Visul american este c\u0103 Statele Unite sunt \u0219i ar trebui s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 o \u021bar\u0103 a oportunit\u0103\u021bilor, \u00een care indivizii \u00ee\u0219i pot \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi propriul nivel de trai \u0219i pe cel al familiilor lor prin munc\u0103 grea, competen\u021b\u0103 \u0219i cump\u0103tare. Este, a\u0219adar, un vis despre o mobilitate ascendent\u0103 a veniturilor, bazat\u0103 pe propriile eforturi. Acest lucru s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat cu siguran\u021b\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al XIX-lea \u0219i \u00eenceputul secolului al XX-lea, c\u00e2nd \u0219aisprezece milioane de imigran\u021bi, majoritatea din Europa, au sosit \u00een Statele Unite pentru a sc\u0103pa de s\u0103r\u0103cie \u0219i opresiune. Poeta american\u0103 Emma Lazarus a compus cuvinte r\u0103sun\u0103toare pentru Lady Liberty, care \u00eei \u00eent\u00e2mpina pe imigran\u021bi \u00een portul New York cu o tor\u021b\u0103 \u00een m\u00e2n\u0103:<\/p>\n
Da\u021bi-mi pe cei obosi\u021bi, s\u0103racii vo\u0219tri,<\/em><\/p>
RELATED<\/span>
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- Reflec\u021bii la o conferin\u021b\u0103 studen\u021beasc\u0103 din Madrid<\/li><\/a><\/ul><\/div>\n
<\/em>masele voastre ghemuite care t\u00e2njesc s\u0103 respire liber,<\/em><\/p>\n
<\/em>mizerabilii de pe \u021b\u0103rmul t\u0103u plin de lume.<\/em><\/p>\n
<\/em>Trimite\u021bi-i pe ace\u0219tia, pe cei f\u0103r\u0103 ad\u0103post, pe cei care sunt \u00een criz\u0103…<\/em>aruncate la mine,<\/em><\/p>\n
<\/em>\u00cemi ridic lampa l\u00e2ng\u0103 u\u0219a de aur!<\/em><\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\u00cen anii ’50, \u00eentreaga lume a putut observa, de asemenea, \u00een filme \u0219i la televizor, c\u00e2t de prosperi au devenit americanii \u00een compara\u021bie cu al\u021bii. Cu toate acestea, \u00een zilele noastre se afirm\u0103 adesea c\u0103 visul american este mort. Se sus\u021bine c\u0103 unele persoane sunt blocate \u00een grupurile cu venituri mici, \u00een timp ce altele devin din ce \u00een ce mai bogate. Tor\u021ba a fost stins\u0103, iar u\u0219a de aur a fost \u00eenchis\u0103. \u00cen cartea lor recent\u0103,
\n The Myth of American Inequality,<\/em>
\n<\/a> fostul senator (\u0219i profesor de economie) Phil Gramm \u0219i cei doi asocia\u021bi ai s\u0103i, ambii cercet\u0103tori respecta\u021bi, arat\u0103 c\u0103 aceste afirma\u021bii sunt false \u0219i c\u0103 visul american este viu \u0219i s\u0103n\u0103tos.<\/p>\nPe scara rulant\u0103<\/h3>\n
Oamenii sunt de obicei fascina\u021bi de cei foarte boga\u021bi. Gramm \u0219i asocia\u021bii s\u0103i subliniaz\u0103 totu\u0219i c\u0103 cei foarte boga\u021bi de la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al XIX-lea, cum ar fi Cornelius Vanderbilt \u0219i John D. Rockefeller, controlau o avere mult mai mare dec\u00e2t cei foarte boga\u021bi de ast\u0103zi. Dar aproape toat\u0103 aceast\u0103 bog\u0103\u021bie a fost dispersat\u0103 ca urmare a provoc\u0103rilor din partea concuren\u021bilor, a dona\u021biilor caritabile (Universitatea Vanderbilt, Funda\u021bia Rockefeller), a cheltuielilor somptuoase ale unor mo\u0219tenitori \u0219i a dilu\u0103rii inevitabile prin mo\u0219tenire. C\u00e2nd Gloria Vanderbilt a murit \u00een 2019, i-a l\u0103sat fiului ei, reporterul CNN Anderson Cooper, 1,5 milioane de dolari, 0,002% din averea de 200 de miliarde de dolari a str\u0103-str\u0103bunicului ei. Niciun Vanderbilt sau Rockefeller nu se afl\u0103 pe lista Forbes a celor mai boga\u021bi 400 de americani. Unele familii foarte bogate au ap\u0103rut \u0219i au disp\u0103rut at\u00e2t de repede \u00eenc\u00e2t sunt cunoscute doar de istoricii economici.<\/p>\n
