{"id":26035,"date":"2024-05-05T15:14:47","date_gmt":"2024-05-05T15:14:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/provocari-globale-pace"},"modified":"2024-05-05T15:14:47","modified_gmt":"2024-05-05T15:14:47","slug":"provocari-globale-pace","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/provocari-globale-pace","title":{"rendered":"Provoc\u0103ri globale: Pace"},"content":{"rendered":"

Jurnal european: Ljubljana, aprilie 2024<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ljubljana este unul dintre cele mai frumoase ora\u0219e din Europa, iar eu m\u0103 bucur \u00eentotdeauna s\u0103 merg acolo. Ultima dat\u0103 am vizitat ora\u0219ul \u00een urm\u0103 cu doi ani, a\u0219a cum am mai scris<\/a> despre el. Pe 23 aprilie 2024 m-am aflat din nou acolo, la o conferin\u021b\u0103<\/a> pe tema „Provoc\u0103ri globale: Pace, libertate \u0219i comer\u021b”, organizat\u0103 de Facultatea de Drept \u0219i Economie a Institutului Catolic<\/a> \u0219i co-sponsorizat\u0103 de Centrul Economic Austriac<\/a> din Viena. Mie mi-a revenit sarcina de a discuta despre pace. \u00cen discursul meu, am subliniat c\u0103 exist\u0103 \u00een esen\u021b\u0103 trei moduri de a ob\u021bine de la al\u021bii ceea ce \u00ee\u021bi dore\u0219ti: s\u0103 ceri, s\u0103 pl\u0103te\u0219ti \u0219i s\u0103 iei. Prima modalitate se limiteaz\u0103 \u00een mare parte la cercul restr\u00e2ns de prieteni \u0219i familie. Po\u021bi s\u0103-i ceri mamei tale o bucat\u0103 de p\u00e2ine, iar ea \u021bi-o va da. Dar trebuie s\u0103 pl\u0103te\u0219ti brutarul dac\u0103 vrei de la el o bucat\u0103 de p\u00e2ine. Al doilea mod este modul \u00een care te por\u021bi \u00een mod pa\u0219nic cu str\u0103inii, nu doar cu brutarul din cartierul t\u0103u, ci \u0219i cu str\u0103ini. Japonezii nu produc o ma\u0219in\u0103 pentru tine din simpatie pentru tine, ci pentru c\u0103 tu pl\u0103te\u0219ti pentru ea. A treia cale este cea a jafului \u00een cazul indivizilor \u0219i a r\u0103zboiului \u00een cazul \u021b\u0103rilor. Este vorba despre cucerire, nu despre comer\u021b.<\/p>\n

Pace prin liber schimb<\/h3>\n

Comer\u021bul liber este calea c\u0103tre o pace real\u0103 \u0219i durabil\u0103. Dac\u0103 vede\u021bi \u00eentr-un str\u0103in un poten\u021bial client, tendin\u021ba de a trage \u00een el scade. Nu pot rezista s\u0103 nu-l citez pe poetul \u0219i jurnalistul englez Joseph Addison. El a scris \u00een Spectator <\/em>\u00een 1711:<\/p>\n

Se pare c\u0103 natura a avut o grij\u0103 deosebit\u0103 de a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndi binecuv\u00e2nt\u0103rile sale \u00een diferitele regiuni ale lumii, cu g\u00e2ndul la aceast\u0103 rela\u021bie \u0219i trafic reciproc \u00eentre oameni, pentru ca nativii din diferitele p\u0103r\u021bi ale globului s\u0103 aib\u0103 un fel de dependen\u021b\u0103 unii fa\u021b\u0103 de al\u021bii \u0219i s\u0103 fie uni\u021bi prin interesul lor comun. Aproape fiecare grad produce ceva care \u00eei este specific. Adesea, alimentele cresc \u00eentr-o \u021bar\u0103, iar sosul \u00een alta. Fructele din Portugalia sunt corectate de produsele din Barbados: infuzia unei plante din China \u00eendulcit\u0103 cu miezul unei trestii de zah\u0103r indian. … Comer\u021bul, f\u0103r\u0103 a m\u0103ri teritoriile britanice, ne-a oferit un fel de imperiu suplimentar: a \u00eenmul\u021bit num\u0103rul celor boga\u021bi, a f\u0103cut ca propriet\u0103\u021bile noastre funciare s\u0103 fie infinit mai valoroase dec\u00e2t erau \u00eenainte \u0219i a ad\u0103ugat la acestea un num\u0103r de alte propriet\u0103\u021bi la fel de valoroase ca \u0219i propriet\u0103\u021bile \u00een sine.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Re\u021bine\u021bi c\u0103 Addison a prezentat deja atunci leg\u0103tura dintre diviziunea muncii \u0219i comer\u021bul liber, cu 65 de ani \u00eenainte ca Adam Smith s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i publice lucrarea sa magnific\u0103 ” Bog\u0103\u021bia na\u021biunilor<\/em>„.<\/p>\n

