{"id":23125,"date":"2024-03-21T22:08:33","date_gmt":"2024-03-21T22:08:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/o-privire-in-istorie"},"modified":"2024-03-21T22:08:33","modified_gmt":"2024-03-21T22:08:33","slug":"o-privire-in-istorie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/o-privire-in-istorie","title":{"rendered":"O privire \u00een istorie"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Intelectualii de st\u00e2nga au descoperit c\u0103 un &#8222;colectiv de g\u00e2ndire&#8221; numit <a href=\"https:\/\/www.montpelerin.org\/event\/429dba23-fc64-4838-aea3-b847011022a4\/websitePage:d0c34bd9-1aa4-48df-a55e-4be50dfb57ee\">Societatea Mont Pelerin<\/a> a avut o influen\u021b\u0103 discret\u0103 \u00een ultimele c\u00e2teva decenii. \u00cen prezent, ei public\u0103 o <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com.br\/books?id=GPTaizKUbK0C\">carte<\/a> dup\u0103 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com.br\/books\/edition\/Reinventing_Liberalism\/NCLNDwAAQBAJ\">alta<\/a> despre aceasta, d\u00e2nd vina pe succesul a ceea ce ei numesc &#8222;neoliberalism&#8221;. Poate c\u0103 ace\u0219tia exagereaz\u0103 influen\u021ba Societ\u0103\u021bii. John Maynard Keynes a pretins prea mult atunci c\u00e2nd a scris: &#8222;Ideile economi\u0219tilor \u0219i ale filosofilor politici, at\u00e2t atunci c\u00e2nd au dreptate, c\u00e2t \u0219i atunci c\u00e2nd gre\u0219esc, sunt mai puternice dec\u00e2t se \u00een\u021belege \u00een mod obi\u0219nuit. \u00centr-adev\u0103r, lumea este condus\u0103 de pu\u021bine alte lucruri. Oamenii practici, care se cred complet scuti\u021bi de orice influen\u021be intelectuale, sunt de obicei sclavii vreunui economist defunct&#8221;. John Stuart Mill a fost mai rezonabil c\u00e2nd a sus\u021binut c\u0103 ideile sunt influente doar atunci c\u00e2nd circumstan\u021bele exterioare conspir\u0103 cu ele. \u00cen anii 1980 \u0219i 1990, circumstan\u021bele exterioare au conspirat cu siguran\u021b\u0103 cu ideile de comer\u021b liber, proprietate privat\u0103 \u0219i guvernare limitat\u0103, cei trei piloni ai ceea ce am numit liberalism conservator. Planificarea central\u0103 a e\u0219uat ru\u0219inos \u00een \u021b\u0103rile comuniste, \u00een timp ce social-democra\u021bii din Occident au descoperit, spre dezam\u0103girea lor, c\u0103 nu pot rezolva problemele arunc\u00e2nd \u00een ele banii contribuabililor.<\/p>\n<h3>Societatea Mont Pelerin<\/h3>\n<p>Societatea Mont Pelerin a fost <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com.br\/books\/edition\/Mont_P%C3%A8lerin_1947\/q4g_EAAAQBAJ\">\u00eenfiin\u021bat\u0103 \u00een 1947<\/a> la ini\u021biativa economistului anglo-austriac Friedrich August von Hayek. Cu trei ani mai devreme, Hayek publicase <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.mises.org\/Road%20to%20serfdom.pdf\"><br \/>\n  <em>Drumul spre servitute<\/em><br \/>\n<\/a>, un avertisment elocvent \u00eempotriva socialismului, nu numai \u00eempotriva nazismului \u0219i stalinismului, ci \u0219i \u00eempotriva socialismului democratic, care ar putea duce involuntar la un stat poli\u021bienesc: pentru ca planificarea centralizat\u0103 s\u0103 func\u021bioneze, preferin\u021bele individuale trebuiau s\u0103 fie manipulate \u0219i uneori suprimate. Spre surprinderea lui Hayek, cartea a devenit un bestseller, iar el a fost invitat la turnee de conferin\u021be \u00een mai multe \u021b\u0103ri, unde a \u00eent\u00e2lnit c\u00e2\u021biva oameni care \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219eau acelea\u0219i idei. El a ob\u021binut fonduri pentru a convoca o reuniune pe tema provoc\u0103rilor actuale la Mont P\u00e8lerin, \u00een Elve\u021bia, la care au participat mai mul\u021bi g\u00e2nditori remarcabili, printre care filozoful anglo-austriac Karl R. Popper, economistul austriac Ludwig von Mises, economi\u0219tii americani Frank H. Knight, Milton Friedman \u0219i George J. Stigler, doi francezi remarcabili, filozoful Bertrand de Jouvenel \u0219i economistul Maurice Allais, precum \u0219i economi\u0219tii germani Walter Eucken \u0219i Wilhelm R\u00f6pke. Mises a fost, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Carl Menger, fondatorul \u0218colii Austriece \u00een economie, din care f\u0103cea parte \u0219i Hayek, Knight a fost fondatorul \u0218colii de la Chicago, la care Friedman \u0219i Stigler aveau s\u0103 aduc\u0103 contribu\u021bii semnificative, iar Eucken \u0219i R\u00f6pke au fost p\u0103rin\u021bii a\u0219a-numitului &#8222;Ordoliberalism&#8221; \u00een Germania (numit dup\u0103 revista lor  <em>Ordo<\/em>).