{"id":19042,"date":"2024-02-06T16:42:06","date_gmt":"2024-02-06T16:42:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/lectii-de-suedeza"},"modified":"2024-02-06T16:42:06","modified_gmt":"2024-02-06T16:42:06","slug":"lectii-de-suedeza","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/lectii-de-suedeza","title":{"rendered":"Lec\u021bii de suedez\u0103"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Jurnal european: Stockholm, iunie 2022<\/h2>\n<p>Stockholm este construit pe paisprezece insule, unde lacul de ap\u0103 dulce M\u00e4laren se vars\u0103 \u00een Marea Baltic\u0103. Locul nu ar putea fi mai atractiv \u0219i, \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, ora\u0219ul este numit uneori &#8222;Vene\u021bia Nordului&#8221;. Mare parte din cartierul vechi este intact, de\u0219i \u00een anii 1950 multe case pitore\u0219ti au fost demolate \u0219i \u00eenlocuite cu cl\u0103diri \u00eenalte ur\u00e2te \u0219i brutale, \u00een special \u00een cartierul Klara. Ora\u0219ul a supravie\u021buit la fel cum Suedia, ca \u021bar\u0103, a supravie\u021buit celor patruzeci \u0219i patru de ani de social-democra\u021bie. Stockholm a devenit capitala Suediei c\u00e2nd aceasta s-a separat de Danemarca \u00een 1523. Ora\u0219ul este un loc relativ \u00eensorit, de\u0219i poate deveni destul de rece, dup\u0103 cum a descoperit filozoful francez Ren\u00e9 Descartes, care \u00een 1649 a acceptat \u00een mod nechibzuit invita\u021bia reginei Christina de a fi tutorele ei particular la Curte: un an mai t\u00e2rziu a murit de pneumonie. \u00centr-adev\u0103r, un alt filozof francez, Madame de Sta\u00ebl, c\u0103s\u0103torit\u0103 cu un diplomat suedez, a exclamat \u00een 1812 c\u0103 \u00een Suedia exist\u0103 doar dou\u0103 anotimpuri, iarna verde \u0219i iarna alb\u0103. Dar aceasta este o glum\u0103 francez\u0103 nedreapt\u0103. Verile de la Stockholm sunt calde \u0219i pl\u0103cute, dup\u0103 cum am putut atesta \u00een iunie 2022, c\u00e2nd am luat cuv\u00e2ntul la o conferin\u021b\u0103 a <a href=\"https:\/\/europeanresourcebank.org\/about\/\">B\u0103ncii Europene de Resurse,<\/a> unde s-au reunit reprezentan\u021bi ai mai multor grupuri de reflec\u021bie pentru pia\u021ba liber\u0103 din Europa. \u00cemi promovam recenta mea <a href=\"https:\/\/newdirection.online\/publication\/twenty_four_conservative_liberal_thinkers_part_i\">carte<\/a>, <em>Dou\u0103zeci \u0219i patru de g\u00e2nditori conservatori-liberali<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h3>Stockholm \u00een 1981<\/h3>\n<p>Una dintre cele mai memorabile vizite ale mele la Stockholm a fost \u00een 1981, c\u00e2nd am participat la o reuniune regional\u0103 a <a href=\"https:\/\/custom.cvent.com\/F7C2A1CEED70466D8A72083C9EB5EE7E\/files\/e29fd2211d01472c8b8984a4e82cd24e.pdf\">Societ\u0103\u021bii Mont Pelerin<\/a>. Filozoful anglo-austriac Friedrich A. von Hayek a fondat Societatea \u00een 1947, la trei ani dup\u0103 ce a publicat lucrarea sa  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Road-Serfdom-Documents-Definitive-Collected\/dp\/0226320553\/\"><em>Drumul spre servitute<\/em><\/a>  \u00een care sus\u021binea c\u0103 na\u021bional-socialismul lui Hitler \u0219i comunismul lui Stalin erau dou\u0103 lucruri identice; c\u0103 planificarea economic\u0103 central\u0103 ar putea duce la un stat poli\u021bienesc cu un singur partid; \u0219i c\u0103 ar trebui s\u0103 ne \u00eentoarcem la liberalismul clasic din secolele XVIII \u0219i XIX, modificat \u0219i revizuit \u00een lumina experien\u021bei. Hayek m-a introdus \u00een 1980 \u00een Societatea Mont Pelerin. Reuniunea de la Stockholm din 1981 a fost un prilej stimulant. Economistul american Gordon Tullock a sus\u021binut c\u0103, dac\u0103 vrem s\u0103 influen\u021b\u0103m politica, ar trebui s\u0103 nu ne implic\u0103m \u00een politic\u0103. Ideea sa era c\u0103 rezultatele