei familii fericite sau a unui grup de prieteni care se bucur\u0103 de o sear\u0103 de s\u00e2mb\u0103t\u0103 cu prietenii, b\u00e2nd bere \u0219i spun\u00e2nd glume.<\/p>\n

O nou\u0103 provocare<\/h3>\n

Concluzia discursului meu de la Roma privind cel de-al treilea sector a fost c\u0103 cei trei factori principali care explic\u0103 succesul relativ al \u021b\u0103rilor nordice \u00een general \u0219i al Danemarcei \u00een special sunt statul de drept, o economie deschis\u0103 \u0219i coeziunea social\u0103, \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, \u00een principal datorit\u0103 unui sector ter\u021biar puternic. Cu toate acestea, am ad\u0103ugat c\u0103 \u00een Danemarca aceast\u0103 coeziune a fost recent pus\u0103 la \u00eendoial\u0103 de afluxul de oameni din culturi ostile libert\u0103\u021bii de exprimare \u0219i dezvolt\u0103rii individuale. Ace\u0219ti oameni au format enclave \u00een care au \u00eencercat s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i implementeze propriile obiceiuri neliberale, \u00een timp ce au abuzat de prevederile generoase de asisten\u021b\u0103 social\u0103 oferite de Danemarca. Mi-am amintit de conflictul din 2005 dintre fundamentali\u0219tii islami\u0219ti \u0219i un ziar danez care publicase c\u00e2teva caricaturi ale profetului Mahomed. Unii imami din Danemarca au c\u0103l\u0103torit chiar \u00een \u021b\u0103rile arabe pentru a le \u00eencuraja s\u0103 boicoteze exporturile daneze. A fost un conflict \u00eentre tradi\u021bia danez\u0103 a libert\u0103\u021bii de exprimare, at\u00e2t pentru Loke, c\u00e2t \u0219i pentru Thor, \u0219i obiceiurile str\u0103ine danezilor. Dar, \u00een ciuda acestor provoc\u0103ri, Danemarca r\u0103m\u00e2ne o \u021bar\u0103 pa\u0219nic\u0103 \u0219i prosper\u0103, cu o societate civil\u0103 vibrant\u0103, am spus. Ea nu este deloc perfect\u0103, dar poate c\u0103 puterea combinat\u0103 a economiei sale relativ libere \u0219i a importantului sector ter\u021biar i-a permis s\u0103 scape relativ nev\u0103t\u0103mat\u0103 de experimentul social-democrat \u0219i de alte provoc\u0103ri.<\/p>\n

(Ilustra\u021bia este o pictur\u0103 a lui Peder Severin Kr\u00f8yer din 1888, reprezent\u00e2nd un festival din Danemarca.)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jurnal european: Roma, iunie 2022 Roma merit\u0103 cu siguran\u021b\u0103 s\u0103 fie numit\u0103 „Ora\u0219ul Etern”. Nic\u0103ieri nu se simte at\u00e2t de puternic sentimentul istoriei ca \u00een capitala Imperiului Roman \u0219i, mai t\u00e2rziu, a Bisericii Catolice \u0219i a statului italian. Scriitorul britanic Edward Gibbon \u0219i-a amintit \u00een memoriile sale cum a fost inspirat s\u0103 scrie renumita sa […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":39,"featured_media":18916,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[183,263,160],"tags":[],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[346],"types":[456],"class_list":["post-18963","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultura-ro","category-legal-ro","category-politica","regions-northern-europe-ro","types-opinion-ro"],"yoast_head":"\n"Cum s\u0103 ajungi \u00een Danemarca" - din Roma - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/cum-sa-ajungi-in-danemarca-din-roma\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\""Cum s\u0103 ajungi \u00een Danemarca" - din Roma - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Jurnal european: Roma, iunie 2022 Roma merit\u0103 cu siguran\u021b\u0103 s\u0103 fie numit\u0103 „Ora\u0219ul Etern”. Nic\u0103ieri nu se simte at\u00e2t de puternic sentimentul istoriei ca \u00een capitala Imperiului Roman \u0219i, mai t\u00e2rziu, a Bisericii Catolice \u0219i a statului italian. 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