<\/p><div class='related_content'><span>RELATED<\/span><ul><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/cresterea-economica-este-tot-ce-ne-trebuie'>Cre\u0219terea economic\u0103 este tot ce ne trebuie?<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/italia-devine-o-putere-europeana-a-economisirii-pe-masura-ce-tot-mai-multe-familii-apeleaza-la-fondurile-de-investitii'>Italia devine o putere european\u0103 a economisirii, pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce tot mai multe familii apeleaz\u0103 la fondurile de investi\u021bii<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/ue-avanseaza-cu-un-pachet-major-de-sprijin-financiar-pentru-ucraina'>UE avanseaz\u0103 cu un pachet major de sprijin financiar pentru Ucraina<\/li><\/a><\/ul><\/div>\n<p>Participan\u021bii la reuniunea din 1947 au decis s\u0103 formeze o societate care s\u0103 se reuneasc\u0103 o dat\u0103 la doi ani \u0219i s\u0103 discute problemele \u0219i perspectivele unei societ\u0103\u021bi libere, bazat\u0103 pe comer\u021b liber, proprietate privat\u0103 \u0219i guvernare limitat\u0103. Economistul italian Luigi Einaudi fusese invitat la reuniunea ini\u021bial\u0103, dar nu a putut participa, ceea ce i-a permis lui Hayek s\u0103 \u00eel includ\u0103 totu\u0219i ca membru fondator. Dup\u0103 ce a fost guvernator al B\u0103ncii Centrale \u0219i ministru de finan\u021be, Einaudi a devenit pre\u0219edinte al Italiei \u00een 1948. \u00cempreun\u0103 cu Alcide de Gasperi, a pus bazele &#8222;miracolului italian&#8221; de la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anilor 1940 \u0219i 1950. \u00cen Germania, Eucken \u0219i R\u00f6pke au avut o mare influen\u021b\u0103 asupra lui Konrad Adenauer \u0219i Ludwig Erhard, care, \u00eempreun\u0103, au f\u0103cut posibil &#8222;miracolul german&#8221;. \u00cen cele din urm\u0103, Erhard a devenit membru al Societ\u0103\u021bii. Este pu\u021bin remarcat faptul c\u0103, \u00een acela\u0219i timp, un &#8222;miracol&#8221; a avut loc \u0219i \u00een Austria, sub conducerea unui alt membru al Societ\u0103\u021bii Mont Pelerin, un vechi student al lui Mises, Reinhard Kamitz, ministru de finan\u021be \u00een perioada 1952-1960 \u0219i guvernator al B\u0103ncii Centrale \u00een perioada 1960-1968.<\/p>\n<h3>O fotografie din 1956<\/h3>\n<p>C\u00e2nd Hayek a vizitat Islanda \u00een prim\u0103vara anului 1980, m-a invitat la urm\u0103toarea reuniune a Societ\u0103\u021bii Mont Pelerin, care a avut loc la Stanford \u00een toamn\u0103. Am devenit membru \u00een 1984 \u0219i am f\u0103cut parte din Consiliul de administra\u021bie \u00een perioada 1998-2004. Au fost ani de schimb\u0103ri monumentale. Margaret Thatcher \u0219i Ronald Reagan au ajuns la putere \u00een cele mai mari dou\u0103 \u021b\u0103ri anglo-saxone \u0219i, prin conducerea lor ferm\u0103, au c\u00e2\u0219tigat R\u0103zboiul Rece \u00eempotriva Uniunii Sovietice, care a fost dizolvat\u0103 \u00een 1991. Dup\u0103 pr\u0103bu\u0219irea comunismului \u00een Europa Central\u0103 \u0219i de Est, politicienii inspira\u021bi de Thatcher \u0219i Reagan \u0219i influen\u021ba\u021bi de Hayek \u0219i Friedman au reu\u0219it s\u0103 elimine barierele din calea transform\u0103rii pa\u0219nice a economiilor lor \u00een capitalism democratic. Unii dintre ace\u0219ti politicieni, \u00een special <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com.br\/Power-Freedom-Central-Eastern-English-ebook\/dp\/B004LROVH6\/\">Mart Laar<\/a> \u00een Estonia \u0219i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com.br\/Renaissance-Rebirth-Liberty-Heart-Europe\/dp\/1882577477\/\">Vaclav Klaus<\/a> \u00een Republica Ceh\u0103, au fost membri ai Societ\u0103\u021bii Mont Pelerin. &#8222;Miracolul post-comunismului&#8221; a fost chiar mai uimitor dec\u00e2t miracolele germane, austriece \u0219i italiene cu patruzeci de ani mai devreme. Dintr-o dat\u0103, \u021b\u0103rile din Europa Central\u0103 \u0219i de Est, care au suferit mult timp sub tutela comunist\u0103, au redevenit \u021b\u0103ri normale.