nu erau determinate de politicieni, ci de circumstan\u021be sau, mai bine zis, de interpret\u0103rile predominante ale circumstan\u021belor, iar acestea, la r\u00e2ndul lor, erau determinate de ideile dominante la momentul respectiv. Sarcina a fost, prin urmare, de a schimba aceste idei, prin cercet\u0103ri academice solide \u0219i prin prezentarea lor ulterioar\u0103, eficient\u0103 \u0219i accesibil\u0103, de c\u0103tre grupurile de reflec\u021bie. \u00cen cadrul conferin\u021bei, c\u00e2\u021biva distin\u0219i oameni de afaceri \u0219i intelectuali suedezi, printre care Curt Nicolin \u0219i Sven Rydenfelt, au \u021binut discursuri instructive despre lupta \u00eempotriva socialismului \u00een \u021bara lor. Hayek a participat \u0219i a fost \u00een form\u0103.<\/p><div class='related_content'><span>RELATED<\/span><ul><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/mass-media-noi-si-vechi'>Mass-media noi \u0219i vechi<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/realitatea-gazelor-din-europa-italia-navigheaza-in-tranzitia-energetica-cu-un-echilibru-strategic'>Realitatea gazelor din Europa: Italia navigheaz\u0103 \u00een tranzi\u021bia energetic\u0103 cu un echilibru strategic<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/deschiderea-trebuie-tratata-cu-atentie'>Deschiderea trebuie tratat\u0103 cu aten\u021bie<\/li><\/a><\/ul><\/div>\n<h3>Stockholm \u00een 1986<\/h3>\n<p>O vizit\u0103 la Stockholm, \u00een decembrie 1986, a fost, de asemenea, memorabil\u0103. Premiul Nobel pentru economie tocmai fusese acordat unuia dintre mentorii mei intelectuali, James M. Buchanan, iar noi, membrii nordici ai Societ\u0103\u021bii Mont Pelerin, am decis s\u0103 s\u0103rb\u0103torim acest lucru la o cin\u0103. A fost un eveniment plin de bucurie. Prietenii mei suedezi, Dr. Carl Johan Westholm \u0219i Sture Eskilsson, erau la conducere. De obicei oarecum taciturn, Buchanan era acum vesel \u0219i vorb\u0103re\u021b. El \u0219i-a exprimat speran\u021ba c\u0103 acum economi\u0219tii ar putea lua mai mult \u00een considerare ideea sa c\u0103 comportamentul politicienilor concuren\u021bi trebuie analizat cu acelea\u0219i instrumente ca \u0219i comportamentul oamenilor de afaceri concuren\u021bi. Oamenii nu \u0219i-au schimbat natura trec\u00e2nd de la pia\u021b\u0103 la arena politic\u0103. Dac\u0103 comportamentul \u00een interes propriu a fost ipoteza analizei pie\u021bei, ar trebui s\u0103 fie, de asemenea, ipoteza analizei arenei politice.<\/p>\n<p>La fel ca \u00een 1981, am stat la <a href=\"https:\/\/grandhotel.se\/en\">Grand Hotel<\/a> \u0219i \u00eemi amintesc \u0219i acum c\u00e2t de animat \u0219i clamator era Wole Soyinka, laureat al Premiului Nobel pentru Literatur\u0103 \u00een 1986, \u0219i anturajul s\u0103u, \u00een fiecare sear\u0103 la barul hotelului. Ace\u0219tia au ar\u0103tat cu voce tare c\u00e2t de ferici\u021bi erau de onoarea acordat\u0103 scriitorului nigerian. Grand Hotel este de mod\u0103 veche, dar bine conservat, construit \u0219i proiectat \u00een acela\u0219i stil ca d&#8217;Angleterre din Copenhaga, Palatul Copacabana din Rio de Janeiro \u0219i Majestic din Cannes. Toate par a fi desprinse direct din romanele lui William Somerset Maugham sau Scott Fitzgerald. Una dintre atrac\u021biile speciale ale Grand Hotel este <em>Sm\u00f6rg\u00e5sbord<\/em> suedez din restaurantul Veranda, un bufet de sandvi\u0219uri deschise \u0219i alte delicatese, cum ar fi hering, pate de ficat de g\u00e2sc\u0103, <em>gravlax<\/em> (somon conservat), stridii \u0219i homar. (Sm\u00f6rg\u00e5sbord \u00eenseamn\u0103 literalmente o mas\u0103 cu unt \u0219i g\u00e2\u0219te.) Mai t\u00e2rziu, hotelul a fost dotat cu un centru spa bine echipat \u0219i confortabil, de care m-am bucurat foarte mult \u00een vizitele ulterioare.