Aceasta este cel mult o mic\u0103 parte a pove\u0219tii. Ceea ce este important este ceea ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 cu ceilal\u021bi. Exist\u0103 dou\u0103 tipuri de mobilitate ascendent\u0103, cea a indivizilor de-a lungul vie\u021bii \u0219i cea a grupurilor sau „claselor” de venit. Aici nu pot cita dec\u00e2t c\u00e2teva dintre numeroasele cifre prezentate \u00een aceast\u0103 carte remarcabil\u0103. De obicei, salariul indivizilor este sc\u0103zut la \u00eenceput \u0219i cre\u0219te pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce ace\u0219tia dob\u00e2ndesc mai multe competen\u021be \u0219i experien\u021b\u0103, acumul\u00e2nd capital uman, a\u0219a cum este adesea numit. \u00cen 2017, c\u00e2\u0219tigul mediu orar pentru adul\u021bii tineri (19-25 de ani) a fost de 18,24 dolari, \u00een timp ce pentru adul\u021bii maturi (55-65 de ani) a fost de 34,88 dolari. Aceasta a reprezentat o cre\u0219tere de peste 90 de procente. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 aceast\u0103 mobilitate ascendent\u0103 pe care indivizii o creeaz\u0103 prin propriile eforturi, exist\u0103 \u0219i cre\u0219terea veniturilor \u00een timp, ca urmare a cre\u0219terii productivit\u0103\u021bii. \u00cen medie, \u00een America, veniturile persoanelor fizice au crescut cu 24,1% \u00eentre 1987 \u0219i 1996 \u0219i cu 41% \u00eentre 1996 \u0219i 2005. Economia american\u0103 este ca o scar\u0103 rulant\u0103. Chiar dac\u0103 nu te mi\u0219ti, e\u0219ti dus \u00een sus, dar po\u021bi urca \u0219i pe sc\u0103ri \u0219i, astfel, te po\u021bi deplasa mai repede \u00een sus.<\/p>\n
Mobilitatea ascendent\u0103 bazat\u0103 pe abilit\u0103\u021bi, nu pe clas\u0103 social\u0103<\/h3>\n
Se vorbe\u0219te mult despre faptul c\u0103 americanii sunt bloca\u021bi \u00een clasa \u00een care s-au n\u0103scut: Copiii celor s\u0103raci vor r\u0103m\u00e2ne s\u0103raci, \u00een timp ce copiii celor boga\u021bi se pot a\u0219tepta s\u0103 fie \u0219i ei boga\u021bi. Gramm \u0219i asocia\u021bii s\u0103i prezint\u0103 multe date interesante \u00een aceast\u0103 privin\u021b\u0103. Cele dou\u0103 puncte extreme ar fi, \u00een primul r\u00e2nd, c\u0103 venitul dumneavoastr\u0103 este determinat \u00een totalitate de venitul p\u0103rin\u021bilor dumneavoastr\u0103 \u0219i, \u00een al doilea r\u00e2nd, c\u0103 venitul p\u0103rin\u021bilor dumneavoastr\u0103 nu are niciun efect asupra venitului dumneavoastr\u0103. Dac\u0103 gospod\u0103riile sunt \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bite \u00een cinci grupe de venituri, sau quintile, primul punct extrem ar \u00eensemna c\u0103 o a doua genera\u021bie ar ajunge \u00een aceea\u0219i quintil\u0103 ca \u0219i prima: 100 % din fiecare quintil\u0103 ar proveni din aceea\u0219i quintil\u0103 ca \u0219i prima genera\u021bie. \u00cen cea mai bogat\u0103 quintil\u0103, de exemplu, ar exista doar