<\/p>\n<p>La adunarea general\u0103 de la Oslo a Societ\u0103\u021bii Mont Pelerin din 2022, un participant american, Dane Starbuck, mi-a ar\u0103tat o fotografie de la o \u00eent\u00e2lnire a Societ\u0103\u021bii din anii 1950. Identificase c\u00e2\u021biva americani reprezenta\u021bi, dar se \u00eentreba cine sunt ceilal\u021bi \u0219i c\u00e2nd a fost f\u0103cut\u0103. Am putut identifica imediat trei scandinavi. \u00cei \u00eent\u00e2lnisem pe doi dintre ei la reuniunile Societ\u0103\u021bii Mont Pelerin, pe profesorul suedez de economie Sven Rydenfelt \u0219i pe activistul danez Christian Gandil, \u0219i l-am recunoscut \u0219i pe jurnalistul norvegian Trygve Hoff. Desigur, Hayek, fondatorul \u0219i pre\u0219edintele Societ\u0103\u021bii, era u\u0219or de identificat. Am aflat cur\u00e2nd c\u0103 fotografia a fost f\u0103cut\u0103 \u00een timpul unei excursii la 1 septembrie 1956, la o \u00eent\u00e2lnire a Societ\u0103\u021bii Mont Pelerin din Berlinul de Vest. Acesta este reprodus mai sus. Din c\u00e2te am putut vedea, folosind diverse surse, \u00een primul r\u00e2nd de la st\u00e2nga se aflau: Friedrich Lutz, Bertha Ferrer Men\u00e9ndez, Louis Baudin, Hedwig \u0219i Erich Eyck, Enid Goodrich, Lucy Ann Elliott (asistenta lui Pierre Goodrich), Edith Eucken-Erdsiek \u0219i neidentificat. \u00cen al doilea r\u00e2nd de la st\u00e2nga la dreapta se aflau: neidentificat, Hendrik Arie Lunshof, Trygve Hoff, Christian Gandil, Emilio Men\u00e9ndez, neidentificat, Albert Hunold, Leonard Read, Claire Grosse-Schulze (interpret\u0103), John MacCallum Scott, Pierre Goodrich, Lord Grantchester (Alfred Suenson-Taylor), Ludwig von Mises, F. A. Harper, Sven Rydenfelt, Franz B\u00f6hm, Friedrich A. von Hayek \u0219i neidentificat.<\/p>\n<h3>Austriecii<\/h3>\n<p>Mi s-a p\u0103rut fascinant s\u0103 sap pu\u021bin \u00een trecutul \u0219i realiz\u0103rile persoanelor din fotografie. Istoria este despre oameni, nu despre numere. \u0218i unii sau chiar to\u021bi ace\u0219ti oameni erau destul de interesan\u021bi, nu doar ca scriitori, ci \u0219i ca personalit\u0103\u021bi. \u00cen cartea mea despre <a href=\"https:\/\/newdirection.online\/2018-publications-pdf\/ND-ThinkersVol2-2020f.pdf\"><br \/>\n  <em>Dou\u0103zeci \u0219i patru de g\u00e2nditori conservatori-liberali<\/em><br \/>\n<\/a> am dedicat capitole celor doi austrieci descri\u0219i, Hayek \u0219i Mises. Am\u00e2ndoi se n\u0103scuser\u0103 \u0219i crescuser\u0103 \u00een Imperiul Habsburgic, care, \u00een timp, se transformase \u00eentr-o cvasi-federa\u021bie pa\u0219nic\u0103 \u0219i civilizat\u0103 de state din bazinul dun\u0103rean. Descris\u0103 \u00een mod str\u0103lucit de Stefan Zweig \u00een <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/World-Yesterday-Stefan-Zweig\/dp\/0803226616\/\"><br \/>\n  <em>Die Welt von Gestern<\/em><br \/>\n<\/a> (Lumea de ieri), era o zon\u0103 vast\u0103 de liber schimb, cu o moned\u0103 comun\u0103, solid\u0103 pe standardul aurului, cu o economie care se \u00eendrepta \u00eencet, dar sigur, spre o prosperitate sporit\u0103, \u00een retrospectiv\u0103, un bastion al stabilit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i al libert\u0103\u021bii \u00een fa\u021ba legii. Aceasta a fost o lume care a fost distrus\u0103 \u00een Marele R\u0103zboi din 1914-1918. Sub influen\u021ba economi\u0219tilor austrieci Carl Menger \u0219i Eugen von B\u00f6hm-Bawerk, Mises (1881-1973) a devenit un liberal economic intransigent. \u00cen a doua s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 a lunii ianuarie 1920, a citit o lucrare \u00een fa\u021ba Societ\u0103\u021bii Economice Austriece din Viena, \u00een care sus\u021binea c\u0103 socialismul nu va func\u021biona niciodat\u0103 a\u0219a cum sus\u021bineau sus\u021bin\u0103torii s\u0103i. Motivul a fost c\u0103 planificatorii prev\u0103zu\u021bi de sociali\u0219ti \u0219i investi\u021bi cu puteri nelimitate nu ar fi niciodat\u0103 capabili s\u0103 calculeze \u00een mod adecvat costurile deciziilor alternative, deoarece nu ar avea pre\u021buri formate \u00een mod liber pe pia\u021ba liber\u0103 pentru a-i ghida. Astfel de pre\u021buri reflectau penuria relativ\u0103 \u0219i \u00eenregistrau schimb\u0103rile care aveau loc \u00een economie. Potrivit lui Mises, era esen\u021bial ca bunurile de capital (sau ceea ce marxi\u0219tii numeau mijloace de produc\u021bie) s\u0103 fie de\u021binute \u00een proprietate privat\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 poat\u0103 fi schimbate \u00een mod liber, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 fie disponibile informa\u021bii despre utilizarea lor cea mai eficient\u0103. Mises a dezvoltat acest argument \u00eentr-o carte din 1922, <em>Die Gemeinwirtschaft<\/em> (tradus\u0103 ca <em>Socialism<\/em> \u00een 1932).