<\/p>\n<h3>Un experiment randian<\/h3>\n<p>Suedia este o \u021bar\u0103 deosebit de interesant\u0103 at\u00e2t pentru conservatori, c\u00e2t \u0219i pentru liberalii clasici, deoarece este adesea prezentat\u0103, de exemplu de economistul american <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/the-social-welfare-state\/\">Jeffrey Sachs<\/a>, ca un exemplu de succes al social-democra\u021biei \u0219i ca o respingere concludent\u0103 a tezei lui Hayek &#8222;Drumul spre servitute&#8221;. Dar, dup\u0103 cum au ar\u0103tat cercet\u0103torii suedezi <a href=\"https:\/\/www.libertarianism.org\/publications\/essays\/how-laissez-faire-made-sweden-rich\">Johan Norberg<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iea.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Sanandajinima-interactive.pdf\">Nima Sanandaji<\/a> \u0219i <a href=\"https:\/\/ratio.se\/kampanj\/nilskarlson\">Nils Karlson<\/a>, succesul nordic a fost \u00een <em>ciuda<\/em> \u0219i nu <em>datorit\u0103<\/em> social-democra\u021biei. Aceasta se baza pe tradi\u021biile nordice \u00eendelungate ale statului de drept, inclusiv pe protec\u021bia drepturilor de proprietate, comer\u021bul liber, coeziunea social\u0103 \u0219i munca grea. \u00cen secolul al XIX-lea, guvernele liberale, influen\u021bate de Adam Smith \u0219i Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Bastiat, au pus bazele prosperit\u0103\u021bii suedeze din epoca modern\u0103. Este adev\u0103rat c\u0103 social-democra\u021bii au fost la putere pentru o perioad\u0103 lung\u0103 de timp. De asemenea, este adev\u0103rat c\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anilor 1970 \u0219i la \u00eenceputul anilor 1980 partidul lor nu a fost condus de pragmatici, ca \u00eenainte, ci de ideologi care au \u00eencercat s\u0103 transforme Suedia \u00eentr-o \u021bar\u0103 socialist\u0103. Dar au \u00eent\u00e2mpinat o rezisten\u021b\u0103 acerb\u0103 din multe p\u0103r\u021bi, deoarece oamenii \u0219i-au dat seama c\u0103 o cre\u0219tere suplimentar\u0103 a statului era nedorit\u0103 \u0219i contraproductiv\u0103. Nu s-au creat noi locuri de munc\u0103 \u00een sectorul privat, iar antreprenorii au p\u0103r\u0103sit \u021bara: A fost aproape un experiment descris \u00een <em>Atlas Shrugged<\/em> al lui Ayn Rand, \u00een care indivizii productivi au decis s\u0103 se retrag\u0103, fie \u00een alte \u021b\u0103ri, fie \u00een activit\u0103\u021bi neimpozitate, iar economia a stagnat.<\/p>\n<h3>Cin\u0103 cu G\u00f6ran Persson<\/h3>\n<p>Anii &#8217;90 au fost martorii unei schimb\u0103ri radicale \u00een Suedia, nu numai \u00een partidele ne-socialiste aflate sub influen\u021ba lui Hayek, ci \u0219i \u00een Partidul Social Democrat, care a renun\u021bat la multe dintre ideile sale radicale. S-a format un nou consens sau, dac\u0103 vre\u021bi, un nou model suedez, care accepta beneficii sociale generoase, dar permitea alegerea \u00een domeniul educa\u021biei \u0219i al s\u0103n\u0103t\u0103\u021bii \u0219i \u00eencuraja spiritul antreprenorial. Un pragmatic social-democrat energic, G\u00f6ran Persson, a fost ministru de finan\u021be \u00een 1994-1996 \u0219i prim-ministru \u00een 1996-2006, stabiliz\u00e2nd \u0219i liberaliz\u00e2nd economia suedez\u0103. Un schimb de replici celebru a avut loc odat\u0103 \u00eentre el \u0219i un jurnalist care l-a \u00eentrebat ce p\u0103rere are despre socialism. &#8222;Sunt social-democrat&#8221;, a r\u0103spuns el. &#8222;Nu este socialist?&#8221;, a \u00eentrebat jurnalistul. &#8216;Nu, dac\u0103 te nume\u0219ti socialist, te confund\u0103 cu o mul\u021bime de nebuni&#8217;, a replicat Persson. A devenit un bun prieten al lui David Oddsson, prim-ministru al Islandei \u00een perioada 1991-2004, un alt politician energic \u0219i pragmatic. C\u00e2nd Persson a \u021binut o prelegere la Reykjavik, pe 27 noiembrie 2012, seara a luat cina cu David, care a avut amabilitatea de a m\u0103 invita s\u0103 m\u0103 al\u0103tur lor. La un pahar de <em>gravlax<\/em> \u0219i miel islandez, am avut o discu\u021bie aprins\u0103 despre subiecte de actualitate \u0219i despre situa\u021bia \u021b\u0103rilor nordice. Persson nu ar\u0103ta ca un suedez tipic. Avea o \u00een\u0103l\u021bime medie \u0219i era destul de robust, cu o c\u0103dere a p\u0103rului. Era afabil, dar hot\u0103r\u00e2t \u0219i foarte pragmatic.