{"id":24919,"date":"2024-04-16T06:07:30","date_gmt":"2024-04-16T06:07:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cedo-inventarea-unui-drept-cazul-elvetian"},"modified":"2024-04-16T06:08:23","modified_gmt":"2024-04-16T06:08:23","slug":"cedo-inventarea-unui-drept-cazul-elvetian","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/cedo-inventarea-unui-drept-cazul-elvetian","title":{"rendered":"CEDO Inventarea unui drept: Cazul elve\u021bian"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00centr-o <a href=\"https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng#%7B%22appno%22:%5B%2253600\/20%22%5D,%22itemid%22:%5B%22001-233206%22%5D%7D\">decizie<\/a> extraordinar\u0103 din 9 aprilie 2024, Curtea European\u0103 a Drepturilor Omului de la Strasbourg, CEDO, a constatat c\u0103 Elve\u021bia a \u00eenc\u0103lcat drepturile omului, a\u0219a cum sunt ele prev\u0103zute \u00een Conven\u021bia European\u0103 a Drepturilor Omului, prin faptul c\u0103 nu a abordat cu suficient\u0103 hot\u0103r\u00e2re problema schimb\u0103rilor climatice. O asocia\u021bie de femei \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 din Elve\u021bia \u0219i unii dintre membrii s\u0103i individuali au sus\u021binut c\u0103 acestea sunt un grup deosebit de vulnerabil, afectat \u00een mod negativ de \u00eenc\u0103lzirea global\u0103. Anterior, la referendumul din 13 iunie 2021, aleg\u0103torii elve\u021bieni au respins un set de m\u0103suri guvernamentale menite s\u0103 reduc\u0103 emisiile de GES (gaze cu efect de ser\u0103), considerate a fi cauza \u00eenc\u0103lzirii globale. Prin urmare, Curtea de la Strasbourg a constatat c\u0103 Elve\u021bia a \u00eenc\u0103lcat articolul 8 din Conven\u021bia European\u0103 a Drepturilor Omului, care garanteaz\u0103 &#8222;dreptul la respectarea vie\u021bii private \u0219i de familie&#8221;. Curtea a interpretat acest articol ca incluz\u00e2nd &#8222;dreptul indivizilor la o protec\u021bie efectiv\u0103 din partea autorit\u0103\u021bilor statului \u00eempotriva efectelor negative grave ale schimb\u0103rilor climatice asupra vie\u021bii, s\u0103n\u0103t\u0103\u021bii, bun\u0103st\u0103rii \u0219i calit\u0103\u021bii vie\u021bii lor&#8221;. Aceast\u0103 interpretare este problematic\u0103, dac\u0103 nu chiar absurd\u0103, din mai multe motive.<\/p>\n<h3>Sentimentul antidemocratic<\/h3>\n<p>\u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, nu trebuie s\u0103 fi\u021bi un adept al democra\u021biei nelimitate pentru a observa natura antidemocratic\u0103 a acestei decizii. Este adev\u0103rat c\u0103 democra\u021bia nu poate \u00eensemna guvernare dup\u0103 bunul plac al unei majorit\u0103\u021bi temporare, uneori influen\u021bat\u0103 de demagogi f\u0103r\u0103 scrupule. Singura democra\u021bie real\u0103 este limitat\u0103, \u0219i este limitat\u0103 \u00een primul r\u00e2nd de statul de drept. Aceasta implic\u0103 proceduri acceptate pentru luarea deciziilor politice \u0219i juridice. Aceasta implic\u0103, de asemenea, domenii individuale protejate care pot fi numite, cel pu\u021bin de dragul discu\u021biei, drepturi ale omului. De exemplu, ar fi o \u00eenc\u0103lcare a statului de drept dac\u0103 majoritatea, oric\u00e2t de mare ar fi, ar decide s\u0103 descalifice anumi\u021bi aleg\u0103tori din cauza sexului sau a culorii pielii. Sau dac\u0103 majoritatea ar introduce cenzura. Necesitatea democra\u021biei apare deoarece anumite probleme necesit\u0103 decizii colective. Prin urmare, acestea sunt supuse la vot. Care sunt aceste probleme? Unele \u00eentreb\u0103ri pot fi rezolvate de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i nu ar trebui supuse la vot, de exemplu dac\u0103 P\u0103m\u00e2ntul este plat sau rotund. Alte sarcini pot fi rezolvate prin alegerea individual\u0103, de exemplu, dac\u0103 se poart\u0103 o c\u0103ma\u0219\u0103 alb\u0103 sau albastr\u0103. L\u0103s\u0103m astfel de decizii \u00een seama consumatorilor pe o pia\u021b\u0103 liber\u0103. R\u0103m\u00e2n chestiuni \u00een care grupul