Un alt purt\u0103tor de cuv\u00e2nt elocvent al p\u0103cii prin comer\u021b liber a fost economistul \u0219i politicianul francez Robert Turgot, prim-ministru al Fran\u021bei \u00een 1774-1776:<\/p>\n

Gra\u021bie principiului sacru al libert\u0103\u021bii comer\u021bului, toate interesele pretinse ale comer\u021bului dispar. Pretinsele interese de a controla mai multe sau mai pu\u021bine teritorii dispar datorit\u0103 acestui principiu: c\u0103 teritoriile nu apar\u021bin na\u021biunilor, ci indivizilor, c\u0103 problema de a \u0219ti dac\u0103 un canton sau un sat trebuie s\u0103 apar\u021bin\u0103 unei provincii sau unui stat nu trebuie s\u0103 fie decis\u0103 altfel dec\u00e2t \u00een func\u021bie de interesele oamenilor din respectivul canton sau sat. L\u0103sa\u021bi-i s\u0103 se \u00eent\u00e2lneasc\u0103 pentru treburile lor \u00een locul care le este mai convenabil.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

At\u00e2t Addison, c\u00e2t \u0219i Turgot au exprimat ideea puternic\u0103 potrivit c\u0103reia, dac\u0103 m\u0103rfurile nu au voie s\u0103 treac\u0103 grani\u021bele, solda\u021bii o vor face. Alegerea este \u00eentre comer\u021b sau cucerire, plat\u0103 sau acaparare. \u00cen discursul meu, am amintit de Japonia anilor 1930. Av\u00e2nd o nevoie disperat\u0103 de materii prime, s-a lovit aproape peste tot de barierele comerciale ridicate ca r\u0103spuns la Marea Depresiune, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd liderii ei au decis c\u0103 ceea ce nu poate ob\u021bine pe cale pa\u0219nic\u0103, pur \u0219i simplu va pune m\u00e2na. Prin urmare, a atacat mai \u00eent\u00e2i China \u0219i apoi Statele Unite.<\/p>\n

Modelul nordic de rela\u021bii interna\u021bionale<\/h3>\n

Comer\u021bul liber \u00eendreapt\u0103 instinctele competitive \u0219i chiar agresive c\u0103tre canale pa\u0219nice. \u00cen discursul meu, am descris \u0219i modelul nordic de rela\u021bii interna\u021bionale. Acesta are cinci caracteristici principale: 1) Secesiune pa\u0219nic\u0103<\/em>, ca atunci c\u00e2nd Norvegia s-a separat de Suedia \u00een 1905, Finlanda de Rusia \u00een 1917 \u0219i Islanda de Danemarca \u00een 1918. 2) modific\u0103ri ale frontierelor prin plebiscite<\/em>, cum a fost cazul Schleswig, contestat at\u00e2t de Danemarca, c\u00e2t \u0219i de Germania, care a fost \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit \u00een 1920 \u00een trei zone de vot. Cea mai nordic\u0103 zon\u0103 a votat pentru Danemarca, iar celelalte dou\u0103 pentru Germania. \u00cen consecin\u021b\u0103, frontiera a fost mutat\u0103 spre sud, \u00eencorpor\u00e2nd cea mai nordic\u0103 zon\u0103 din Danemarca. 3) Arbitraj pa\u0219nic<\/em>, ca atunci c\u00e2nd Curtea Interna\u021bional\u0103 de Justi\u021bie de la Haga a decis, \u00een cadrul unui conflict \u00eentre Suedia \u0219i Finlanda cu privire la Insulele \u00c5land, de limb\u0103 suedez\u0103, c\u0103 acestea ar trebui s\u0103 apar\u021bin\u0103 Finlandei, iar \u00een cadrul unui conflict \u00eentre Danemarca \u0219i Norvegia cu privire la jurisdic\u021bia asupra Groenlandei de Est, c\u0103 \u00eentreaga Groenlanda se afl\u0103 sub jurisdic\u021bie danez\u0103. 4) Autonomia minorit\u0103\u021bilor na\u021bionale<\/em>, de exemplu, locuitorii din Insulele \u00c5land \u0219i, \u00een prezent, \u0219i locuitorii din Groenlanda \u0219i din Insulele Feroe. 5) Cooperarea f\u0103r\u0103 renun\u021barea la suveranitate<\/em>, ca \u00een cazul Consiliului Nordic, \u00eenfiin\u021bat \u00een 1952. De atunci, \u021b\u0103rile nordice \u0219i-au extins \u00een mod spontan cooperarea, elimin\u00e2nd cerin\u021ba de a avea pa\u0219apoarte pentru trecerea frontierelor, oferind altor cet\u0103\u021beni nordici acces la pia\u021ba muncii \u0219i la serviciile sociale din orice \u021bar\u0103 nordic\u0103 gazd\u0103 \u0219i coordon\u00e2nd mai multe legi \u0219i reglement\u0103ri. Am sugerat \u00een discursul meu c\u0103 poate Uniunea European\u0103 ar trebui s\u0103 se inspire din Consiliul Nordic.<\/p>\n

