{"id":2968,"date":"2022-07-13T09:03:55","date_gmt":"2022-07-13T09:03:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/primatul-dreptului-german-asupra-dreptului-uniunii-europene-ii"},"modified":"2022-07-13T09:03:55","modified_gmt":"2022-07-13T09:03:55","slug":"primatul-dreptului-german-asupra-dreptului-uniunii-europene-ii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/primatul-dreptului-german-asupra-dreptului-uniunii-europene-ii","title":{"rendered":"PRIMATUL DREPTULUI GERMAN ASUPRA DREPTULUI UNIUNII EUROPENE (II)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>[Prima parte a acestui articol poate fi g\u0103sit\u0103 <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/primacy-of-german-law-over-european-union-law-i\"><br \/>\n  <strong>aici<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/a><strong>].<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>5.- Suveranitatea german\u0103 prevaleaz\u0103 asupra primatului comunitar:<\/strong><\/p><div class='related_content'><span>RELATED<\/span><ul><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/primatul-dreptului-german-asupra-dreptului-uniunii-europene-i'>PRIMATUL DREPTULUI GERMAN ASUPRA DREPTULUI UNIUNII EUROPENE (I)<\/li><\/a><\/ul><\/div>\n<p>\u00cen primul dintre temeiurile juridice \u00een temeiul c\u0103rora Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103 Federal\u0103 German\u0103 decide \u00een favoarea reclaman\u021bilor conform hot\u0103r\u00e2rii <em>Weiss<\/em> din 5 mai 2020, principiul suveranit\u0103\u021bii este proclamat \u00een mod clar (punctul 99). Nu este de mirare, deoarece un astfel de principiu este stabilit constitu\u021bional prin articolul 20 alineatul (2) din Legea fundamental\u0103 de la Bonn din 1949, dup\u0103 cum urmeaz\u0103:<\/p>\n<p>&#8222;<em>Toat\u0103 puterea de stat eman\u0103 de la popor<\/em>. &#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Mai precis, principiul este cel al suveranit\u0103\u021bii populare, care difer\u0103 de suveranitatea na\u021bional\u0103, unde puterea eman\u0103 de la na\u021biune, de\u0219i ambele au acela\u0219i fundament, \u0219i anume conceptul de suveranitate modern\u0103, inventat de filosoful francez Jean Bodin \u0219i definit ca fiind &#8222;puterea absolut\u0103 \u0219i perpetu\u0103 a unei republici&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>Conform republicii federale create \u00een Germania dup\u0103 cel de-al Doilea R\u0103zboi Mondial, poporul german este de\u021bin\u0103torul originar al puterii politice, pe care o transmite \u00een principal statului &#8211; o doctrin\u0103, de altfel, mult opus\u0103 cre\u0219tin\u0103t\u0103\u021bii, dar asta ne-ar \u00eendep\u0103rta de la analiza noastr\u0103 aici.<\/p>\n<p>Transferul de putere de la popor la statul german nu este concludent, deoarece emi\u021b\u0103torul \u0219i receptorul continu\u0103 s\u0103 exercite puterea politic\u0103, chiar dac\u0103 \u00een moduri diferite; \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, acela\u0219i articol 20(2) din Legea fundamental\u0103 de la Bonn explic\u0103 apoi:<\/p>\n<p><em>&#8222;Aceast\u0103 putere este exercitat\u0103 de c\u0103tre popor prin alegeri \u0219i vot \u0219i prin organele specifice ale legislativului, executivului \u0219i justi\u021biei<\/em>. &#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Astfel, de\u0219i statul de\u021bine o astfel de putere care provine de la poporul german, puterea politic\u0103 este \u00een continuare exercitat\u0103 de c\u0103tre poporul german \u00een mod direct, prin participarea sa la alegeri, \u0219i, indirect, prin actele organelor de stat men\u021bionate.