{"id":2552,"date":"2022-05-16T08:15:52","date_gmt":"2022-05-16T08:15:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/the-strange-behaviour-of-the-european-institutions"},"modified":"2022-05-16T08:21:28","modified_gmt":"2022-05-16T08:21:28","slug":"the-strange-behaviour-of-the-european-institutions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/the-strange-behaviour-of-the-european-institutions","title":{"rendered":"Comportamentul ciudat al institu\u021biilor europene"},"content":{"rendered":"

Existen\u021ba unor discrepan\u021be \u00eentre instan\u021bele na\u021bionale \u0219i Curtea de Justi\u021bie a Uniunii Europene este, \u00een principiu, un fenomen care nu ar trebui s\u0103 surprind\u0103 un jurist; ca organisme jurisdic\u021bionale diferite, pot ajunge la decizii diferite \u0219i chiar opuse. Cu toate acestea, ne-am a\u0219tepta la un mecanism clar pentru a determina care dintre cele dou\u0103 ar trebui s\u0103 prevaleze, un mecanism acceptat de to\u021bi. Din p\u0103cate, acesta nefiind cazul \u00een Uniunea European\u0103, pare destul de clar c\u0103 un defect grav \u00een sistemul s\u0103u juridic pune \u00een discu\u021bie \u00eens\u0103\u0219i seriozitatea acestuia.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00centr-adev\u0103r, mai multe cur\u021bi constitu\u021bionale na\u021bionale au contestat deja hot\u0103r\u00e2rile Cur\u021bii de Justi\u021bie a Uniunii Europene, precum \u0219i principiul primatului dreptului european asupra dreptului na\u021bional, inventat de Curte \u00een 1963. Din hot\u0103r\u00e2rea Van Gend & Loos, care este adesea citat\u0103 ca o justificare preliminar\u0103 a principiului de prima\u021bie men\u021bionat mai sus, Curtea cu sediul \u00een Luxemburg a declarat c\u0103 statele membre \u00ee\u0219i limiteaz\u0103 suveranitatea la semnarea tratatelor, o afirma\u021bie foarte curioas\u0103, deoarece de fapt nu este nic\u0103ieri. care se reg\u0103sesc \u00een tratate.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00cen hot\u0103r\u00e2rea Costa c. ENEL (15 iulie 1964), Curtea a mai afirmat c\u0103 \u201e<\/span> precedenta dreptului comunitar este confirmat\u0103 de articolul 189, prin care un regulament este obligatoriu \u0219i se aplic\u0103 direct \u00een toate statele membre.<\/span><\/i>„. O alt\u0103 deduc\u021bie incomod\u0103, deoarece nici for\u021ba obligatorie, nici aplicarea direct\u0103 nu determin\u0103 \u00een mod necesar primatul. Lipsa de logic\u0103, nu doar legal\u0103, ci doar fundamental\u0103, a magistra\u021bilor magnific remunera\u021bi ai Uniunii Europene este un alt defect grav \u00een soliditatea acestei organiza\u021bii interna\u021bionale.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Este adev\u0103rat c\u0103, \u00een conformitate cu articolul 19 alineatul (3) din Tratatul privind Uniunea European\u0103, Curtea de Justi\u021bie a acesteia se pronun\u021b\u0103 cu privire la interpretarea dreptului Uniunii \u0219i la validitatea actelor adoptate de institu\u021biile sale, dar aceasta nu \u00eei acord\u0103 nicio prioritate.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Desigur, aceste inconsecven\u021be au fost eviden\u021biate de diferite state membre. \u00cenaintea Poloniei \u0219i Ungariei – na\u021biuni care au avut recent tendin\u021ba de a se comporta mai pu\u021bin servil fa\u021b\u0103 de criptocra\u021bia de la Bruxelles – Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103 Federal\u0103 German\u0103 a pus sub o presiune considerabil\u0103 principiul primatului. Era o chestiune de bani \u0219i \u0219tim deja c\u0103 banii europeni, p\u00e2n\u0103 la urm\u0103, sunt controla\u021bi \u00een mod substan\u021bial din Frankfurt, mai degrab\u0103 dec\u00e2t din Belgia sau Luxemburg. Merit\u0103 s\u0103 reamintim c\u0103, c\u00e2ndva frumosul ora\u0219 Hessia, nu este doar sediul B\u0103ncii Centrale Europene, ci \u0219i cel al B\u0103ncii Federale Germane, \u0219i nu \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103tor. C\u00e2nd Banca Central\u0103 European\u0103 a fost creat\u0103 pentru a controla mizeria euro, a fost decis la Berlin \u0219i acceptat la Bruxelles, Paris, precum \u0219i \u00een toate celelalte cancelarii europene ne\u00een\u021belese. Finan\u021bele Bruxelles-ului \u0219i ale \u00eentregii Uniuni urmeaz\u0103 s\u0103 fie gestionate la cincisprezece minute de mers cu ma\u0219ina de birourile autorit\u0103\u021bii monetare germanice.