trebuie s\u0103 decid\u0103 \u00een ansamblu, de exemplu, cu privire la produc\u021bia de bunuri publice, cum ar fi ap\u0103rarea sau aplicarea legii, \u0219i cu privire la impozitarea inevitabil\u0103 \u00een aceste scopuri. Este normal ca un num\u0103r c\u00e2t mai mare posibil de persoane afectate s\u0103 participe la astfel de decizii \u0219i ca acestea s\u0103 fie acceptabile pentru acestea. &#8222;Nici o impozitare f\u0103r\u0103 reprezentare&#8221;. Un alt argument \u00een favoarea democra\u021biei este, bine\u00een\u021beles, faptul c\u0103 ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 ca o constr\u00e2ngere asupra politicienilor care de\u021bin puterea, deoarece ofer\u0103 posibilitatea de a-i \u00eenlocui la fiecare al patrulea sau al cincilea an. Niciunul dintre aceste argumente nu implic\u0103 o democra\u021bie nelimitat\u0103.<\/p><div class='related_content'><span>RELATED<\/span><ul><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/dezbaterea-privind-democratia-2025-si-1945'>Dezbaterea privind democra\u021bia: 2025 \u0219i 1945<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/trump-sau-platon-ar-trebui-sa-conduca-natiunile-noastre'>Trump sau Platon ar trebui s\u0103 conduc\u0103 na\u021biunile noastre?<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/are-trump-dreptul-de-a-combate-extremismul-de-stanga-in-universitati'>Are Trump dreptul de a combate extremismul de st\u00e2nga \u00een universit\u0103\u021bi?<\/li><\/a><\/ul><\/div>\n<p>Curtea European\u0103 a Drepturilor Omului a fost \u00eenfiin\u021bat\u0103 pentru a r\u0103spunde la o singur\u0103 \u00eentrebare relevant\u0103: A existat o \u00eenc\u0103lcare a drepturilor unui reclamant \u00een temeiul Conven\u021biei Europene a Drepturilor Omului? Se prezum\u0103 c\u0103 solicitantul a epuizat toate posibilit\u0103\u021bile de a ob\u021bine recunoa\u0219terea drepturilor sale \u00een \u021bara sa. Cu siguran\u021b\u0103, Curtea nu a fost \u00eenfiin\u021bat\u0103 pentru a crea o nou\u0103 lege sau pentru a anula \u00een mod arbitrar legile \u021b\u0103rilor semnatare ale Conven\u021biei. Acesta este, sau se presupune c\u0103 este, strict legat de dou\u0103 principii, principiul subsidiarit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i marja de apreciere. Principiul subsidiarit\u0103\u021bii prevede c\u0103 problemele politice ar trebui rezolvate la nivelul cel mai apropiat sau cel mai local posibil. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coe.int\/t\/dghl\/cooperation\/lisbonnetwork\/themis\/echr\/paper2_en.asp\">Marja de apreciere<\/a> \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 fiecare \u021bar\u0103 semnatar\u0103 a conven\u021biei va avea o anumit\u0103 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coe.int\/t\/dghl\/cooperation\/lisbonnetwork\/themis\/echr\/paper2_en.asp\">marj\u0103 de apreciere<\/a> \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te aplicarea \u0219i interpretarea articolelor \u0219i protocoalelor sale. Anul\u00e2nd majoritatea aleg\u0103torilor elve\u021bieni care, \u00een cadrul unui referendum, votaser\u0103 \u00eempotriva anumitor m\u0103suri guvernamentale, \u0219aisprezece judec\u0103tori de la Strasbourg, din diferite \u021b\u0103ri europene, nu au urmat cu siguran\u021b\u0103 principiul subsidiarit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i nici nu au respectat marja de apreciere.