{"id":2360,"date":"2021-11-07T13:50:41","date_gmt":"2021-11-07T13:50:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cafe-landtmann-1873-1918-si-2021"},"modified":"2021-11-07T13:50:41","modified_gmt":"2021-11-07T13:50:41","slug":"cafe-landtmann-1873-1918-si-2021","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/cafe-landtmann-1873-1918-si-2021","title":{"rendered":"Caf\u00e9 Landtmann, 1873, 1918 \u0219i 2021"},"content":{"rendered":"

Carl Menger \u0219i fra\u021bii s\u0103i; Max Weber \u0219i Joseph Schumpeter; problemele Austriei \u0219i ale lumii…<\/p>\n

A fost o vineri luminoas\u0103 \u0219i r\u0103coroas\u0103, pe 6 noiembrie 2021, c\u00e2nd am luat pr\u00e2nzul cu c\u00e2\u021biva prieteni la Landtmann Caf\u00e9 din Viena, imediat dup\u0103 \u00eencheierea unei conferin\u021be<\/a> de succes despre \u0218coala Austriac\u0103 de Economie, organizat\u0103 de Dr. Barbara Kolm la Austrian. Banca centrala. Cafeneaua se afl\u0103 pe Ring din Viena, aproape de Teatrul Burg, Prim\u0103rie \u0219i Universitate. A fost \u00eenfiin\u021bat\u0103 \u00een 1873 \u0219i de atunci a fost o institu\u021bie vienez\u0103.<\/p>\n

Menger \u0219i fra\u021bii lui<\/h2>\n

Aici Carl Menger<\/a> , tat\u0103l \u0218colii austriece de economie, obi\u0219nuia s\u0103-\u0219i cunoasc\u0103 cei doi fra\u021bi, Max \u0219i Anton, \u0219i prietenii lor \u0219i s\u0103 discute cu ei despre economie \u0219i politic\u0103. N\u0103scut \u00een 1840, Menger \u0219i-a publicat \u00een 1871 Principles of Economics<\/em><\/a> , care era \u00een multe privin\u021be o lucrare la fel de original\u0103 ca \u0219i Wealth of Nations a<\/em> lui Adam Smith<\/a> . Marea inova\u021bie a lui Menger a fost de a \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bi bunurile \u00een unit\u0103\u021bi \u0219i de a analiza c\u00e2te unit\u0103\u021bi dintr-un bun ar putea fi \u00eenlocuite cu unit\u0103\u021bi ale altui bun pentru a satisface nevoile umane la fel de bine. Aceasta, pe scurt, este o analiz\u0103 marginal\u0103. Bunurile ar trebui s\u0103 fie comercializate la valoarea lor marginal\u0103, pentru a oferi consumatorilor c\u00e2t mai mult\u0103 satisfac\u021bie posibil. Menger a subliniat, la fel ca Smith \u00eenaintea lui, c\u0103 scopul final al \u00eentregii produc\u021bii era consumul. Dar ceea ce difer\u0103 de Smith a fost prin aceea c\u0103 \u0219i-a dat seama c\u0103 valoarea este subiectiv\u0103 \u0219i c\u0103 anumite cantit\u0103\u021bi de bunuri diferite erau egale ca valoare dac\u0103 aveau aceea\u0219i capacitate de a satisface nevoile consumatorilor. Nu trecutul bunului a fost relevant, costul s\u0103u de produc\u021bie, ci mai degrab\u0103 viitorul s\u0103u, evaluarea lui de c\u0103tre poten\u021bialii utilizatori.<\/p>\n

Acest lucru poate suna banal, dar a lipsit dou\u0103 idei politice populare la acea vreme, georismul \u0219i marxismul, de fundamentele lor teoretice, a\u0219a cum subliniasem \u00een lucrarea mea la conferin\u021b\u0103 cu o zi mai devreme. Georgismul a fost numit dup\u0103 scriitorul american Henry George (1839\u20131897) care a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat c\u0103 p\u0103m\u00e2ntul este special prin faptul c\u0103 oferta sa era fix\u0103, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t chiria s\u0103 poat\u0103 fi perceput\u0103 pentru utilizarea sa f\u0103r\u0103 ca proprietarul terenului s\u0103 contribuie \u00een vreun fel la valoarea lui. Dar Menger a subliniat c\u0103 terenul este la fel ca orice alt bun \u0219i c\u0103 ar trebui s\u0103 fie evaluat la margine. Valoarea terenului nu a reflectat nicio contribu\u021bie a proprietarului terenului sau a naturii, ci mai degrab\u0103 evaluarea de c\u0103tre agen\u021bii economici individuali a posibilei sale utiliz\u0103ri \u00een viitor.<\/p>\n