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00cen acest context, judec\u0103torii de la Karlsruhe \u0219i-au prezentat hot\u0103r\u00e2rea Weiss la 5 mai 2020, declar\u00e2nd astfel c\u0103 dou\u0103 decizii ale organelor Uniunii Europene erau<\/span> ultra vires.<\/span><\/i> \u0219i par\u021bial neconstitu\u021bionale, \u0219i anume, cele care provin de la sus-men\u021bionate Banca Central\u0103 European\u0103 \u0219i Curtea de Justi\u021bie a Uniunii Europene privind programul european de cump\u0103rare a datoriei publice. \u00cen consecin\u021b\u0103, Germania a contestat autoritatea ambilor.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Potrivit Cur\u021bii Constitu\u021bionale Germane, Banca Central\u0103 European\u0103 nu ac\u021biona \u00een limitele sale de competen\u021b\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd a achizi\u021bionat obliga\u021biuni \u00een valoare de 2,6 trilioane de euro, deoarece opera\u021biunea ar fi trebuit s\u0103 fie autorizat\u0103 anterior at\u00e2t de guvernul federal german, c\u00e2t \u0219i de<\/span> Bundestag<\/span><\/i> .. Drept urmare, Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103 German\u0103 a declarat c\u0103 nici decizia B\u0103ncii Centrale Europene \u0219i nici hot\u0103r\u00e2rea Cur\u021bii de Justi\u021bie a Uniunii Europene de aprobare a tranzac\u021biei nu ar trebui puse \u00een aplicare \u00een Germania.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Cititorul va percepe cu u\u0219urin\u021b\u0103 asprimea pe care o implic\u0103 rezolu\u021bia magistra\u021bilor germani. Dreptului UE nu numai c\u0103 \u00eei lipse\u0219te orice primat fa\u021b\u0103 de dreptul german; dar nici hot\u0103r\u00e2rile celor mai \u00eenalte autorit\u0103\u021bi din Uniunea European\u0103 nici nu ar trebui aplicate \u00een Germania.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00cen plus, chiar \u0219i cheltuielile de judecat\u0103 au fost acordate \u00een favoarea domnului Weiss \u0219i a co-reclaman\u021bilor s\u0103i. Toate fondurile cheltuite pentru onorariile avoca\u021bilor lor (o sum\u0103 de \u0219ase cifre) urmau s\u0103 fie pl\u0103tite din trezoreria public\u0103 \u00eenfloritoare a Republicii Federale, din cauza clarit\u0103\u021bii cazului, potrivit magistra\u021bilor de la Karlsruhe.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00cen termeni practici, Bundesbank nu ar mai participa la programul de cump\u0103rare de obliga\u021biuni al B\u0103ncii Centrale Europene; autoritatea monetar\u0103 european\u0103 ar fi putut continua s\u0103 achizi\u021bioneze datorii publice dac\u0103 ar fi dorit \u0219i dac\u0103 celelalte na\u021biuni i-au permis cu bun\u0103voin\u021b\u0103 s\u0103 continue acest lucru, dar \u00een niciun caz cu fonduri venite din Germania. Este evident c\u0103 un astfel de scenariu ar restr\u00e2nge considerabil marja de manevr\u0103 \u00een Uniune.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00cen cele din urm\u0103, contribuabilii germani erau proteja\u021bi, deoarece prin cump\u0103rarea datoriilor publice Banca Central\u0103 European\u0103 transmite un mesaj acelor state membre care doresc s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i asume mai multe datorii, \u0219tiind c\u0103 aceasta va fi achizi\u021bionat\u0103 de c\u0103tre organul de trezorerie al Uniunii. Dar o ofert\u0103 mai mare de datorie public\u0103 \u00eei reduce pre\u021bul, adic\u0103 rata dob\u00e2nzii la care astfel de na\u021biuni \u00eendatorate trebuie s\u0103 o ramburseze. Acest lucru ar fi contrar nu numai spiritului Tratatului de la Maastricht (care interzice B\u0103ncii Centrale Europene s\u0103 cumpere direct datorii publice de la state), ci \u0219i intereselor na\u021biunilor cu \u00eendatorare sc\u0103zut\u0103, cum ar fi Germania \u0219i cet\u0103\u021benii acestora.