{"id":2369,"date":"2021-11-11T13:53:07","date_gmt":"2021-11-11T13:53:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cum-prometeu-a-devenit-procrust"},"modified":"2021-11-11T13:53:07","modified_gmt":"2021-11-11T13:53:07","slug":"cum-prometeu-a-devenit-procrust","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/cum-prometeu-a-devenit-procrust","title":{"rendered":"Cum Prometeu a devenit Procrust"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00cen urm\u0103 cu treizeci de ani, \u00een 1991, Uniunea Sovietic\u0103 s-a pr\u0103bu\u0219it. Occidentul a c\u00e2\u0219tigat R\u0103zboiul Rece…<\/p>\n

La reuniunea anual\u0103 a Platformei Memoriei \u0219i Con\u0219tiin\u021bei Europene<\/a> din 11-13 noiembrie 2021 de la Praga, mi s-a cerut s\u0103 sus\u021bin lucrarea principal\u0103 despre evenimentele din 1991, c\u00e2nd Uniunea Sovietic\u0103 s-a pr\u0103bu\u0219it, odat\u0103 cu apari\u021bia mai multor \u021b\u0103ri noi. Am folosit ocazia pentru a sus\u021bine c\u0103 stalinismul (\u0219i maoismul de asemenea) au fost rezultate logice ale proiectului comunist, deoarece presupunea impunerea unei construc\u021bii intelectuale asupra oamenilor nedoritori sau cel pu\u021bin reticente. Nu v\u0103d nimic \u00een neregul\u0103 \u00een a alege s\u0103 devii comunist, dac\u0103 e\u0219ti dispus s\u0103 fii comunist doar pentru tine \u0219i nu pentru al\u021bi oameni: atunci pur \u0219i simplu intri \u00eentr-o ferm\u0103 colectiv\u0103 precum kibutzim<\/em> -ul israelian sau \u00eenfiin\u021bezi o cooperativ\u0103 de muncitori cu sufletele pereche. . Singurele cerin\u021be sunt s\u0103 nu-i for\u021bezi pe al\u021bii s\u0103 mearg\u0103 acolo cu tine \u0219i s\u0103 ai posibilitatea de ie\u0219ire nu mai pu\u021bin dec\u00e2t cea de intrare. \u00cen acest sens comunismul este un experiment firesc \u0219i se dovede\u0219te c\u0103 doar o parte foarte mic\u0103 \u0219i destul de nesemnificativ\u0103 a oric\u0103rei comunit\u0103\u021bi \u00ee\u0219i dore\u0219te cu adev\u0103rat.<\/p>\n

De ce comunismul \u00eenseamn\u0103 inevitabil \u00eenrobire<\/h2>\n

Din moment ce comuni\u0219tii nu accept\u0103 acest lucru \u0219i vor \u00een schimb s\u0103-\u0219i impun\u0103 proiectul altora, ei sunt obliga\u021bi s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 violen\u021ba. \u00cen acest proces, comunismul devine o \u00eentreprindere criminal\u0103, la fel ca \u0219i na\u021bional-socialismul lui Hitler. Pur \u0219i simplu nu se poate sus\u021bine f\u0103r\u0103 suprimarea sistematic\u0103 a aspira\u021biilor \u0219i scopurilor individuale. Argumentul principal nu este c\u0103 comuni\u0219tii sunt inferiori moral sau intelectual fa\u021b\u0103 de ceilal\u021bi (de\u0219i aceast\u0103 posibilitate nu trebuie exclus\u0103). Este c\u0103 sistemul necesit\u0103 fapte rele. Pentru a vedea acest lucru mai clar, ar trebui rememorat proiectul comunist. Cererea de proprietate public\u0103 a mijloacelor de produc\u021bie este cea care implic\u0103 desfiin\u021barea unei pie\u021be de capital. \u00cen schimb, economia ar trebui s\u0103 fie guvernat\u0103 de planificare central\u0103, spun comuni\u0219tii. Dar asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 puterea economic\u0103 \u0219i politic\u0103 ar fi de\u021binut\u0103 de aceia\u0219i oameni. O astfel de concentrare a puterii este destul de periculoas\u0103, a\u0219a cum au recunoscut \u00eentr-adev\u0103r mul\u021bi marxisti. \u00centr-o \u021bar\u0103 \u00een care unicul angajator este statul, opozi\u021bia \u00eenseamn\u0103 moarte prin foamete lent\u0103, a exclamat odat\u0103 Tro\u021bki. O alt\u0103 marxist\u0103, Rosa Luxemburg, a subliniat c\u0103, de fapt, libertatea este \u00eentotdeauna libertatea de a dizidera. Cine va tip\u0103ri material de opozi\u021bie dac\u0103 toate tipografiile sunt de\u021binute de stat?<\/p>\n