<\/p>\n<h3>Bunul sim\u021b \u00een privin\u021ba \u00eenc\u0103lzirii globale<\/h3>\n<p>\u00cen al doilea r\u00e2nd, unele dintre afirma\u021biile prezentate ca fapte \u00een aceast\u0103 decizie pot fi contestate (de\u0219i nici p\u00e2r\u00e2tul &#8211; guvernul elve\u021bian &#8211; \u0219i nici singurul judec\u0103tor disident nu au f\u0103cut-o cu adev\u0103rat). Nu este deloc sigur, de exemplu, c\u0103 persoanele \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103, cum ar fi reclaman\u021bii elve\u021bieni, ar suferi mai mult de valurile de c\u0103ldur\u0103 extreme dec\u00e2t de perioadele de frig sever. Potrivit <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhsr\/nhsr076.pdf\">Centrului Na\u021bional pentru Statistici de S\u0103n\u0103tate<\/a>, din cadrul Centrelor pentru Controlul \u0219i Prevenirea Bolilor din Statele Unite, CDC, \u00een orice an, aproximativ de dou\u0103 ori mai multe persoane mor din cauza frigului excesiv dec\u00e2t din cauza c\u0103ldurii excesive. Dac\u0103 este a\u0219a, este posibil ca \u00eenc\u0103lzirea global\u0103 s\u0103 fi salvat multe vie\u021bi, nu \u00een ultimul r\u00e2nd pe cele ale grupurilor vulnerabile, cum ar fi persoanele \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Putem fi de acord cu Grupul interguvernamental al Na\u021biunilor Unite privind schimb\u0103rile climatice, IPCC, citat frecvent \u00een decizia CEDO, c\u0103 suntem martorii unor schimb\u0103ri climatice considerabile provocate de om. De asemenea, este foarte posibil ca aceast\u0103 schimbare s\u0103 fie cauzat\u0103 de emisiile de GES. Exist\u0103 o ipotez\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 plauzibil\u0103 despre cauz\u0103 \u0219i efect care sus\u021bine acest lucru. Dar bunul sim\u021b sugereaz\u0103 totu\u0219i dou\u0103 observa\u021bii.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, natura nu poate \u00eenceta \u00een mod misterios s\u0103 contribuie la schimb\u0103rile climatice. Cu mult \u00eenainte ca omul s\u0103 poat\u0103 influen\u021ba \u00een vreun fel clima, aceasta se schimba. Islandezii au reu\u0219it s\u0103 ajung\u0103 \u00een America de Nord \u00een anul 1000 \u0219i, pentru scurt timp, s\u0103 se stabileasc\u0103 acolo, nu \u00een ultimul r\u00e2nd pentru c\u0103 au navigat pe Oceanul Atlantic de Nord \u00eentr-o perioad\u0103 relativ cald\u0103. Atunci, cel mai mare ghe\u021bar islandez, Vatnajokull, era mult mai mic dec\u00e2t \u00een prezent. \u00cen &#8222;mica epoc\u0103 glaciar\u0103&#8221; care a urmat, \u00eentre 1309 \u0219i 1814, ghe\u021barul s-a extins considerabil. \u00cen Anglia, r\u00e2ul Tamisa a \u00eenghe\u021bat de 23 de ori \u00een aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103, uneori timp de dou\u0103 luni. Aceste schimb\u0103ri climatice cu siguran\u021b\u0103 nu au fost provocate de om. Ast\u0103zi, natura nu se poate retrage \u00een totalitate. \u00centrebarea este, bine\u00een\u021beles, c\u00e2t de mult din schimb\u0103rile climatice observate sunt cauzate de natur\u0103 \u0219i c\u00e2t de mult de om. Cine \u0219tie?<\/p>\n<p>A doua observa\u021bie este c\u00e2t de neverosimil este faptul c\u0103, cumva, \u00een ultimele dou\u0103 decenii ale secolului XX, omenirea a g\u0103sit \u00een mod miraculos un climat optim (dac\u0103 are vreun sens s\u0103 vorbim de un climat), astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t orice schimbare semnificativ\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de acesta trebuie s\u0103 fie negativ\u0103. Este incontestabil c\u0103 orice schimbare climatic\u0103 semnificativ\u0103 va avea at\u00e2t efecte negative, c\u00e2t \u0219i pozitive. \u00cen cazul \u00eenc\u0103lzirii globale, cele dou\u0103 efecte negative cele mai importante pentru om par a fi cre\u0219terea nivelului m\u0103rii \u0219i \u00eentreruperea planurilor individuale care au presupus condi\u021biile actuale. Un efect negativ non-neglijabil asupra naturii este probabil dispari\u021bia speciilor care s-au adaptat \u00een mod special la condi\u021biile actuale. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, cele mai importante efecte pozitive ale \u00eenc\u0103lzirii globale sunt probabil o cre\u0219tere a randamentului culturilor, precum \u0219i o cre\u0219tere considerabil\u0103 a terenurilor arabile (de exemplu, \u00een regiunile arctice). Este un fapt pu\u021bin mediatizat faptul c\u0103, \u00een ultimele decenii, p\u0103m\u00e2ntul a devenit mai verde. Se poate argumenta c\u0103 efectele negative \u0219i pozitive estimate probabil se echilibreaz\u0103 sau cel pu\u021bin c\u0103 este <a href=\"http:\/\/daviddfriedman.blogspot.com\/2011\/09\/what-is-wrong-with-global-warming.html\">dificil de spus<\/a> cu certitudine c\u0103 unul c\u00e2nt\u0103re\u0219te mai mult dec\u00e2t cel\u0103lalt.