Pe de alt\u0103 parte, marxismul a fost numit dup\u0103 filozoful german Karl Marx (1818\u20131883), care a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat c\u0103 munca este special\u0103 prin faptul c\u0103 creaz\u0103 toat\u0103 valoare \u0219i c\u0103 burghezia a exploatat proletariatul, for\u021b\u00e2ndu-l s\u0103 supravie\u021buiasc\u0103 cu salarii avarii. Dar Menger a subliniat c\u0103 valoarea nu a fost creat\u0103 de munc\u0103. Valoarea a fost creat\u0103 \u00een procesul pie\u021bei. Era vorba despre c\u00e2t de bine cantit\u0103\u021bile date de bunuri pot satisface nevoile umane. Munca era la fel ca orice alt bun. Ar trebui s\u0103 aib\u0103 un pre\u021b la marj\u0103, dac\u0103 ar fi s\u0103 contribuie c\u00e2t mai mult la satisfac\u021bia uman\u0103. Dac\u0103 venitul dvs. este de a oferi informa\u021bii despre cum pute\u021bi servi cel mai bine nevoile altora, atunci trebuie s\u0103 reflecte utilitatea dvs. marginal\u0103 pentru al\u021bii.<\/p>\n

Presvestirile lui Menger<\/h2>\n

Menger a fost numit profesor de economie la Universitatea din Viena \u00een 1873 \u0219i s-a bucurat de un asemenea respect ca savant, \u00eenc\u00e2t trei ani mai t\u00e2rziu a devenit tutore particular al prin\u021bului mo\u0219tenitor Rudolf, fiul \u00eemp\u0103ratului habsburgic Franz Josef. Prelegerile sale c\u0103tre prin\u021b au supravie\u021buit. Acolo el explic\u0103 clar beneficiile comer\u021bului liber, propriet\u0103\u021bii private \u0219i guvern\u0103rii limitate. Dup\u0103 ce a petrecut doi ani cu Prin\u021bul, \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u00e2ndu-l \u0219i c\u0103l\u0103torind cu el prin Europa, Menger s-a \u00eentors la profesorul s\u0103u la Universitate \u00een 1878. Erau vremuri tulburi. Imperiul multina\u021bional dun\u0103rean a suferit \u00eenfr\u00e2ngere \u00eentr-un r\u0103zboi \u00eempotriva Prusiei \u00een 1866, iar un an mai t\u00e2rziu domina\u021biile habsburgice fuseser\u0103 transformate \u00eentr-o uniune \u00eentre p\u0103r\u021bile austriece \u0219i maghiare. \u00centregul Imperiu a format totu\u0219i o uria\u0219\u0103 zon\u0103 de liber schimb, cu o moned\u0103 comun\u0103, temeinic bazat\u0103 pe etalonul aur, iar ultimele decenii ale secolului al XIX-lea \u0219i \u00eenceputul secolului al XX-lea au cunoscut mult progres economic, \u00een timp ce minorit\u0103\u021bi precum evreii se bucurau de protec\u0163ia coroanei duale.<\/p>\n

Fratele lui Menger, Max, \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219ea p\u0103rerile sale politice \u0219i era membru al Camerei Deputa\u021bilor din Austria, \u00een timp ce al treilea frate Anton, un cunoscut profesor de drept, era socialist. Cei trei fra\u021bi au avut multe de ce s\u0103 se certe la Landtmann Caf\u00e9. Menger a fost pesimist cu privire la viitorul Imperiului Habsburgic \u0219i, la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anilor 1870, i-a spus doctorului Joachim Landau, un membru liberal al Camerei Deputa\u021bilor din Austria \u0219i un prieten al lui Max: \u201ePoliticile conduse de puterile europene vor duce la un r\u0103zboi oribil care se va \u00eencheia cu revolu\u021bii \u00eenfior\u0103toare, cu dispari\u021bia culturii europene \u0219i cu distrugerea prosperit\u0103\u021bii tuturor na\u021biunilor. Prin\u021bul Rudolf \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219ea pesimismul profund al lui Menger \u0219i, \u00een mod tragic, \u00een 1889, s-a sinucis. Menger a fost ridicat la Camera Lorzilor din Austria \u00een 1900, dar s-a retras din func\u021bia de profesor \u00een 1903. A murit \u00een 1921.<\/p>\n