Dar argumentul c\u0103 concentrarea puterii este periculoas\u0103 poate nu este concludent, oric\u00e2t de conving\u0103tor ar fi. \u00cen celebrul s\u0103u Drum spre iob\u0103gie,<\/em> economistul anglo-austriac Friedrich von Hayek<\/a> a prezentat un alt argument \u0219i mai puternic pentru inevitabilitatea opresiunii \u00een comunism. Este c\u0103 planificarea central\u0103 nu poate utiliza toate cuno\u0219tin\u021bele dispersate \u00eentre diferi\u021bi indivizi dintr-o economie. Pentru a-\u0219i simplifica sarcina, planificatorii centrali trebuie a\u0219adar s\u0103 \u00eencerce s\u0103 schimbe preferin\u021bele indivizilor \u0219i, pentru aceasta, trebuie s\u0103 angajeze toate for\u021bele care pot influen\u021ba \u0219i modela sufletul uman, cum ar fi educa\u021bia, arta, mass-media, justi\u021bie \u0219i chiar sport. Stalin a exprimat perceptiv aceast\u0103 idee c\u00e2nd a spus c\u0103 \u00een comunism scriitorii trebuiau s\u0103 fie \u201eingineri ai sufletului\u201d. Din nou, guvernan\u021bii comuni\u0219ti nu numai c\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 \u00eencerce s\u0103 asigure supunerea maselor prin toate mijloacele posibile, ei trebuie s\u0103 \u00eenl\u0103ture \u0219i diziden\u021bii, \u00eendoielnicii, criticii, adversarii sau, a\u0219a cum ar spune ei \u00een\u0219i\u0219i, sabotorii.<\/p>\n

Figura rea de pe Muntele Korydallos<\/h2>\n

Figura preferat\u0103 a lui Marx din mitologia greac\u0103 a fost Prometeu, care a furat focul de la zei \u0219i l-a folosit pentru a oferi omenirii tehnologie, cuno\u0219tin\u021be \u0219i, \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, civiliza\u021bie \u00een general. F\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103, Marx se vedea pe sine ca un Prometeu modern. Dar, \u00een realitate, el sem\u0103na mai degrab\u0103 cu o alt\u0103 figur\u0103 din mitologia greac\u0103, Procrustes, o\u0219tirea rea a Muntelui Korydallos pe drumul sacru de la Atena \u0219i Eleusis. Procuste avea un pat \u00een care invita trec\u0103torii s\u0103 petreac\u0103 noaptea. Dac\u0103 erau prea scurte pentru pat, le \u00eentindea cu aparatele sale. Dac\u0103 erau prea lungi pentru pat, le amputea. Toat\u0103 lumea trebuia s\u0103 se potriveasc\u0103 cu patul. Asta trebuie s\u0103 fac\u0103 planificatorii \u00een comunism. Indivizii trebuie s\u0103 se \u00eencadreze \u00een plan sau s\u0103 moar\u0103 sau s\u0103 moar\u0103 de foame. Nu poate fi invers, deoarece niciun plan unic nu poate fi potrivit pentru to\u021bi indivizii, din motivul explicat de Hayek, dispersarea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor. \u00centr-o societate liber\u0103, to\u021bi indivizii au voie s\u0103-\u0219i urmeze propriile planuri, iar sarcina guvernului este pur \u0219i simplu s\u0103 se asigure c\u0103 nu \u00eencalc\u0103 drepturile altora \u00een aceast\u0103 activitate. Sabatul a fost f\u0103cut pentru om, nu omul pentru Sabat.<\/p>\n