<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen mai multe lucr\u0103ri academice \u0219i incisive, Hayek (1899-1992) a rafinat \u0219i a extins argumentul. De la dificult\u0103\u021bile de calculare a costurilor alternative, a devenit un argument despre utilizarea <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cato.org\/sites\/cato.org\/files\/articles\/hayek-use-knowledge-society.pdf\">cuno\u0219tin\u021belor<\/a> \u00een societate. De exemplu, singura modalitate de a utiliza cuno\u0219tin\u021bele speciale locale \u0219i temporare ale indivizilor, precum \u0219i competen\u021bele \u0219i abilit\u0103\u021bile specifice acestora, era de a le permite acestora s\u0103 ia decizii pe baza acestor cuno\u0219tin\u021be personale \u0219i inalienabile ale lor. Dispersia cuno\u0219tin\u021belor a necesitat o dispersie corespunz\u0103toare a puterii p\u00e2n\u0103 la nivel individual, ceea ce presupunea proprietate privat\u0103 \u0219i comer\u021b liber. (Acesta este, desigur, \u0219i argumentul pentru principiul subsidiarit\u0103\u021bii \u00een g\u00e2ndirea politic\u0103 catolic\u0103.) La acest argument economic \u00eempotriva socialismului, Hayek a ad\u0103ugat argumentul politic conform c\u0103ruia concentrarea puterii \u00een m\u00e2inile planificatorilor economici nu numai c\u0103 ar reprezenta un pericol pentru libertatea individual\u0103 &#8211; aspect recunoscut de liberali anteriori, precum John Stuart Mill -, dar ar necesita, de asemenea, manipularea \u0219i suprimarea preferin\u021belor individuale, ceea ce ar duce la servitute, dup\u0103 cum s-a men\u021bionat deja. Mai t\u00e2rziu, Hayek a extins argumentul \u00een timp: capitalul cultural acumulat de genera\u021biile anterioare poate fi valorificat de genera\u021bia actual\u0103 doar dac\u0103 aceasta recunoa\u0219te \u0219i respect\u0103 tradi\u021biile. Pre\u021burile transmiteau cuno\u0219tin\u021be despre circumstan\u021bele locale, iar tradi\u021biile transmiteau cuno\u0219tin\u021be despre regulile care au rezistat \u00een timp. Astfel, Hayek a devenit un sus\u021bin\u0103tor a ceea ce eu am numit <a href=\"https:\/\/newdirection.online\/2018-publications-pdf\/ND-ThinkersVol1-2020f.pdf\">liberalism conservator<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Economistul austriac Joseph Schumpeter a remarcat odat\u0103, cu sarcasm, c\u0103 se pare c\u0103 exist\u0103 un munte \u00een Elve\u021bia unde economi\u0219tii se adunau pentru a-\u0219i exprima opozi\u021bia fa\u021b\u0103 de socialismul invadator, f\u0103r\u0103 ca nimeni s\u0103 le dea aten\u021bie. Cu toate acestea, \u00eentr-o recenzie atent\u0103 a c\u0103r\u021bii lui Hayek <em>Road to Serfdom<\/em>, Schumpeter a comentat c\u0103 autorul a fost &#8222;politicos p\u00e2n\u0103 la gre\u0219eal\u0103&#8221;. Acest lucru a fost cu siguran\u021b\u0103 corect. Hayek pe care l-am cunoscut eu era un adev\u0103rat gentleman, care nu atribuia niciodat\u0103 motive josnice adversarilor s\u0103i, care prezenta argumente solide pentru cauza sa \u00een loc s\u0103 se joace doar cu cuvintele. Dar, din excelenta <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Hayek-Life-1899-1950-Bruce-Caldwell\/dp\/0226816826\">biografie<\/a> recent\u0103 a lui Hayek, realizat\u0103 de Bruce Caldwell, reiese c\u0103 sub comportamentul s\u0103u aristocratic, rece \u0219i deta\u0219at se ascunde un individ pasionat. \u00cen 1923-1924, a plecat \u00eentr-o c\u0103l\u0103torie de studiu din Austria natal\u0103 \u00een Statele Unite (unde a participat la o recep\u021bie oferit\u0103 de pre\u0219edintele Calvin Coolidge la Casa Alb\u0103 pentru Asocia\u021bia Economic\u0103 American\u0103). Amanta lui din copil\u0103rie, Helene Bitterlich, a r\u0103mas \u00een Austria \u0219i, din cauza unei ne\u00een\u021belegeri, s-a c\u0103s\u0103torit cu un alt b\u0103rbat, lucru pe care Hayek l-a descoperit cu consternare la \u00eentoarcere. Ulterior, \u0219i pe cale de consecin\u021b\u0103, Hayek s-a c\u0103s\u0103torit cu o