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen conformitate cu principiul suveranit\u0103\u021bii populare, astfel cum este prev\u0103zut \u00een Legea fundamental\u0103 de la Bonn, magistra\u021bii constitu\u021bionali din cauza <em>Weiss <\/em>dezvolt\u0103 urm\u0103torul ra\u021bionament:<\/p>\n<p>&#8222;<em>[Corresponding to the principle of popular sovereignty] <\/em> este dreptul cet\u0103\u021benilor de a se supune doar acelor autorit\u0103\u021bi publice pe care le pot legitima \u0219i influen\u021ba. &#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Adverbul &#8222;numai&#8221; este, \u00een opinia noastr\u0103, destul de important, deoarece implic\u0103 faptul c\u0103 cet\u0103\u021benii germani nu sunt supu\u0219i niciunei autorit\u0103\u021bi publice pe care nu o pot legitima \u0219i influen\u021ba.<\/p>\n<p>Acest lucru este destul de logic, deoarece, \u00een calitate de de\u021bin\u0103tori ai puterii politice, ei sunt supu\u0219i autorit\u0103\u021bilor publice at\u00e2ta timp c\u00e2t au intervenit \u00een alegerea acestor autorit\u0103\u021bi, care sunt astfel legitimate de poporul german \u0219i pe care poporul german poate continua s\u0103 le influen\u021beze.<\/p>\n<p>\u0218i dac\u0103 aceste implica\u021bii ale principiului suveranit\u0103\u021bii \u00een numele poporului german nu erau suficient de puternice, judec\u0103torii de la Karlsruhe adaug\u0103:<\/p>\n<p>&#8222;<em>[The principle of popular sovereignty] <\/em> impune ca orice act al autorit\u0103\u021bilor publice exercitat \u00een Germania s\u0103 poat\u0103 fi urm\u0103rit p\u00e2n\u0103 la cet\u0103\u021benii s\u0103i. &#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Prin urmare, \u00een Germania nu ar trebui s\u0103 existe niciun exerci\u021biu al autorit\u0103\u021bii publice care s\u0103 nu poat\u0103 fi atribuit \u00een urma deciziei cet\u0103\u021benilor germani. Am putea ad\u0103uga c\u0103 \u00een Germania nu ar trebui s\u0103 existe niciun fel de exercitare a autorit\u0103\u021bii publice pentru care aceast\u0103 autoritate s\u0103 nu poat\u0103 fi tras\u0103 la r\u0103spundere de c\u0103tre poporul german.<\/p>\n<p>Dar Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103 Federal\u0103 face totu\u0219i explicit un al treilea corolar, referitor la reprezentarea politic\u0103, a\u0219a cum deriv\u0103 din principiul suveranit\u0103\u021bii populare:<\/p>\n<p><em>&#8222;Aceasta interzice supunerea cet\u0103\u021benilor unei autorit\u0103\u021bi politice de care nu se pot sustrage \u0219i asupra c\u0103reia nu pot, \u00een principiu, s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i exercite influen\u021ba, \u00een mod liber \u0219i egal, at\u00e2t \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te reprezentan\u021bii lor, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te determin\u0103rile de fond<\/em>. &#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Judec\u0103torii germani explic\u0103 faptul c\u0103 cele trei afirma\u021bii prezentate mai sus continu\u0103 s\u0103 se aplice \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te Uniunea European\u0103 \u0219i integrarea Germaniei \u00een aceast\u0103 organiza\u021bie interna\u021bional\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Aceasta este, \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, o alt\u0103 clarificare important\u0103 \u0219i continu\u0103 cu o alt\u0103 