Sistemul a e\u0219uat, nu neap\u0103rat oamenii ale\u0219i s\u0103-l implementeze. Cu toate acestea, este la fel de pu\u021bin probabil ca umanitarii s\u0103 c\u00e2\u0219tige lupte pentru putere \u00een \u021b\u0103rile comuniste, precum \u0219i ca persoanele pline de compasiune s\u0103 devin\u0103 st\u0103p\u00e2ni de biciuire \u00een planta\u021biile de sclavi. Dac\u0103 un sistem necesit\u0103 fapte rele, va r\u0103spl\u0103ti oamenii r\u0103i. \u00cen socoteala lui cu stalinismul, Nikita Hru\u0219ciov a \u00eencercat s\u0103 transfere vina de la Lenin la Stalin, invoc\u00e2nd \u201ecultul personalit\u0103\u021bii\u201d. Dar dosarul arat\u0103 c\u0103 Lenin a fost la fel de crud ca Stalin. De exemplu, c\u00e2nd era t\u00e2n\u0103r, \u00een 1891, a protestat \u00eempotriva unei colec\u021bii pentru victimele foametei \u00een regiunile din jurul Volga. Lucrurile trebuiau s\u0103 se \u00eenr\u0103ut\u0103\u0163easc\u0103, a argumentat Lenin, ca s\u0103 se poat\u0103 \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163i. C\u00e2nd Lenin a preluat recent puterea, el a trimis o telegram\u0103 notorie camarazilor s\u0103i din Penza, la 11 august 1918: \u201eTovar\u0103\u0219i! Insurec\u021bia din cinci districte kulak ar trebui s\u0103 fie \u00een\u0103bu\u0219it\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 mil\u0103. Interesele \u00eentregii revolu\u021bii cer acest lucru deoarece \u201eultima b\u0103t\u0103lie decisiv\u0103\u201d cu kulacii este acum \u00een desf\u0103\u0219urare peste tot. Trebuie f\u0103cut un exemplu. 1) Sp\u00e2nzura\u021bi (absolut sp\u00e2nzura\u021bi, \u00een vizorul oamenilor) nu mai pu\u021bin de o sut\u0103 de kulaki, fatcats, s\u00e2nge\u0219i cunoscu\u021bi. 2) Publica\u021bi numele lor. 3) Lua\u021bi toate cerealele de la ei. 4) Desemneaz\u0103 ostatici.’ Lenin a fost un Procustean la fel ca Stalin.<\/p>\n

Procrustes este \u00eenc\u0103 prin preajm\u0103<\/h2>\n

Acest sistem procustean a c\u0103zut c\u00e2nd Uniunea Sovietic\u0103 s-a pr\u0103bu\u0219it \u00een 1991. Am descris \u00een alt\u0103 parte<\/a> modul \u00een care am fost trezit de prietenul meu, David Oddsson, prim-ministrul Islandei, \u00een primele ore ale zilei de 19 august, c\u00e2nd au ap\u0103rut primele \u0219tiri despre tentativa de lovitur\u0103 de stat a comuni\u0219tilor din linia dur\u0103. Ne surprinz\u0103tor c\u0103 eram foarte \u00eengrijora\u021bi. C\u00e2nd a devenit clar o zi sau dou\u0103 mai t\u00e2rziu c\u0103 \u00eencercarea a e\u0219uat, \u021b\u0103rile baltice au profitat de ocazie \u0219i \u0219i-au reafirmat independen\u021ba, proclamat\u0103 \u00een 1918. Pozi\u021bia lor a fost, desigur, c\u0103 nu au aderat niciodat\u0103 voluntar \u0219i legal \u00een Uniunea Sovietic\u0103. Au fost pur \u0219i simplu ocupa\u021bi de Armata Ro\u0219ie. Oddsson, un puternic anticomunist care a tradus, \u00een t\u00e2n\u0103rul student la drept, \u00een islandez\u0103 o carte despre opresiunea sovietic\u0103 a Estoniei, a decis imediat, \u00een cooperare cu ministrul s\u0103u de externe, Jon B. Hannibalsson, un oponent la fel de ferm al comunismului, s\u0103 re\u00eennoiasc\u0103. rela\u0163iile diplomatice cu statele baltice. Islanda a fost prima \u021bar\u0103 care a f\u0103cut acest lucru.<\/p>\n