alt\u0103 femeie. \u00cen 1932, a fost numit profesor de economie la London School of Economics. Dar dragostea dintre Hayek \u0219i Helene a persistat, iar \u00een 1934 au ajuns la concluzia c\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 se c\u0103s\u0103toreasc\u0103. Cu toate acestea, so\u021bia lui Hayek a refuzat divor\u021bul. Dup\u0103 r\u0103zboi, Hayek \u0219i Helene au decis c\u0103 nu pot tr\u0103i unul f\u0103r\u0103 cel\u0103lalt. Din nou, so\u021bia lui Hayek a refuzat \u0219i a apelat la consiliere juridic\u0103. Hayek trebuia acum s\u0103 caute un loc de munc\u0103 care s\u0103 \u00eei permit\u0103 s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i \u00eentre\u021bin\u0103 familia \u00een Anglia \u00een timp ce se c\u0103s\u0103torea cu Helene. A g\u0103sit-o \u00een Statele Unite, la Chicago. Astfel, \u00een 1950 a petrecut un semestru academic \u00een Arkansas, unde dreptul familiei era permisiv, a ob\u021binut divor\u021bul acolo \u0219i s-a c\u0103s\u0103torit cu Helene la Viena, dup\u0103 care s-au stabilit la Chicago. Aceasta a fost o decizie costisitoare, nu numai din punct de vedere financiar. Unii dintre prietenii s\u0103i din Anglia au considerat c\u0103 nu \u0219i-a tratat bine prima so\u021bie \u0219i au rupt orice rela\u021bie cu el.<\/p>\n<h3>Germanii \u0219i elve\u021bienii<\/h3>\n<p>\u00cen timp ce Ludwig von Mises \u0219i Friedrich August von Hayek au fost cu siguran\u021b\u0103 cei mai formidabili g\u00e2nditori din fotografie, au fost \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219a\u021bi mul\u021bi al\u021bi savan\u021bi eminen\u021bi, scriitori \u0219i oameni de afaceri. Patru au venit din Germania. Franz B\u00f6hm (1895-1977) a sus\u021binut &#8222;ordoliberalismul&#8221; german al lui Eucken, R\u00f6pke \u0219i Erhard. \u00cenainte de cel de-al Doilea R\u0103zboi Mondial, a predat economie la Freiburg, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd, \u00een 1938, i s-a interzis s\u0103 mai predea, deoarece era un critic deschis al politicilor naziste. A sc\u0103pat de arest dup\u0103 tentativa e\u0219uat\u0103 de asasinare a lui Hitler \u00een iulie 1944 doar pentru c\u0103 nazi\u0219tii l-au confundat cu un omonim, un preot catolic, pe care l-au arestat. Dup\u0103 r\u0103zboi, B\u00f6hm a predat economie la Freiburg. A fost, de asemenea, membru al Bundestagului german din partea cre\u0219tin-democra\u021bilor \u00een perioada 1953-1965 \u0219i \u0219ef al delega\u021biei germane pentru negocierile cu Israel privind desp\u0103gubirile. Edith Eucken-Erdsiek (1896-1985) a fost v\u0103duva lui Walter Eucken, care a murit prematur \u00een 1950, dar a fost \u0219i filozof \u0219i scriitoare de sine st\u0103t\u0103toare, fiind autoarea mai multor c\u0103r\u021bi, dintre care una a fost o colec\u021bie de eseuri despre opt persoane care au marcat secolul XX: Otto von Bismarck (de\u0219i a murit \u00een 1898, cu siguran\u021b\u0103 a aruncat o umbr\u0103 lung\u0103 \u00een viitor), Vladimir Lenin, Iosif Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Winston S. Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt \u0219i Charles de Gaulle. Erich Eyck (1878-1964) a fost un evreu german care a practicat avocatura la Berlin, dar a emigrat \u00een Anglia \u00een 1937 \u0219i a devenit cet\u0103\u021bean britanic. \u00cen anii 1940, a scris o biografie foarte informativ\u0103 a lui Otto von Bismarck \u00een trei volume, iar mai t\u00e2rziu o istorie a nefericitei Republici de la Weimar. Concluzia sa, dup\u0103 un studiu atent al surselor originale, a fost c\u0103 nu a existat nimic inevitabil \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te dispari\u021bia liberalismului clasic \u00een Germania. Condu\u0219i de cinicul \u0219i autoritaristul (de\u0219i genial) Bismarck, germanii au luat o cale gre\u0219it\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Al patrulea german, Friedrich Lutz (1901-1975), a fost un economist care a lucrat cu Walter Eucken la Freiburg, dar \u00een 1937 s-a mutat \u00een Statele Unite \u00eempreun\u0103 cu so\u021bia sa, Vera Smith, care nu apare \u00een fotografie. Ea fusese student\u0103 a lui Hayek la London School of Economics \u0219i scrisese o diserta\u021bie interesant\u0103 despre banca central\u0103 \u0219i alternativa b\u0103ncii libere. \u00cen 1953, Friedrich Lutz s-a \u00eentors \u00een Europa ca profesor de economie la Universitatea din Z\u00fcrich. Economist de renume, a fost pre\u0219edinte al Societ\u0103\u021bii Mont Pelerin \u00een perioada 1964-1967. Albert Hunold (1899-1980) a fost un personaj cu totul diferit. Un om de afaceri care ocupase diverse locuri de munc\u0103 \u00een Elve\u021bia natal\u0103, a devenit un liberal convins citind lucr\u0103rile lui Mises. S-a folosit de bunele sale rela\u021bii cu comunitatea de afaceri elve\u021bian\u0103 pentru a str\u00e2nge fonduri pentru conferin\u021ba ini\u021bial\u0103 a Societ\u0103\u021bii Mont Pelerin, al c\u0103rei prim secretar a devenit. Un om energic \u0219i hot\u0103r\u00e2t, a organizat conferin\u021ba de la Berlin aproape de unul singur. Cu toate acestea, unii membri, \u00een special din Statele Unite, nu i-au apreciat stilul autoritar \u0219i mentalitatea sectar\u0103 \u0219i a fost for\u021bat s\u0103 demisioneze din func\u021bia de secretar \u00een 1960, iar la scurt timp dup\u0103 aceea a p\u0103r\u0103sit societatea.<\/p>\n<h3>Americanii<\/h3>\n<p>Doi dintre americanii din fotografie au fost membri fondatori ai Societ\u0103\u021bii Mont Pelerin, Leonard Read \u0219i F. A. Harper. Read (1898-1983) a fost directorul general al filialei din Los Angeles a Camerei de Comer\u021b a Statelor Unite. Dup\u0103 ce a devenit un fervent liber-comerciant sub influen\u021ba lui Mises \u0219i Ayn Rand, a \u00eenfiin\u021bat \u00een 1946 <a href=\"https:\/\/fee.org\/\">Funda\u021bia pentru Educa\u021bie Economic\u0103<\/a>, unul dintre primele grupuri de reflec\u021bie despre pia\u021ba liber\u0103 din lume. Read a vorbit \u0219i s-a comportat ca un om de afaceri \u0219i a fost un eficient colector de fonduri. A scris mai multe c\u0103r\u021bi populare \u0219i a compus o faimoas\u0103 parabol\u0103, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=IYO3tOqDISE\">&#8222;Eu, creionul<\/a>&#8222;, \u00een care a descris diviziunea muncii, esen\u021bial\u0103 pentru ob\u021binerea prosperit\u0103\u021bii. Floyd Arthur Harper (1905-1973) a fost timp \u00eendelungat profesor de economie agricol\u0103 la Universitatea Cornell. A fost, de asemenea, un liberal economic convins, iar \u00een 1946, c\u00e2nd oficialii universit\u0103\u021bii nu i-au permis s\u0103 predea la cursuri scrierile lui F. A. Hayek, a demisionat \u0219i s-a al\u0103turat Funda\u021biei pentru Educa\u021bie Economic\u0103 a lui Read. \u00cen 1961, a fondat <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theihs.org\/\">Institutul de Studii Umane<\/a>, care se concentreaz\u0103 pe identificarea tinerilor cercet\u0103tori cu vederi conservatoare-liberale \u0219i pe promovarea carierei acestora. Am participat de multe ori la cursurile de var\u0103 ale Institutului, at\u00e2t c\u00e2nd acesta era situat \u00een Menlo Park, California, c\u00e2t \u0219i dup\u0103 ce s-a mutat \u00een Fairfax, Virginia, \u0219i au fost interesante din punct de vedere intelectual, mai ales pentru c\u0103 mi-au atras aten\u021bia asupra unor g\u00e2nditori neglija\u021bi \u00een universit\u0103\u021bi, precum Benjamin Constant, Herbert Spencer \u0219i William Graham Sumner.<\/p>\n<p>Pierre Goodrich (1894-1973) se afla la Berlin \u00eempreun\u0103 cu so\u021bia sa Enid \u0219i asistenta sa, Lucy Ann Elliott. A fost un avocat \u0219i om de afaceri de succes \u00een Indianapolis, care a de\u021binut mai multe companii profitabile, dar, spre deosebire de mul\u021bi oameni de afaceri, a fost un cititor avid de literatur\u0103 clasic\u0103, precum \u0219i un sus\u021bin\u0103tor ferm al celor trei principii principale ale liberalismului conservator, proprietatea privat\u0103, comer\u021bul liber \u0219i guvernul limitat. M-am bucurat s\u0103 v\u0103d c\u0103 cronicarul islandez din secolul al XIII-lea, Snorri Sturluson, a fost unul dintre autorii recomanda\u021bi de Goodrich. Eu sus\u021bin \u00een cartea mea despre <a href=\"https:\/\/newdirection.online\/2018-publications-pdf\/ND-ThinkersVol1-2020f.pdf\"><br \/>\n  <em>Dou\u0103zeci \u0219i patru de g\u00e2nditori conservatori-liberali<\/em><br \/>\n<\/a> c\u0103 poate Snorri, mai degrab\u0103 dec\u00e2t Aquinas, ar merita s\u0103 fie numit primul Whig. \u00cen 1960, Goodrich a \u00eenfiin\u021bat <a href=\"https:\/\/www.libertyfund.org\/\">Liberty Fund<\/a>, o organiza\u021bie non-profit al c\u0103rei scop este &#8222;de a \u00eencuraja studiul idealului unei societ\u0103\u021bi de indivizi liberi \u0219i responsabili&#8221;. Fondul face acest lucru prin publicarea de c\u0103r\u021bi bine alese \u0219i bine produse, adesea clasice, \u0219i prin organizarea de colocvii \u00een \u00eentreaga lume, desf\u0103\u0219urate conform regulilor stabilite de Goodrich, care au fost menite s\u0103 stimuleze conversa\u021biile socratice mai degrab\u0103 dec\u00e2t oratoriile platonice. Spre marele meu beneficiu, am participat la multe dintre aceste colocvii. Liberty Fund a jucat un rol indispensabil \u00een men\u021binerea tradi\u021biei libert\u0103\u021bii \u00een fa\u021ba legii. Goodrich a adoptat cu \u00een\u021belepciune o viziune pe termen lung, \u00een loc s\u0103 insiste pe rezultate imediate.<\/p>\n<h3>Scandinavii<\/h3>\n<p>Cei trei scandinavi din fotografie, Trygve Hoff, Christian Gandil \u0219i Sven Rydenfelt, au fost voci \u00een pustietate \u00een anii postbelici, c\u00e2nd p\u0103rea s\u0103 existe un consens puternic \u00een \u021b\u0103rile nordice cu privire la extinderea rolului guvernului de a asigura securitatea de la leag\u0103n la morm\u00e2nt. Membru fondator al Societ\u0103\u021bii Mont Pelerin, Hoff (1895-1982) a fost nu numai jurnalist, ci \u0219i economist, care a scris o <a href=\"https:\/\/mises.org\/library\/book\/economic-calculation-socialist-society\">tez\u0103<\/a> de doctorat despre problemele de planificare \u00een socialism. A fost editor \u0219i redactor al unei reviste populare de afaceri, <em>Farmand<\/em>, unde s-a opus neobosit tendin\u021bei spre socialism din \u021bara sa. Am tradus recent un interesant schimb de scrisori din 1941 \u00eentre el \u0219i cel mai important economist socialist din Norvegia, Ragnar Frisch, despre socialism \u0219i democra\u021bie. Frisch p\u0103rea s\u0103 nu \u021bin\u0103 seama de pericolul pe care \u00eel reprezint\u0103 pentru libertate un guvern nelimitat. Schimbul de opinii va fi publicat \u00een cur\u00e2nd \u00een <em>Econ Watch Journal<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>I-am \u00eent\u00e2lnit pe Rydenfelt \u0219i Gandil la primele conferin\u021be ale Societ\u0103\u021bii Mont Pelerin la care am participat, la \u00eenceputul anilor 1980. Timid \u0219i mic de statur\u0103, dar ferm \u0219i ne\u00eenfricat, Rydenfelt (1911-2005) a fost un ap\u0103r\u0103tor de neclintit al pie\u021bei libere \u00een deceniile \u00een care aceasta nu era la mod\u0103 \u00een Suedia, subliniind \u00eentotdeauna rolul antreprenoriatului \u0219i al inova\u021biei. La reuniunea Societ\u0103\u021bii din 1956, care a avut loc la Berlin, a devenit membru. A predat economie la Universitatea din Lund \u0219i a scris mai multe c\u0103r\u021bi, majoritatea pentru publicul larg. Nu a fost promovat din cauza opiniilor sale \u0219i a devenit profesor titular abia \u00een 1991, c\u00e2nd un guvern conservator-liberal a preluat puterea. P\u00e2n\u0103 atunci, el devenise un fel de erou pentru tinerii liberali \u0219i conservatori clasici din \u021bara sa. Gandil (1907-1999) a fost economist, specializat \u00een silvicultur\u0103, dar cartea lui Hayek &#8221; <em>Drumul spre servitute<\/em> &#8221; a avut un mare impact asupra sa. Cartea a fost discutat\u0103 pe larg \u00een Danemarca, precum \u0219i \u00een celelalte \u021b\u0103ri nordice (chiar \u0219i \u00een Islanda!), iar comunitatea de afaceri danez\u0103 a decis s\u0103 \u00eenfiin\u021beze o agen\u021bie de informare, al c\u0103rei director a devenit Gandil. Aceast\u0103 agen\u021bie a fost destul de activ\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anilor 1940 \u0219i \u00eenceputul anilor 1950, dar ulterior interesul a sc\u0103zut \u0219i a fost lichidat\u0103. Gandil a fost mai mult un activist dec\u00e2t un erudit, primind porecla de Propagandil. El \u0219i ceilal\u021bi doi scandinavi din fotografia de la Berlin au g\u0103sit \u00een Societatea Mont Pelerin un refugiu binevenit fa\u021b\u0103 de ortodoxia de acas\u0103.