persoane ai c\u0103ror p\u0103rin\u021bi se afl\u0103 tot \u00een cea mai bogat\u0103 quintil\u0103, iar \u00een cea mai s\u0103rac\u0103 quintil\u0103 ar exista doar persoane ai c\u0103ror p\u0103rin\u021bi se afl\u0103 tot \u00een cea mai s\u0103rac\u0103 quintil\u0103. Al doilea punct extrem, cel al lipsei de efect, ar \u00eensemna c\u0103 o a doua genera\u021bie ar fi distribuit\u0103 \u00een mod egal \u00eentre quintilii: 20 la sut\u0103 din fiecare quintil\u0103 ar proveni din fiecare dintre cele cinci quintile ale primei genera\u021bii.<\/p>\n
Gramm \u0219i asocia\u021bii s\u0103i se refer\u0103 la trei studii privind distribu\u021bia celei de-a doua genera\u021bii \u00een grupe de venit \u00een raport cu prima genera\u021bie. Aceste trei studii au produs rezultate similare, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t acestea pot fi considerate destul de solide. Autorii folosesc medii bazate pe aceste studii. \u00cen cea mai bogat\u0103 quintil\u0103, 37,9% provin de la p\u0103rin\u021bi care se aflau \u0219i ei \u00een aceea\u0219i quintil\u0103, 23,3% de la p\u0103rin\u021bi din a doua cea mai bogat\u0103 quintil\u0103, 17,5% de la p\u0103rin\u021bi din quintila de mijloc, 12,0% din a doua cea mai s\u0103rac\u0103 quintil\u0103 \u0219i 9,3% de la p\u0103rin\u021bi din cea mai s\u0103rac\u0103 quintil\u0103. Cifrele comparabile pentru a doua cea mai bogat\u0103 quintil\u0103 sunt 28,4, 22,6, 21,6, 16,1 \u0219i 11,3%. Pentru quintila de mijloc, acestea sunt 16,4, 22,5, 23,6, 20,5 \u0219i 17,0. Pentru cea de-a doua cea mai s\u0103rac\u0103 quintil\u0103, acestea sunt de 11,3, 20,2, 19,3, 24,4 \u0219i 24,9%. \u00cen cea mai s\u0103rac\u0103 quintil\u0103, 6,1% provin de la p\u0103rin\u021bi din cea mai bogat\u0103 quintil\u0103, 11,4% de la p\u0103rin\u021bi din a doua cea mai bogat\u0103 quintil\u0103, 17,8% de la p\u0103rin\u021bi din quintila de mijloc, 27,3% de la p\u0103rin\u021bi din a doua cea mai s\u0103rac\u0103 quintil\u0103 \u0219i 37,4% din cea mai s\u0103rac\u0103 quintil\u0103.<\/p>\n
Aceste cifre sunt remarcabile. Acestea arat\u0103 – ceea ce era de a\u0219teptat – c\u0103 clasa p\u0103rin\u021bilor are un anumit efect asupra clasei \u00een care ajung copiii lor, dar nu unul foarte semnificativ. Reamintim c\u0103, dac\u0103 originea nu ar fi avut niciun efect, distribu\u021bia copiilor \u00eentre grupele de venit ar fi fost aleatorie, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t 20% dintre persoanele din cea mai bogat\u0103 quintil\u0103 ar fi avut p\u0103rin\u021bi din acea quintil\u0103. \u00cen schimb, aceste persoane reprezint\u0103 37,9% din totalul persoanelor din cea mai bogat\u0103 quintil\u0103. A\u0219adar, originea face o diferen\u021b\u0103, dar numai o diferen\u021b\u0103 mic\u0103, 17,9%. Acest lucru \u00eenseamn\u0103, de asemenea, \u0219i mai important, c\u0103 62,1% dintre persoanele din cea mai bogat\u0103 quintil\u0103 au p\u0103rin\u021bi care nu au f\u0103cut parte din cea mai bogat\u0103 quintil\u0103. Din nou, \u00eentruc\u00e2t 37,4% dintre persoanele din cea mai s\u0103rac\u0103 quintil\u0103 au p\u0103rin\u021bi care se aflau tot \u00een acea quintil\u0103, acest lucru \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 62,6% dintre persoanele din cea mai s\u0103rac\u0103 quintil\u0103 au p\u0103rin\u021bi care nu se aflau \u00een cea mai s\u0103rac\u0103 quintil\u0103.<\/p>\n