Privind retrospectiv, pr\u0103bu\u0219irea Uniunii Sovietice din 1991 nu a fost o concluzie dinainte. A fost o oportunitate care s-a prezentat dintr-o dat\u0103 \u0219i pe care \u021b\u0103rile baltice \u0219i alte teritorii aflate sub tutela sovietic\u0103 au folosit-o. Argumentul lui Hayek nu a fost c\u0103 regimurile comuniste nu ar putea supravie\u021bui. Mai degrab\u0103, planificarea economic\u0103 central\u0103 nu va putea niciodat\u0103 s\u0103-\u0219i ating\u0103 obiectivele declarate \u0219i c\u0103 opresiunea la scar\u0103 masiv\u0103 era inevitabil\u0103 dac\u0103 planificatorii ar fi r\u0103mas la putere. Elita comunist\u0103 rus\u0103 era totu\u0219i o cas\u0103 divizat\u0103. Se confruntase brusc cu oponen\u021bi fermi \u0219i hot\u0103r\u00e2\u021bi \u00een Ronald Reagan \u0219i Margaret Thatcher \u0219i era clar c\u0103 Uniunea Sovietic\u0103 nu avea resursele necesare pentru a c\u00e2\u0219tiga cursa \u00eenarm\u0103rilor cu Statele Unite. Elita rus\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i pierduse \u00eencrederea \u00een ea \u00eens\u0103\u0219i, iar mul\u021bi dintre membrii s\u0103i doreau s\u0103 evite o baie de s\u00e2nge. Nu a putut urma exemplul Partidului Comunist Chinez \u0219i s\u0103 se salveze prin reintroducerea capitalismului \u00een acela\u0219i timp, deoarece nu era permis\u0103 nicio opozi\u021bie politic\u0103. Acum, comuni\u0219tii chinezi par s\u0103 cread\u0103 c\u0103 Occidentul este condamnat. Ei renun\u021b\u0103 la capitalism \u0219i par s\u0103 fie dispu\u0219i s\u0103-\u0219i impun\u0103 voin\u021ba nu numai supu\u0219ilor, ci \u0219i vecinilor. Renun\u021barea la capitalism \u00eei va costa scump, dar dac\u0103 vor \u0219i sunt capabili s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 suficient\u0103 for\u021b\u0103, s-ar putea s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 la putere. \u00cen 1991, Occidentul a c\u00e2\u0219tigat o victorie r\u0103sun\u0103toare. Dar noi provoc\u0103ri se prezint\u0103. Procrustes este \u00eenc\u0103 prin preajm\u0103.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cen urm\u0103 cu treizeci de ani, \u00een 1991, Uniunea Sovietic\u0103 s-a pr\u0103bu\u0219it. Occidentul a c\u00e2\u0219tigat R\u0103zboiul Rece… La reuniunea anual\u0103 a Platformei Memoriei \u0219i Con\u0219tiin\u021bei Europene din 11-13 noiembrie 2021 de la Praga, mi s-a cerut s\u0103 sus\u021bin lucrarea principal\u0103 despre evenimentele din 1991, c\u00e2nd Uniunea Sovietic\u0103 s-a pr\u0103bu\u0219it, odat\u0103 cu apari\u021bia mai multor \u021b\u0103ri […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":1907,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[183],"tags":[],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[329,338,346,355,365],"types":[456],"class_list":["post-2369","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultura-ro","regions-central-europe-ro","regions-eastern-europe-ro","regions-northern-europe-ro","regions-southern-europe-ro","regions-western-europe-ro","types-opinion-ro"],"yoast_head":"\nCum Prometeu a devenit Procrust - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/cum-prometeu-a-devenit-procrust\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cum Prometeu a devenit Procrust - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00cen urm\u0103 cu treizeci de ani, \u00een 1991, Uniunea Sovietic\u0103 s-a pr\u0103bu\u0219it. Occidentul a c\u00e2\u0219tigat R\u0103zboiul Rece… La reuniunea anual\u0103 a Platformei Memoriei \u0219i Con\u0219tiin\u021bei Europene din 11-13 noiembrie 2021 de la Praga, mi s-a cerut s\u0103 sus\u021bin lucrarea principal\u0103 despre evenimentele din 1991, c\u00e2nd Uniunea Sovietic\u0103 s-a pr\u0103bu\u0219it, odat\u0103 cu apari\u021bia mai multor \u021b\u0103ri […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/cum-prometeu-a-devenit-procrust\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-11-11T13:53:07+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Vladimirov.Court_.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1650\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"791\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Theconservative\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Scris de\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Theconservative\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Timp estimat pentru citire\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/cum-prometeu-a-devenit-procrust#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/cum-prometeu-a-devenit-procrust\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Theconservative\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro#\/schema\/person\/817e00d3309fc3ed2b1439416399bc0d\"},\"headline\":\"Cum Prometeu a devenit Procrust\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-11-11T13:53:07+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/cum-prometeu-a-devenit-procrust\"},\"wordCount\":1542,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/cum-prometeu-a-devenit-procrust#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Vladimirov.Court_.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Cultur\u0103\"],\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/cum-prometeu-a-devenit-procrust#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/cum-prometeu-a-devenit-procrust\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/cum-prometeu-a-devenit-procrust\",\"name\":\"Cum Prometeu a devenit Procrust - 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