<\/p>\n<p>Chiar dac\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 efectele negative (estimate) ale \u00eenc\u0103lzirii globale le-ar dep\u0103\u0219i pe cele pozitive, se pune \u00eentrebarea ce ar trebui s\u0103 facem \u00een aceast\u0103 privin\u021b\u0103. R\u0103spunsul evident pare a fi o reducere drastic\u0103 a emisiilor de GES (de exemplu, prin intermediul unei taxe pe carbon \u0219i al altor m\u0103suri). Dar <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/fandd\/2009\/12\/lomborg.htm\">unele calcule<\/a> sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 acest lucru nu ar face o mare diferen\u021b\u0103, \u00een timp ce ar afecta mult mai mult dec\u00e2t schimb\u0103rile climatice \u00een sine. Ce altceva am putea face atunci? Nu trebuie s\u0103 uit\u0103m c\u0103 schimb\u0103rile climatice se produc \u00een spa\u021biu \u0219i nu mai pu\u021bin \u00een timp. Atunci c\u00e2nd te mu\u021bi dintr-o parte a lumii \u00een alta, g\u0103se\u0219ti diferite climate, iar tu te adaptezi la ele. Desigur, te \u00eembraci altfel \u00een Reykjavik dec\u00e2t \u00een Rio de Janeiro. Casa pe care o construi\u021bi \u00een Tokyo trebuie s\u0103 reziste la cutremure puternice, \u00een timp ce \u00een alte locuri se aplic\u0103 alte considerente. Pare logic s\u0103 ne confrunt\u0103m cu schimb\u0103rile climatice \u00een timp \u00een acela\u0219i mod ca \u0219i cu schimb\u0103rile climatice \u00een spa\u021biu: prin adaptarea la noile circumstan\u021be.<\/p>\n<h3>Ra\u021bionament juridic neplauzibil<\/h3>\n<p>Cu toate acestea, Curtea de la Strasbourg nu a fost \u00eentrebat\u0103 cu adev\u0103rat despre toate acestea. S-a \u00eentrebat pur \u0219i simplu dac\u0103 Elve\u021bia a \u00eenc\u0103lcat articolul 8 din Conven\u021bia European\u0103 a Drepturilor Omului, care garanteaz\u0103 &#8222;dreptul la respectarea vie\u021bii private \u0219i de familie&#8221;. R\u0103spunsul Cur\u021bii a fost afirmativ. L\u0103s\u00e2nd la o parte natura antidemocratic\u0103 a deciziei \u0219i incertitudinea \u0219i imensa complexitate a afirma\u021biilor de fapt din acest caz, v\u0103d trei grave erori juridice \u00een ra\u021bionamentul Cur\u021bii, \u00een raportul s\u0103u lung \u0219i repetitiv. \u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, Curtea a acceptat faptul c\u0103 o asocia\u021bie de femei elve\u021biene \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 avea calitate procesual\u0103 activ\u0103 \u00een aceast\u0103 chestiune. Acest lucru contravine at\u00e2t Conven\u021biei \u00een sine, care recunoa\u0219te doar prejudiciile identificabile aduse persoanelor, organiza\u021biilor neguvernamentale sau grupurilor de persoane, c\u00e2t \u0219i practicii acceptate a Cur\u021bii \u00een trecut. Trebuie s\u0103 existe o victim\u0103 sau mai multe victime identificabile. \u00centr-o hot\u0103r\u00e2re anterioar\u0103, privind o pl\u00e2ngere referitoare la licen\u021ba pentru o central\u0103 nuclear\u0103, Curtea a afirmat \u00een mod expres c\u0103 &#8222;prin termenul &#8222;victim\u0103&#8221; se \u00een\u021belege persoana direct afectat\u0103 de actul sau omisiunea \u00een cauz\u0103&#8221;. Este de la sine \u00een\u021beles c\u0103, prin decizia de a asculta pl\u00e2ngerea asocia\u021biei acestor femei elve\u021biene \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103, Curtea a f\u0103cut posibil ca, \u00een anii urm\u0103tori, diverse organiza\u021bii s\u0103 se adreseze acesteia \u00een numele interesului public, al binelui comun, al voin\u021bei generale, al genera\u021biilor viitoare sau al altor termeni vagi, chiar dac\u0103 nu a existat niciun prejudiciu clar \u0219i identificabil adus vreunui individ, nicio victim\u0103, nicio \u00eenc\u0103lcare.