Pozi\u021bia ini\u021bial\u0103 Nesemnificativ<\/h3>\n
Intelectualii de st\u00e2nga subestimeaz\u0103, de obicei, caracterul dinamic al capitalismului concuren\u021bial: un prost \u0219i banii lui se despart repede. Este o provocare nesf\u00e2r\u0219it\u0103. Pozi\u021bia ini\u021bial\u0103 nu conteaz\u0103 prea mult. Cifrele pe care le citeaz\u0103 Gramm \u0219i asocia\u021bii s\u0103i arat\u0103 c\u0103 p\u0103rin\u021bii nu pot cump\u0103ra multe avantaje pentru copiii lor. \u00centr-adev\u0103r, avantajele ini\u021biale sunt \u0219terse \u00een c\u00e2teva genera\u021bii. De altfel, aceasta a fost \u0219i concluzia unei lucr\u0103ri<\/a> de referin\u021b\u0103 din 1986 a lui Gary S. Becker \u0219i Nigel Tomas: „Aproape toate avantajele \u0219i dezavantajele legate de veniturile str\u0103mo\u0219ilor sunt \u0219terse \u00een trei genera\u021bii”. Adam Smith a \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219it aceast\u0103 intui\u021bie fundamental\u0103 \u00een
\n Teoria sentimentelor morale<\/a>
\n<\/em> (Partea 4, Cap. I):<\/p>\nProduc\u021bia solului men\u021bine \u00een permanen\u021b\u0103 aproape acel num\u0103r de locuitori pe care este capabil s\u0103 \u00eel \u00eentre\u021bin\u0103. Cei boga\u021bi selecteaz\u0103 din gr\u0103mad\u0103 doar ceea ce este mai pre\u021bios \u0219i mai pl\u0103cut. Ei consum\u0103 cu pu\u021bin mai mult dec\u00e2t s\u0103racii; \u0219i, \u00een ciuda egoismului \u0219i a rapacit\u0103\u021bii lor naturale, de\u0219i nu au \u00een vedere dec\u00e2t propria lor convenien\u021b\u0103, de\u0219i singurul scop pe care \u0219i-l propun din munca miilor de oameni pe care \u00eei angajeaz\u0103 este satisfacerea propriilor lor dorin\u021be de\u0219arte \u0219i nes\u0103\u021bioase, ei \u00eempart cu s\u0103racii produsul tuturor \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birilor lor. Ei sunt condu\u0219i de o m\u00e2n\u0103 invizibil\u0103 s\u0103 fac\u0103 aproape aceea\u0219i distribuire a bunurilor necesare traiului care ar fi fost f\u0103cut\u0103 dac\u0103 p\u0103m\u00e2ntul ar fi fost \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit \u00een por\u021bii egale \u00eentre to\u021bi locuitorii s\u0103i; \u0219i astfel, f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 vrea, f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 \u0219tie, promoveaz\u0103 interesul societ\u0103\u021bii \u0219i ofer\u0103 mijloace pentru \u00eenmul\u021birea speciilor. C\u00e2nd providen\u021ba a \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit p\u0103m\u00e2ntul \u00eentre c\u00e2\u021biva st\u0103p\u00e2ni, nu i-a uitat \u0219i nici nu i-a abandonat pe cei care p\u0103reau s\u0103 fi fost l\u0103sa\u021bi pe dinafar\u0103 la \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bire.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Nu ar trebui s\u0103 fim prea \u00eengrijora\u021bi de o pozi\u021bie ini\u021bial\u0103, ci mai degrab\u0103 de oportunitatea de a avansa \u0219i de a ne \u00eendrepta spre v\u00e2rf. \u00cen timp ce visul american este viu \u0219i s\u0103n\u0103tos, este \u00eengrijor\u0103tor faptul c\u0103 persoanele apte de munc\u0103, dar care nu muncesc, din cea mai s\u0103rac\u0103 quintil\u0103 primesc aproape acela\u0219i venit sau chiar mai mult, dup\u0103 transferuri \u0219i