precizare a limitelor ac\u021biunii UE:<\/p>\n<p>&#8222;<em>Legea fundamental\u0103 nu autorizeaz\u0103 organele statului german s\u0103 transfere competen\u021be suverane c\u0103tre Uniunea European\u0103 \u00een a\u0219a fel \u00eenc\u00e2t Uniunea European\u0103 s\u0103 fie autorizat\u0103, \u00een exercitarea independent\u0103 a competen\u021belor sale, s\u0103 creeze noi competen\u021be \u00een favoarea sa<\/em>. &#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Aceast\u0103 afirma\u021bie are dou\u0103 aspecte. Pe de o parte, aceasta neag\u0103 posibilitatea ca Uniunea European\u0103 s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i creeze alte competen\u021be dec\u00e2t cele atribuite de statele membre suverane.<\/p>\n<p>S\u0103 ne amintim aici c\u0103 principiul suprema\u021biei dreptului UE a fost creat de Curtea de Justi\u021bie a Uniunii Europene prin hot\u0103r\u00e2rea <em>Costa\/ENEL<\/em> din 1964. Poate c\u0103 acest lucru nu implic\u0103 \u00een mod strict o creare de competen\u021be, dar nu exist\u0103 nicio \u00eendoial\u0103 c\u0103, indirect, faptul c\u0103 o institu\u021bie a UE (\u0219i nu statele membre) acord\u0103 suprema\u021bia dreptului Uniunii, atribuind astfel puteri sporite at\u00e2t institu\u021biilor colegiuitoare ale Uniunii (Parlamentul \u0219i Consiliul), c\u00e2t \u0219i celei \u00eens\u0103rcinate cu propunerea \u0219i aplicarea dreptului Uniunii (Comisia) \u0219i, de asemenea, celei mai \u00eenalte autorit\u0103\u021bi responsabile cu interpretarea juridic\u0103 (Curtea de Justi\u021bie a Uniunii Europene), echivaleaz\u0103 cu crearea unei puteri sporite prin propria decizie, adic\u0103 \u00een mod independent. P\u00e2n\u0103 la urm\u0103, tocmai acest lucru este exact ceea ce Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103 din Karlsruhe reaminte\u0219te c\u0103 Uniunea European\u0103 nu poate face, \u00een conformitate cu principiul suveranit\u0103\u021bii populare proclamat de Legea fundamental\u0103 german\u0103. Astfel, <em>Weiss<\/em>, cu hot\u0103r\u00e2rea sa privind suveranitatea popular\u0103, con\u021bine \u00een sine un element radical \u00eempotriva oric\u0103rei preten\u021bii de primat al dreptului UE.<\/p>\n<p>Cu toate acestea, ar putea p\u0103rea surprinz\u0103tor faptul c\u0103 aceea\u0219i hot\u0103r\u00e2re admite existen\u021ba unui anumit transfer de competen\u021be suverane c\u0103tre Uniunea European\u0103, de\u0219i cu condi\u021bia ca acest transfer s\u0103 fie f\u0103cut cu un domeniu de aplicare \u0219i o form\u0103 acceptate de <em>Bundestag<\/em>, sau Dieta federal\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen consecin\u021b\u0103, corpul principal care produce norme juridice na\u021bionale, precum \u0219i astfel de produse juridice, inclusiv cele care con\u021bin transferuri de competen\u021be sau facult\u0103\u021bi suverane, sunt \u00een continuare investite cu un rang mai \u00eenalt dec\u00e2t exerci\u021biul legislativ \u00een numele institu\u021biilor UE, conform unei astfel de transmisii.<\/p>\n<p>Din aceste dou\u0103 motive &#8211; imposibilitatea Uniunii Europene de a-\u0219i exercita \u00een mod independent puterile de a crea noi competen\u021be \u00een favoarea sa (inclusiv, indirect, crearea jurispruden\u021bial\u0103 a principiului primatului) \u0219i condi\u021bionarea transferului de competen\u021be suverane de acceptarea de c\u0103tre principalul organ legislativ al statului &#8211; principiul suveranit\u0103\u021bii populare \u00een Germania prevaleaz\u0103 \u00een mod clar asupra oric\u0103rei revendic\u0103ri de primat \u00een favoarea dreptului Uniunii Europene.