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen al doilea r\u00e2nd, Curtea a inventat \u00een mod evident un nou drept atunci c\u00e2nd a interpretat &#8222;dreptul la respectarea vie\u021bii private \u0219i de familie&#8221; ca incluz\u00e2nd &#8222;un drept al persoanelor la o protec\u021bie efectiv\u0103 din partea autorit\u0103\u021bilor statului \u00eempotriva efectelor negative grave ale schimb\u0103rilor climatice asupra vie\u021bii, s\u0103n\u0103t\u0103\u021bii, bun\u0103st\u0103rii \u0219i calit\u0103\u021bii vie\u021bii lor&#8221;. Dreptul la respectarea vie\u021bii private \u0219i de familie se refer\u0103 \u00een principal la neintruziune. Acesta este un drept \u00eempotriva altora, definind \u0219i descriind un domeniu protejat de care se bucur\u0103 indivizii \u0219i familiile lor. Este, de exemplu, un drept \u00eempotriva celor care v\u0103 invadeaz\u0103 intimitatea prin fotografierea neautorizat\u0103 a dumneavoastr\u0103, \u00een special \u00een situa\u021bii neplanificate sau intime, sau prin instalarea de camere de luat vederi \u00eendreptate spre ferestrele sau gr\u0103dina dumneavoastr\u0103. Este, de asemenea, un drept \u00eempotriva celor care v\u0103 polueaz\u0103 rezervele de ap\u0103 sau v\u0103 arunc\u0103 gunoiul \u00een gr\u0103din\u0103. Acest drept cere de la ceilal\u021bi exact ceea ce scrie \u00een articol: respect. Nu necesit\u0103 resurse de la alte persoane sau de la contribuabili, cu excep\u021bia, desigur, a ceea ce este necesar pentru a men\u021bine ordinea public\u0103 \u0219i a proteja familia (ceea ce ar putea \u00eensemna, de exemplu, aloca\u021bii pentru copii, o extindere discutabil\u0103, de\u0219i plauzibil\u0103, a sensului articolului). Judec\u0103torul britanic &#8211; care a fost singura voce disident\u0103 &#8211; a subliniat \u00een mod corect faptul c\u0103 colegii s\u0103i nu au avut nicio baz\u0103, nici \u00een textul Conven\u021biei, nici \u00een jurispruden\u021ba Cur\u021bii, pentru presupusa \u00eenc\u0103lcare a respectului vie\u021bii private \u0219i de familie.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen al treilea r\u00e2nd, decizia se bazeaz\u0103 pe specula\u021bii cu privire la ceea ce s-ar putea \u00eent\u00e2mpla \u00een viitor. Preten\u021bia de a fi o victim\u0103 a unei posibile \u00eenc\u0103lc\u0103ri viitoare a Conven\u021biei este \u00een mod inerent problematic\u0103. \u00centr-o cauz\u0103 anterioar\u0103, din 1995, privind o pl\u00e2ngere referitoare la testele nucleare din Tahiti, Curtea a considerat-o inadmisibil\u0103 deoarece reclaman\u021bii trebuiau s\u0103 aib\u0103 &#8222;o cerere argumentabil\u0103 \u0219i detaliat\u0103 potrivit c\u0103reia, din cauza faptului c\u0103 autorit\u0103\u021bile nu au luat m\u0103surile de precau\u021bie adecvate, gradul de probabilitate de producere a unui prejudiciu este de a\u0219a natur\u0103 \u00eenc\u00e2t acesta poate fi considerat o \u00eenc\u0103lcare, cu condi\u021bia ca consecin\u021bele actului reclamat s\u0103 nu fie prea \u00eendep\u0103rtate&#8221;. Astfel, consecin\u021bele presupuse ale unei omisiuni trebuie s\u0103 fie probabile \u0219i nu prea \u00eendep\u0103rtate. \u00cen cauza elve\u021bian\u0103, Curtea a recunoscut: &#8222;Numai \u00een circumstan\u021be cu totul excep\u021bionale un reclamant poate totu\u0219i s\u0103 se declare victim\u0103 a unei \u00eenc\u0103lc\u0103ri a Conven\u021biei din cauza riscului unei \u00eenc\u0103lc\u0103ri viitoare&#8221;. Cu toate acestea, Curtea a continuat s\u0103 dea dreptate reclamantului. Aceasta nu a reu\u0219it s\u0103 demonstreze c\u0103 circumstan\u021bele au fost &#8222;extrem de excep\u021bionale&#8221;. Nu exista o mare urgen\u021b\u0103 \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te emisiile de gaze cu efect de ser\u0103 din Elve\u021bia: acestea reprezentau aproximativ 0,1 % din totalul mondial. Nu a existat niciun risc clar, serios \u0219i identificabil pentru s\u0103n\u0103tate, ci doar povestiri ale femeilor \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 despre disconfortul lor \u00een zilele fierbin\u021bi de var\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Nu trebuie s\u0103 pierdem din vedere care a fost scopul <a href=\"https:\/\/www.echr.coe.int\/documents\/d\/echr\/convention_ENG\">Conven\u021biei Europene a Drepturilor Omului<\/a>. A fost adoptat\u0103 \u00een 1950, dup\u0103 un r\u0103zboi teribil \u00een care spectrul totalitarismului b\u00e2ntuia Europa. Nazi\u0219tii \u0219i comuni\u0219tii au ucis oameni nevinova\u021bi, i-au \u00eentemni\u021bat \u0219i torturat pe al\u021bii, i-au supus pe to\u021bi cenzurii, i-au spionat pe cet\u0103\u021benii obi\u0219nui\u021bi, au expropriat bunuri, i-au privat pe oameni de locurile lor de munc\u0103 \u0219i i-au intimidat \u00een diverse alte moduri. Conven\u021bia ar fi trebuit s\u0103 protejeze persoanele \u00eempotriva puterii arbitrare \u0219i s\u0103 asigure libert\u0103\u021bile fundamentale \u00een &#8222;\u021b\u0103rile europene care \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219esc acelea\u0219i mentalit\u0103\u021bi \u0219i au un patrimoniu comun de tradi\u021bii politice, idealuri, libertate \u0219i stat de drept&#8221;. Drepturile consacrate \u00een aceast\u0103 lege erau \u00een cea mai mare parte drepturi &#8222;negative&#8221;, referitoare la datoria celorlal\u021bi fa\u021b\u0103 de un individ de a se ab\u021bine de la interven\u021bii nepotrivite asupra acestuia, \u0219i nu la preten\u021bii asupra bunurilor sau timpului s\u0103u. A existat un motiv \u00eentemeiat pentru acest lucru. Dac\u0103 drepturile omului sunt semnificative, ele trebuie s\u0103 fie generale: de aceea sunt numite &#8222;umane&#8221; \u0219i nu &#8222;na\u021bionale&#8221;. Acest lucru este practicabil atunci c\u00e2nd drepturile se refer\u0103 la ab\u021binerea de la un comportament agresiv. V\u0103 respect doar dreptul de a v\u0103 exprima opinia, indiferent dac\u0103 locui\u021bi \u00een Islanda, Irlanda sau India, dar nu sunt obligat s\u0103 v\u0103 ascult sau s\u0103 v\u0103 ofer mijloacele necesare pentru a v\u0103 face cunoscut\u0103 opinia multora. Nu trebuie s\u0103 fac nimic. Dar dac\u0103 drepturile sunt revendic\u0103ri asupra bunurilor altor persoane, aceste drepturi reduc libertatea acestora de a dispune de aceste bunuri \u00een modul \u00een care doresc. \u00cen plus, dac\u0103 drepturile ar trebui s\u0103 fie drepturi generale la standarde de via\u021b\u0103 decente, acestea ar implica o redistribuire masiv\u0103 \u0219i costisitoare de la \u021b\u0103rile bogate la cele s\u0103race. Drepturile &#8222;pozitive&#8221; nu sunt pur \u0219i simplu realizabile la nivel global. Prin urmare, acestea nu pot fi drepturi ale omului.<\/p>\n<h3>Urm\u0103ri\u021bi \u0219tiin\u021ba?<\/h3>\n<p>Curtea de la Strasbourg a f\u0103cut apel la \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103. Dar oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 pot gre\u0219i, chiar \u0219i atunci c\u00e2nd (poate mai ales atunci c\u00e2nd) formeaz\u0103 o mare majoritate \u00een comunitatea \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103. \u00cen \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 nu exist\u0103 adev\u0103ruri finale, ci doar ipoteze care trebuie examinate \u0219i testate \u00een mod critic. Cazul cel mai relevant \u00een acest caz este cel al lui Carrie Buck, judecat de Curtea Suprem\u0103 a Statelor Unite \u00een 1927. Sub influen\u021ba eugeniei, la \u00eenceputul secolului al XX-lea, multe state, at\u00e2t din Europa, c\u00e2t \u0219i din America de Nord, au adoptat legi care permiteau agen\u021biilor guvernamentale s\u0103 sterilizeze persoanele considerate incapabile de a avea copii. Buck fusese dat\u0103 \u00een plasament la p\u0103rin\u021bi adoptivi la na\u0219tere, deoarece mama ei avusese mai mul\u021bi copii \u00een afara c\u0103s\u0103toriei. C\u00e2nd Carrie avea 17 ani, a r\u0103mas \u00eens\u0103rcinat\u0103. P\u0103rin\u021bii ei adoptivi au internat-o \u00eentr-o colonie pentru imbecili, unde a dat na\u0219tere