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00cen plus, riscurile de neplat\u0103 ar fi transmise \u0219i c\u0103tre contribuabilii germani, care ar trebui s\u0103 le suporte \u00een m\u0103sura \u00een care Bundesbank ar fi principalul contributor la soldul B\u0103ncii Centrale Europene. Ambele organe ale UE, Banca Central\u0103 European\u0103 \u0219i Curtea de Justi\u021bie, au \u00eencercat s\u0103 contracareze criticile referitoare la finan\u021barea de la stat, argument\u00e2nd c\u0103 autoritatea monetar\u0103 european\u0103 nu dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te bariera a unei treimi din datoria public\u0103 emis\u0103 de niciun stat membru. Dar nici m\u0103car acest lucru nu a fost considerat suficient de c\u0103tre magistra\u021bii germani, ca o alt\u0103 demonstra\u021bie c\u0103 primatul este, pentru ei, o himer\u0103.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Dup\u0103 ce s-a maturizat de mai bine de un an ce ar trebui f\u0103cut cu privire la atitudinea german\u0103, la 9 iunie 2021, Comisia European\u0103 a transmis guvernului Republicii Federale o comunicare oficial\u0103 pentru \u00eenc\u0103lcarea principiilor fundamentale ale dreptului Uniunii, respectiv cele ale autonomiei, primatului, eficacitatea \u0219i aplicarea uniform\u0103, precum \u0219i respectarea competen\u021bei Cur\u021bii de Justi\u021bie. Cu Polonia \u0219i Ungaria atacurile sunt permanente, dar aici a fost necesar s\u0103 se c\u00e2nt\u0103reasc\u0103 din nou \u0219i din nou cum s\u0103 se ac\u021bioneze fa\u021b\u0103 de Berlin, \u00eenainte de a decide ini\u021bierea procedurilor.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Site-ul Comisiei Europene a subliniat \u00een special c\u0103 decizia Cur\u021bii Constitu\u021bionale germane a \u00eenc\u0103lcat principiul primatului dreptului Uniunii. Dou\u0103 luni mai t\u00e2rziu, guvernul prezidat de Olaf Scholz a r\u0103spuns printr-o scrisoare de patru pagini \u00een care Germania, f\u0103r\u0103 a anula decizia Cur\u021bii Constitu\u021bionale, a recunoscut principiile autonomiei, primatului, eficacit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i aplic\u0103rii uniforme a dreptului Uniunii, precum \u0219i valorile proclamate de articolul 2 din Tratatul privind Uniunea European\u0103, \u00een special statul de drept.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Mai mult, Guvernul Semaforului – dup\u0103 culorile celor trei partide ale sale participante – a proclamat \u00een mod explicit \u00een scrisoarea sa autoritatea Cur\u021bii Europene de Justi\u021bie, ale c\u0103rei decizii sunt obligatorii \u0219i nu pot fi atacate. Acesta a ad\u0103ugat c\u0103 legalitatea actelor institu\u021biei Uniunii nu sunt supuse controlului de constitu\u021bionalitate de c\u0103tre instan\u021bele germane \u0219i pot fi atacate doar \u00een fa\u021ba Cur\u021bii de Justi\u021bie din Luxemburg.<\/span><\/p>\n

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R\u0103spunsul german a confirmat \u00een mod expres respectarea obliga\u021biei de cooperare loial\u0103 \u00een conformitate cu tratatele europene, angaj\u00e2ndu-se s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 toate mijloacele de care dispune pentru a evita, pe viitor, repetarea unei decizii precum cea emis\u0103 la 5 mai 2020 de c\u0103tre Curtea de la Karlsruhe.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Cu astfel de declara\u021bii, Comisia European\u0103 a decis s\u0103 \u00eenchid\u0103, abia patru luni mai t\u00e2rziu, procedura pe care se g\u00e2ndise at\u00e2t de profund s\u0103 ini\u021bieze \u00eempotriva Germaniei. Este, f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103, o \u00eenchidere fals\u0103, un mod de a ac\u021biona care se arat\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 o dat\u0103 foarte str\u0103in de orice logic\u0103 \u0219i soliditate juridic\u0103.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, pentru c\u0103 executivul german nu s-a obosit s\u0103-\u0219i conteste Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103. \u00cen mod evident, cadrul legal al Republicii Federale nu permite cancelarului s\u0103 revoce deciziile organului care interpreteaz\u0103 Bonn. <\/span>Grundgesetz<\/span><\/i> din 1949: dar ar fi putut s\u0103 emit\u0103 o declara\u021bie public\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 a l\u0103sa \u00een seama Comisiei Europene, indirect \u0219i cu proverbiala lips\u0103 de transparen\u021b\u0103 care caracterizeaz\u0103 aceast\u0103 institu\u021bie a Uniunii, s\u0103 comunice o mic\u0103 not\u0103 care s\u0103 permit\u0103 ambelor p\u0103r\u021bi s\u0103 ias\u0103 din imbroglio.