impozite, dec\u00e2t persoanele active din urm\u0103toarele trei quintile de deasupra lor. Gramm \u0219i coautorii s\u0103i observ\u0103 (p. 81) c\u0103 „cei mai vehemen\u021bi critici ai sistemului nostru economic pentru cre\u0219terea inegalit\u0103\u021bii veniturilor salariale \u00een America postbelic\u0103 sunt, de asemenea, adesea cei mai dedica\u021bi sus\u021bin\u0103tori ai extinderii pl\u0103\u021bilor de transfer c\u0103tre americanii cu venituri mici, care au fost cea mai mare cauz\u0103 a cre\u0219terii inegalit\u0103\u021bii veniturilor salariale. Ei au fost, de asemenea, cei mai mari promotori ai sistemului public de educa\u021bie care a l\u0103sat at\u00e2t de mul\u021bi \u00een urm\u0103 \u0219i cei mai mari critici ai reformelor educa\u021bionale, cum ar fi alegerea \u0219colii, care permit mai multor copii s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i creasc\u0103 veniturile viitoare’. La finalul c\u0103r\u021bii lor, autorii men\u021bioneaz\u0103 c\u00e2teva reforme necesare \u00een America. 1) S\u0103 ne l\u0103murim faptele. 2) Eliminarea m\u0103surilor guvernamentale de descurajare a muncii. 3) Reforma \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2ntului primar \u0219i secundar pentru a asigura succesul. 4) \u00cenl\u0103tura\u021bi restric\u021biile guvernamentale privind oportunit\u0103\u021bile.<\/p>\n
Aceste propuneri sunt cu siguran\u021b\u0103 relevante \u0219i pentru Europa.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Visul american este c\u0103 Statele Unite sunt \u0219i ar trebui s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 o \u021bar\u0103 a oportunit\u0103\u021bilor, \u00een care indivizii \u00ee\u0219i pot \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi propriul nivel de trai \u0219i pe cel al familiilor lor prin munc\u0103 grea, competen\u021b\u0103 \u0219i cump\u0103tare. Este, a\u0219adar, un vis despre o mobilitate ascendent\u0103 a veniturilor, bazat\u0103 pe propriile eforturi. Acest lucru s-a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":53,"featured_media":28118,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[183],"tags":[503,1517,1530,311,1520],"editorial-positions":[42],"regions":[375,406],"types":[456],"class_list":["post-28207","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultura-ro","tag-immigration","tag-inequality","tag-mobility","tag-usa","tag-wealth","editorial-positions-focus","regions-usa-ro","regions-world-ro","types-opinion-ro"],"yoast_head":"\n
Visul american este viu \u0219i s\u0103n\u0103tos - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/visul-american-este-viu-si-sanatos\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Visul american este viu \u0219i s\u0103n\u0103tos - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Visul american este c\u0103 Statele Unite sunt \u0219i ar trebui s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 o \u021bar\u0103 a oportunit\u0103\u021bilor, \u00een care indivizii \u00ee\u0219i pot \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi propriul nivel de trai \u0219i pe cel al familiilor lor prin munc\u0103 grea, competen\u021b\u0103 \u0219i cump\u0103tare. Este, a\u0219adar, un vis despre o mobilitate ascendent\u0103 a veniturilor, bazat\u0103 pe propriile eforturi. 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