\u00cent\u00e2lnirea \u00een cadrul c\u0103reia am \u021binut conferin\u021ba a fost condus\u0103 cu pricepere de profesorul Mitja Steinbacher, iar \u00een timpul pauzei de cafea am avut ocazia s\u0103 discut despre politica european\u0103 cu Lojze Peterle, primul prim-ministru al Sloveniei dup\u0103 c\u0103derea comunismului. \u00cen mod surprinz\u0103tor, am fost provocat de mai multe persoane la \u00eent\u00e2lnire. Nu este oare ideea de pace prin comer\u021b liber un vis zadarnic \u00eentr-o lume condus\u0103 par\u021bial de mafio\u021bii agresivi din Rusia, comuni\u0219tii chinezi corup\u021bi \u0219i mullahi iranieni fanatici, uni\u021bi \u00een respingerea valorilor occidentale? Poate fi aplicat modelul nordic, care presupune na\u021biuni mici, coezive, cu o mo\u0219tenire cultural\u0103 comun\u0103, la \u021b\u0103rile mult mai diverse de la sud de grani\u021ba danezo-german\u0103?<\/p>\n

Este adev\u0103rat c\u0103 exist\u0103 un anumit adev\u0103r \u00een aceste dou\u0103 obiec\u021bii. Singurul mesaj pe care despo\u021bii orientali de la Moscova, Beijing \u0219i Teheran \u00eel \u00een\u021beleg \u0219i \u00eel recunosc este acela al unei puteri militare suficiente \u0219i al unei voin\u021be demonstrabile de a ne ap\u0103ra \u021b\u0103rile \u0219i valorile. „Si vis pacem, para bellum. Dac\u0103 vrei pace, preg\u0103te\u0219te-te pentru r\u0103zboi. Prin urmare, Organiza\u021bia Tratatului Atlanticului de Nord, NATO, este indispensabil\u0103, \u00een timp ce europenii nu se mai pot a\u0219tepta ca contribuabilii americani s\u0103 pl\u0103teasc\u0103 pentru ap\u0103rarea Europei. Cooperarea \u00een Atlanticul de Nord trebuie s\u0103 se bazeze pe reciprocitate, nu pe dependen\u021ba total\u0103 a Europei de Statele Unite. Cu toate acestea, amenin\u021barea este clar\u0103. De\u0219i PIB-ul Rusiei este doar cu pu\u021bin mai mare dec\u00e2t cel al Spaniei, aceasta dispune de arme nucleare pe care le-ar folosi \u00een cazul unei amenin\u021b\u0103ri existen\u021biale. Trebuie s\u0103 fie luat\u0103 \u00een serios, dar nu trebuie s\u0103 i se permit\u0103 s\u0103 ne intimideze.<\/p>\n

\u00cen timp ce cealalt\u0103 obiec\u021bie, c\u0103 Europa \u00een ansamblu este mult mai divers\u0103 dec\u00e2t \u021b\u0103rile nordice, este cu siguran\u021b\u0103 adev\u0103rat\u0103, adev\u0103rata \u00eentrebare este ce model va adopta Europa \u00een viitor: o evolu\u021bie treptat\u0103, spontan\u0103 \u0219i pa\u0219nic\u0103 \u00een ceva asem\u0103n\u0103tor cu regiunea nordic\u0103, o Europ\u0103 a statelor na\u021bionale cu o pia\u021b\u0103 comun\u0103, sau crearea unei noi superputeri, Statele Unite ale Europei, cu renun\u021barea la suveranitatea na\u021bional\u0103 \u00een favoarea unei birocra\u021bii de la Bruxelles, care nu va da socoteal\u0103 \u0219i nu va fi transparent\u0103.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jurnal european: Ljubljana, aprilie 2024   Ljubljana este unul dintre cele mai frumoase ora\u0219e din Europa, iar eu m\u0103 bucur \u00eentotdeauna s\u0103 merg acolo. Ultima dat\u0103 am vizitat ora\u0219ul \u00een urm\u0103 cu doi ani, a\u0219a cum am mai scris despre el. Pe 23 aprilie 2024 m-am aflat din nou acolo, la o conferin\u021b\u0103 pe tema […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":52,"featured_media":25966,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[157,183,160],"tags":[],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[346],"types":[456],"class_list":["post-26035","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-comert-si-economie","category-cultura-ro","category-politica","regions-northern-europe-ro","types-opinion-ro"],"yoast_head":"\nProvoc\u0103ri globale: Pace - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/provocari-globale-pace\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Provoc\u0103ri globale: Pace - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Jurnal european: Ljubljana, aprilie 2024   Ljubljana este unul dintre cele mai frumoase ora\u0219e din Europa, iar eu m\u0103 bucur \u00eentotdeauna s\u0103 merg acolo. 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