<\/p>\n<h3>Ceilal\u021bi<\/h3>\n<p>Nu am reu\u0219it s\u0103 aflu prea multe despre ceilal\u021bi indivizi descri\u0219i. John MacCallum Scott s-a n\u0103scut \u00een 1911. A fost avocat \u0219i autorul mai multor c\u0103r\u021bi de c\u0103l\u0103torie \u0219i a fost secretar al Interna\u021bionalei Liberale, format\u0103 \u00een 1947, o alian\u021b\u0103 interna\u021bional\u0103 de partide liberale (dar neconservatoare). De asemenea, a condus Pall Mall Press. Alfred Suenson-Taylor, primul baron Grantchester (1893-1976), a fost un bancher britanic, activ \u00een Partidul Liberal. Hendrik Arie Lunshof (1904-1978) a fost un cunoscut jurnalist olandez. \u00cen 1942, a demisionat \u00een semn de protest din func\u021bia de corespondent al ziarului <em>De Telegraaf<\/em>, dup\u0103 ce, sub presiunea nazist\u0103, ziarul a publicat un editorial antisemit, dar dup\u0103 r\u0103zboi a devenit un critic al neregulilor \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te tratamentul colaboratorilor olandezi. Lunshof a fost redactor la <em>De Telegraaf<\/em> \u00een perioada 1949-1953 \u0219i apoi la <em>Elseviers Weekblad<\/em> p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1965. A scris mai multe biografii \u0219i c\u0103r\u021bi de istorie. Emilio Men\u00e9ndez a fost un distins avocat cubanez. F\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 fie afectat de leg\u0103turi cu dictatura corupt\u0103 a lui Batista, a fost numit, dup\u0103 Revolu\u021bia cubanez\u0103 din ianuarie 1959, pre\u0219edinte al Cur\u021bii Supreme din Cuba. A demisionat \u00een noiembrie 1960 \u0219i a cerut azil politic la Ambasada Argentinei din Havana. A fost membru al guvernului cubanez \u00een exil, care trebuia s\u0103 preia puterea dup\u0103 invazia din 1961 a Cubei de c\u0103tre anticomuni\u0219ti, care \u00eens\u0103 a e\u0219uat. Louis Baudin (1887-1964) a fost profesor de drept, mai \u00eent\u00e2i la Dijon \u0219i apoi la Sorbona din Paris. A scris mai multe c\u0103r\u021bi despre bani \u0219i credite, precum \u0219i o carte intrigant\u0103 despre <a href=\"https:\/\/mises.org\/library\/book\/socialist-empire-incas-peru\"><br \/>\n  <em>Un imperiu socialist: Incasii din Peru,<\/em><br \/>\n<\/a> publicat\u0103 \u00een 1928. Acolo a descris lumea ciudat\u0103 de uniformitate \u0219i rigiditate pe care o construiser\u0103 inca\u0219ii. Alegerea individual\u0103 a fost complet suprimat\u0103. Nu era o societate uman\u0103, ci mai degrab\u0103 un stup de albine sau un furnicar &#8211; un co\u0219mar orwellian, cu excep\u021bia faptului c\u0103 se \u00eent\u00e2mplase \u00een via\u021ba real\u0103 \u0219i nu era produsul imagina\u021biei fertile a unui scriitor.<\/p>\n<p>(Dac\u0103 cineva care cite\u0219te aceste r\u00e2nduri recunoa\u0219te vreunul dintre cei patru indivizi neidentifica\u021bi din fotografie sau poate contribui cu mai multe informa\u021bii despre cei reprezenta\u021bi, a\u0219 aprecia un mesaj pe pagina mea de Facebook).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Intelectualii de st\u00e2nga au descoperit c\u0103 un &#8222;colectiv de g\u00e2ndire&#8221; numit Societatea Mont Pelerin a avut o influen\u021b\u0103 discret\u0103 \u00een ultimele c\u00e2teva decenii. \u00cen prezent, ei public\u0103 o carte dup\u0103 alta despre aceasta, d\u00e2nd vina pe succesul a ceea ce ei numesc &#8222;neoliberalism&#8221;. Poate c\u0103 ace\u0219tia exagereaz\u0103 influen\u021ba Societ\u0103\u021bii. John Maynard Keynes a pretins prea [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":52,"featured_media":23105,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[183],"tags":[936,1000,911,1296],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[329],"types":[456],"class_list":["post-23125","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultura-ro","tag-berlin","tag-conservatism","tag-liberalism","tag-neo-liberalism","regions-central-europe-ro","types-opinion-ro"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>O privire \u00een istorie - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/o-privire-in-istorie\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"O privire \u00een istorie - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Intelectualii de st\u00e2nga au descoperit c\u0103 un &#8222;colectiv de g\u00e2ndire&#8221; numit Societatea Mont Pelerin a avut o influen\u021b\u0103 discret\u0103 \u00een ultimele c\u00e2teva decenii. \u00cen prezent, ei public\u0103 o carte dup\u0103 alta despre aceasta, d\u00e2nd vina pe succesul a ceea ce ei numesc &#8222;neoliberalism&#8221;. Poate c\u0103 ace\u0219tia exagereaz\u0103 influen\u021ba Societ\u0103\u021bii. 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