Weber \u0219i Schumpeter<\/h2>\n

Din p\u0103cate, grijile lui Menger nu erau nefondate. Primul R\u0103zboi Mondial a \u00eenceput \u00een vara anului 1914, dup\u0103 ce un agent s\u00e2rb \u00eel asasinase pe mo\u0219tenitorul tronului Habsburgic la Saraievo. A\u0219a-numitele Puteri Centrale, Austro-Ungaria \u0219i Germania, au luptat \u00eempotriva Fran\u021bei, Rusiei, Regatului Unit \u0219i \u00een cele din urm\u0103 \u0219i Statelor Unite. \u00cen 1917, Imperiul Rus s-a pr\u0103bu\u0219it, iar c\u00e2teva luni mai t\u00e2rziu bol\u0219evicii, condu\u0219i de Lenin, au preluat puterea. Ei au suprimat cu brutalitate orice opozi\u021bie politic\u0103 \u0219i au ucis familia imperial\u0103 rus\u0103 \u0219i mul\u021bi membri ai vechii aristocra\u021bii, transform\u00e2nd acei aristocra\u021bi pe care nu i-au ucis \u00een cet\u0103\u021beni de clasa a doua, cunoscu\u021bi ca \u201efo\u0219ti oameni\u201d. Bol\u0219evicii au na\u021bionalizat mijloacele de produc\u021bie \u0219i au \u00eencercat s\u0103 controleze economia prin planificarea economic\u0103 central\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u00centreaga lume a urm\u0103rit cu uimire \u0219i mirare evenimentele din Rusia. La \u00eenceputul anului 1918, sociologul german Max Weber a petrecut ceva timp la Viena \u0219i, \u00eentr-o zi, s-a \u00eent\u00e2lnit cu c\u00e2\u021biva prieteni la Caf\u00e9 Landtmann, inclusiv cu economistul austriac Joseph Schumpeter care, la fel ca Weber, a fost mult influen\u021bat de Menger. Au discutat despre fezabilitatea proiectului bol\u0219evic. Schumpeter a salutat Revolu\u021bia ca pe un experiment de laborator pentru c\u0103 acum socialismul trebuia s\u0103-\u0219i demonstreze caracterul practic: cum au putut planificatorii bol\u0219evici s\u0103 g\u0103seasc\u0103 pre\u021burile corecte ale mijloacelor individuale de produc\u021bie dup\u0103 ce le-au expropriat \u0219i au desfiin\u021bat pia\u021ba pentru ele, pia\u021ba de capital? Weber a replicat c\u0103 va fi un laborator plin de cadavre \u0219i, dup\u0103 ni\u0219te schimburi aprinse, a ie\u0219it cu furtun\u0103. Schumpeter a r\u0103mas a\u0219ezat \u0219i i-a remarcat z\u00e2mbind prietenului s\u0103u, Felix Somary: \u201eCum poate cineva s\u0103 continue a\u0219a \u00eentr-o cafenea?\u201d<\/p>\n

La scurt timp dup\u0103 acest r\u00e2nd de la Caf\u00e9 Landtmann, Primul R\u0103zboi Mondial s-a \u00eencheiat cu \u00eenfr\u00e2ngerea Puterilor Centrale. Imperiul Habsburgic s-a pr\u0103bu\u0219it, iar Europa Central\u0103 \u0219i de Est s-a dezintegrat \u00een multe state mici, ostile unul altuia, fiecare adopt\u00e2nd propria sa moned\u0103 slab\u0103 \u0219i ridic\u00e2nd bariere \u00een calea comer\u021bului cu vecinii s\u0103i. Ulterior, ei nu au putut rezista asaltului totalitarismului, socialismului na\u021bional al lui Hitler \u0219i comunismului lui Stalin. Weber, care a murit la scurt timp dup\u0103 aceea, s-a dovedit a avea dreptate: experimentul comunist a luat vie\u021bile a aproximativ o sut\u0103 de milioane de oameni \u00een secolul al XX-lea. A devenit un laborator plin de cadavre.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Carl Menger \u0219i fra\u021bii s\u0103i; Max Weber \u0219i Joseph Schumpeter; problemele Austriei \u0219i ale lumii… A fost o vineri luminoas\u0103 \u0219i r\u0103coroas\u0103, pe 6 noiembrie 2021, c\u00e2nd am luat pr\u00e2nzul cu c\u00e2\u021biva prieteni la Landtmann Caf\u00e9 din Viena, imediat dup\u0103 \u00eencheierea unei conferin\u021be de succes despre \u0218coala Austriac\u0103 de Economie, organizat\u0103 de Dr. Barbara Kolm […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":1919,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[183,160],"tags":[],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[329],"types":[456],"class_list":["post-2360","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultura-ro","category-politica","regions-central-europe-ro","types-opinion-ro"],"yoast_head":"\nCaf\u00e9 Landtmann, 1873, 1918 \u0219i 2021 - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/cafe-landtmann-1873-1918-si-2021\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Caf\u00e9 Landtmann, 1873, 1918 \u0219i 2021 - 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