copilului, dup\u0103 care a fost sterilizat\u0103 \u00een temeiul unei legi a statului Virginia. Curtea Suprem\u0103 a decis s\u0103 sus\u021bin\u0103 legea. Judec\u0103torul Oliver Wendell Holmes a scris cu dispre\u021b c\u0103 &#8222;Trei genera\u021bii de imbecili sunt suficiente&#8221;. Cu toate acestea, mult mai t\u00e2rziu, c\u00e2nd cazul a fost investigat de c\u0103tre profani interesa\u021bi, s-a dovedit c\u0103 Carrie avea o inteligen\u021b\u0103 normal\u0103. Ea fusese violat\u0103 de o rud\u0103 a p\u0103rin\u021bilor ei adoptivi. Ulterior, au \u00eencercat s\u0103 mu\u0219amalizeze afacerea prin internarea ei \u00een colonie. Nici fiica lui Carrie nu era o imbecil\u0103. Carrie Buck a fost \u00een cele din urm\u0103 eliberat\u0103 din colonie.<\/p>\n<p>Acum \u0219tim c\u0103 eugenia nu are o baz\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 mai solid\u0103 dec\u00e2t astrologia. Curtea Suprem\u0103 a Statelor Unite a fost ghidat\u0103 de o pseudo\u0219tiin\u021b\u0103. Dar, pentru o vreme, eugenia a fost luat\u0103 \u00een serios, iar programele de sterilizare au fost puse \u00een aplicare \u00een multe \u021b\u0103ri \u00een anii 1930 \u0219i ulterior. \u00cen Suedia, \u00eentre 1935 \u0219i 1975, peste 60.000 de persoane au fost supuse steriliz\u0103rii, majoritatea femei. Nazi\u0219tii germani au sterilizat peste 400.000 de persoane. Un alt exemplu gr\u0103itor de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 r\u0103t\u0103cit\u0103 a fost presupusa &#8222;bomb\u0103 demografic\u0103&#8221;. \u00centr-o carte cu acela\u0219i nume, biologul american Paul R. Ehrlich afirma cu \u00eencredere \u00een 1968 c\u0103 &#8222;\u00een anii 1970, sute de milioane de oameni vor muri de foame, \u00een ciuda oric\u0103ror programe de colaps demarate acum&#8221;. Dimpotriv\u0103: produc\u021bia de alimente a crescut foarte mult, \u00een timp ce foametea aproape a disp\u0103rut. Cu toate acestea, ascult\u00e2nd de profe\u021bii nenorocirii, guvernul chinez s-a angajat \u00een politica &#8222;copilului unic&#8221;, provoc\u00e2nd nenum\u0103rate familii \u00eentr-o suferin\u021b\u0103 de nedescris. Steriliz\u0103ri \u00een mas\u0103 for\u021bate au fost, de asemenea, puse \u00een aplicare \u00een India \u0219i China. \u00cen India, un astfel de program, care a implicat milioane de persoane, a fost \u00eencurajat de Autoritatea Suedez\u0103 pentru Dezvoltare Interna\u021bional\u0103, Banca Mondial\u0103 \u0219i Fondul ONU pentru Popula\u021bie.<\/p>\n<p>Din anii petrecu\u021bi \u00een Anglia, \u00eemi amintesc \u00eenc\u0103 un alt exemplu de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 r\u0103t\u0103cit\u0103, de\u0219i pu\u021bin mai inofensiv, pentru c\u0103 nu a fost luat\u0103 \u00een serios de c\u0103tre cei care de\u021bin puterea. \u00cen martie 1981, 364 de economi\u0219ti, printre care se num\u0103rau distin\u0219i cercet\u0103tori precum Anthony Giddens, James E. Meade \u0219i Amartya Sen, dar \u0219i persoane mai pu\u021bin distinse precum Willem Buiter, Nicholas Stern \u0219i Julian Le Grand, au semnat o declara\u021bie de protest fa\u021b\u0103 de politicile lui Margaret Thatcher care, potrivit semnatarilor, &#8222;nu aveau nicio baz\u0103 \u00een teoria economic\u0103&#8221;. Ace\u0219tia au ad\u0103ugat cu \u00eencredere c\u0103 aceste politici vor &#8222;ad\u00e2nci depresiunea&#8221;. \u00cen Camera Comunelor, Thatcher a fost provocat\u0103 de liderul laburist s\u0103 numeasc\u0103 doar doi economi\u0219ti britanici care erau de acord cu ea. &#8222;Alan Walters \u0219i Patrick Minford&#8221;, a replicat ea. \u00cen ma\u0219in\u0103, pe drumul de \u00eentoarcere spre Downing Street 10, a remarcat cu ironie c\u0103, din fericire, adversarul ei nu ceruse trei nume! De fapt, politicile lui Thatcher se bazau pe teoria economic\u0103 clasic\u0103 \u0219i nu au ad\u00e2ncit depresiunea. Dimpotriv\u0103, \u0219omajul a sc\u0103zut, economia britanic\u0103 \u0219i-a revenit, iar Thatcher \u0219i-a continuat reformele, r\u0103m\u00e2n\u00e2nd \u00een func\u021bie mai mult timp dec\u00e2t orice alt prim-ministru britanic de la lordul Liverpool la \u00eenceputul secolului al XIX-lea.