<\/p>\n<p>Persson a fost intrigat de faptul pu\u021bin cunoscut, pe care i l-am semnalat, c\u0103 Islanda a fost \u00een secolul al XIV-lea, pentru o vreme, unificat\u0103 cu Suedia, \u0219i nu cu Norvegia \u0219i Danemarca. Dup\u0103 ce au format un Commonwealth f\u0103r\u0103 rege \u00een 930, islandezii au acceptat cu reticen\u021b\u0103, \u00een 1262, s\u0103 devin\u0103 supu\u0219i ai regelui norvegian. \u00cen 1319, Magnus Eriksson, supranumit Magnus Smek, a devenit rege al Norvegiei \u0219i al Suediei \u0219i, prin urmare, \u0219i al Islandei. Dar Magnus era nepopular \u00een Norvegia \u0219i \u00een 1343 s-a decis ca t\u00e2n\u0103rul s\u0103u fiu Haakon s\u0103 devin\u0103 rege al Norvegiei, Magnus fiind un regent temporar, \u00een timp ce el continua s\u0103 conduc\u0103 Suedia. Magnus \u0219i-a p\u0103strat suveranitatea asupra Islandei \u0219i, prin urmare, a fost rege nominal al Suediei \u0219i al Islandei p\u00e2n\u0103 la moartea sa \u00een 1374, de\u0219i a pierdut puterea \u00een Suedia \u00een 1364. Astfel, cel pu\u021bin din 1343 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1364 \u0219i chiar nominal p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1374, Islanda s-a aflat \u00eentr-o uniune personal\u0103 cu regele suedez. Ulterior, Islanda a fost condus\u0103 de fiul lui Magnus Smek, Haakon al VI-lea al Norvegiei, p\u00e2n\u0103 la moartea acestuia, \u00een 1380. So\u021bia lui Haakon al VI-lea a fost Margareta a Danemarcei, iar fiul lor, Olav, a mo\u0219tenit tronul danez \u00een 1375 \u0219i tronul norvegian \u00een 1380. Din acel moment, Norvegia \u0219i Islanda au fost conduse de Danemarca. Astfel a \u00eenceput lunga istorie a Islandei sub tronul danez, care s-a \u00eencheiat doar odat\u0103 cu proclamarea Republicii Islandeze \u00een 1944.<\/p>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jurnal european: Stockholm, iunie 2022 Stockholm este construit pe paisprezece insule, unde lacul de ap\u0103 dulce M\u00e4laren se vars\u0103 \u00een Marea Baltic\u0103. Locul nu ar putea fi mai atractiv \u0219i, \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, ora\u0219ul este numit uneori &#8222;Vene\u021bia Nordului&#8221;. Mare parte din cartierul vechi este intact, de\u0219i \u00een anii 1950 multe case pitore\u0219ti au fost demolate \u0219i [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":39,"featured_media":18352,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[157,183,160],"tags":[987,1000,913,1089,554],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[346],"types":[456],"class_list":["post-19042","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-comert-si-economie","category-cultura-ro","category-politica","tag-capitalism","tag-conservatism","tag-hayek","tag-rand","tag-sweden","regions-northern-europe-ro","types-opinion-ro"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Lec\u021bii de suedez\u0103 - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/lectii-de-suedeza\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Lec\u021bii de suedez\u0103 - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Jurnal european: Stockholm, iunie 2022 Stockholm este construit pe paisprezece insule, unde lacul de ap\u0103 dulce M\u00e4laren se vars\u0103 \u00een Marea Baltic\u0103. Locul nu ar putea fi mai atractiv \u0219i, \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, ora\u0219ul este numit uneori &#8222;Vene\u021bia Nordului&#8221;. 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