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00cen al doilea r\u00e2nd, pentru c\u0103 decizia instan\u021bei de la Karlsruhe confirm\u0103 c\u0103 principiul primatului, proclamat at\u00e2t de grandilocvent de autorit\u0103\u021bile de la Bruxelles, nu poate fi luat prea \u00een serios \u0219i nici m\u0103car considerat de\u0219euri de h\u00e2rtie, \u00een func\u021bie de interesele specifice puse \u00een joc \u0219i de puterea de fapt a respectivului laturi \u00een lupt\u0103. Rezolu\u021bia de la Bruxelles a acestei chestiuni p\u0103rea de fapt destul de copil\u0103reasc\u0103, ca un repro\u0219 al profesorului la adresa unui b\u0103t\u0103u\u0219 care a \u00eenc\u0103lcat acelea\u0219i reguli pe care colegii mai pu\u021bin influen\u021bi nu \u00eendr\u0103znesc s\u0103 le ignore \u0219i asta f\u0103r\u0103 nicio consecin\u021b\u0103 sau sanc\u021biune real\u0103.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00cen cele din urm\u0103, pentru c\u0103 nimic din toate acestea nu a fost o solu\u021bie legal\u0103 a problemei cu adev\u0103rat, ci mai degrab\u0103 un compromis \u00eentre Berlin \u0219i Bruxelles, poate pur \u0219i simplu printr-o conversa\u021bie telefonic\u0103 \u00een german\u0103, din moment ce nu este surprinz\u0103tor c\u0103 Ursula Gertrude, principalul chiria\u0219 al Palatului Berlaymont, provine dintr-un Producator de stofe Bremen.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Jorge Martinez \u0219i Miguel Toledano sunt consilieri \u00een Parlamentul European pentru Grupul Conservatorilor \u0219i Reformi\u0219tilor Europeni.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Existen\u021ba unor discrepan\u021be \u00eentre instan\u021bele na\u021bionale \u0219i Curtea de Justi\u021bie a Uniunii Europene este, \u00een principiu, un fenomen care nu ar trebui s\u0103 surprind\u0103 un jurist; ca organisme jurisdic\u021bionale diferite, pot ajunge la decizii diferite \u0219i chiar opuse. Cu toate acestea, ne-am a\u0219tepta la un mecanism clar pentru a determina care dintre cele dou\u0103 ar […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":2572,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[157,184,160],"tags":[],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[],"types":[],"class_list":["post-2552","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-comert-si-economie","category-eseuri","category-politica"],"yoast_head":"\nComportamentul ciudat al institu\u021biilor europene - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Existen\u021ba unor discrepan\u021be \u00eentre instan\u021bele na\u021bionale \u0219i Curtea de Justi\u021bie a Uniunii Europene este, \u00een principiu, un fenomen care nu ar trebui s\u0103 surprind\u0103 un jurist; ca organisme jurisdic\u021bionale diferite, pot ajunge la decizii diferite \u0219i chiar opuse. Cu toate acestea, ne-am a\u0219tepta la un mecanism clar pentru a determina care dintre cele dou\u0103 ar trebui s\u0103 prevaleze, un mecanism acceptat de to\u021bi. Din p\u0103cate, acesta nefiind cazul \u00een Uniunea European\u0103, pare destul de clar c\u0103 un defect grav \u00een sistemul s\u0103u juridic pune \u00een discu\u021bie \u00eens\u0103\u0219i seriozitatea acestuia.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/the-strange-behaviour-of-the-european-institutions\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Comportamentul ciudat al institu\u021biilor europene - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Existen\u021ba unor discrepan\u021be \u00eentre instan\u021bele na\u021bionale \u0219i Curtea de Justi\u021bie a Uniunii Europene este, \u00een principiu, un fenomen care nu ar trebui s\u0103 surprind\u0103 un jurist; ca organisme jurisdic\u021bionale diferite, pot ajunge la decizii diferite \u0219i chiar opuse. 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