<\/p>\n<p>&#8222;Urma\u021bi \u0219tiin\u021ba&#8221;, se spune uneori. Poate c\u0103 ar trebui mai degrab\u0103 s\u0103 urm\u0103rim banii. Nu exist\u0103 niciun dubiu unde sunt banii: \u00cen predic\u021biile despre un dezastru iminent. Dac\u0103 sunte\u021bi un cercet\u0103tor aspirant, nu ve\u021bi ob\u021bine o numire la universitate, sau promov\u0103ri, sau granturi, sau publica\u021bii acceptate \u00een reviste de specialitate, dec\u00e2t dac\u0103 v\u0103 declara\u021bi credin\u021ba necondi\u021bionat\u0103 \u00een \u00eenc\u0103lzirea global\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd se pune problema. Adagiul conform c\u0103ruia nu este o \u0219tire dac\u0103 c\u00e2inele mu\u0219c\u0103 omul, ci doar dac\u0103 omul mu\u0219c\u0103 c\u00e2inele, se aplic\u0103 \u0219i jurnali\u0219tilor: nu este o \u0219tire dac\u0103 lumea va r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u00een picioare, ci doar dac\u0103 este pe cale s\u0103 se pr\u0103bu\u0219easc\u0103. Ipoteza \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 plauzibil\u0103 a unei anumite \u00eenc\u0103lziri globale provocate de om ca urmare a emisiilor de GES a fost abuzat\u0103 de st\u00e2ngi\u0219tii, alarmi\u0219tii \u0219i alarmi\u0219tii \u00eenseta\u021bi de putere. \u00cenc\u0103lzirea global\u0103 nu mai este o chestiune \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103. Este vorba despre o industrie profitabil\u0103. Este vorba, de asemenea, despre putere. Judec\u0103torii de la Strasbourg exercit\u0103 o putere care nu le-a fost niciodat\u0103 acordat\u0103. Ei se v\u0103d pe ei \u00een\u0219i\u0219i ca pe ni\u0219te gardieni platonici, mai presus de lupt\u0103, spun\u00e2ndu-ne nou\u0103, fiin\u021belor inferioare, ce s\u0103 facem. Ei fac legi \u0219i inventeaz\u0103 drepturi \u00een loc s\u0103 ia decizii strict \u00een conformitate cu litera \u0219i spiritul Conven\u021biei Europene a Drepturilor Omului.<\/p>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00centr-o decizie extraordinar\u0103 din 9 aprilie 2024, Curtea European\u0103 a Drepturilor Omului de la Strasbourg, CEDO, a constatat c\u0103 Elve\u021bia a \u00eenc\u0103lcat drepturile omului, a\u0219a cum sunt ele prev\u0103zute \u00een Conven\u021bia European\u0103 a Drepturilor Omului, prin faptul c\u0103 nu a abordat cu suficient\u0103 hot\u0103r\u00e2re problema schimb\u0103rilor climatice. O asocia\u021bie de femei \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 din Elve\u021bia [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":53,"featured_media":24729,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[183,263,160],"tags":[682,574,796,684,1385],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[329],"types":[456],"class_list":["post-24919","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultura-ro","category-legal-ro","category-politica","tag-democracy","tag-european-council","tag-european-court-of-human-rights","tag-rule-of-law","tag-switzerland","regions-central-europe-ro","types-opinion-ro"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>CEDO Inventarea unui drept: Cazul elve\u021bian - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/cedo-inventarea-unui-drept-cazul-elvetian\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"CEDO Inventarea unui drept: Cazul elve\u021bian - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00centr-o decizie extraordinar\u0103 din 9 aprilie 2024, Curtea European\u0103 a Drepturilor Omului de la Strasbourg, CEDO, a constatat c\u0103 Elve\u021bia a \u00eenc\u0103lcat drepturile omului, a\u0219a cum sunt ele prev\u0103zute \u00een Conven\u021bia European\u0103 a Drepturilor Omului, prin faptul c\u0103 nu a abordat cu suficient\u0103 hot\u0103r\u00e2re problema schimb\u0103rilor climatice. 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