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>6.- Suprema\u021bia apar\u021bine Legii fundamentale \u0219i organismelor na\u021bionale germane:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Potrivit Cur\u021bii Constitu\u021bionale Federale, exist\u0103 patru institu\u021bii germane care controleaz\u0103 actele Uniunii Europene &#8211; guvernul federal, <em>Bundestag-ul<\/em> men\u021bionat mai sus, <em>Bundesrat<\/em> sau Consiliul Federal (camera superioar\u0103) \u0219i, desigur, Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103 Federal\u0103 German\u0103 \u00eens\u0103\u0219i.<\/p>\n<p>Primele trei sunt responsabile, \u00een mod indistinct, de trei posibile mijloace de control, \u0219i anume:<\/p>\n<p>&#8222;<em>S\u0103 supravegheze dac\u0103 institu\u021biile, organele, entit\u0103\u021bile, oficiile \u0219i agen\u021biile Uniunii Europene respect\u0103  [Germany&#8217;s]  programul de integrare european\u0103, s\u0103 se ab\u021bin\u0103 de la participarea la adoptarea \u0219i punerea \u00een aplicare a m\u0103surilor care dep\u0103\u0219esc limitele programului respectiv \u0219i, \u00een cazul \u00een care astfel de m\u0103suri constituie o dep\u0103\u0219ire evident\u0103 \u0219i semnificativ\u0103 din punct de vedere structural a competen\u021belor Uniunii Europene, s\u0103 ia \u00een mod activ decizii care s\u0103 asigure conformitatea programului de integrare men\u021bionat \u0219i respectarea limitelor acestuia<\/em>&#8222;.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103 Federal\u0103 German\u0103, aceasta de\u021bine, de asemenea, suprema\u021bia asupra entit\u0103\u021bilor Uniunii Europene, \u00een sensul c\u0103<em>&#8222;efectueaz\u0103 un control ultra vires pentru a evalua dac\u0103 sunt \u00eendeplinite cerin\u021bele de mai sus<\/em>&#8222;. Cu alte cuvinte, <em>Weiss<\/em> reaminte\u0219te suprema\u021bia a patru institu\u021bii na\u021bionale asupra fiec\u0103rei instan\u021be europene. Cititorul poate face cu u\u0219urin\u021b\u0103 leg\u0103tura \u00eentre aceast\u0103 suprema\u021bie \u0219i principiul suveranit\u0103\u021bii populare, a\u0219a cum a fost enun\u021bat mai sus.<\/p>\n<p>Dar instan\u021ba de la Karlsruhe adaug\u0103 \u00een mod explicit o calitate a edificiului politic creat dup\u0103 cel de-al Doilea R\u0103zboi Mondial:<em>&#8222;Suprema\u021bia Constitu\u021biei<\/em>&#8222;.<\/p>\n<p>Adic\u0103, Legea fundamental\u0103 de la Bonn con\u021bine dispozi\u021bii (\u0219i, prin urmare, se poate deduce o analogie corect\u0103 pentru toate celelalte state membre) care au \u00eent\u00e2ietate fa\u021b\u0103 de \u00eentregul compendiu de norme UE, a\u0219a cum au fost adoptate la Bruxelles \u0219i Strasbourg \u0219i interpretate la Luxemburg.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te pozi\u021bia Germaniei \u00een cadrul Uniunii Europene (\u0219i insist\u0103m asupra analogiei necesare cu toate celelalte state membre egale \u00een fa\u021ba legii), aceast\u0103 suprema\u021bie na\u021bional\u0103 include<em>&#8222;punerea \u00een aplicare, precum \u0219i modelarea \u0219i dezvoltarea programului de integrare pentru a se asigura c\u0103 limitele acestuia sunt respectate<\/em>&#8222;.<\/p>\n<p>Astfel, Legea fundamental\u0103 de la Bonn func\u021bioneaz\u0103 ca o limit\u0103 dincolo de care nu poate fi promulgat\u0103 legea Uniunii.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen mod logic, con\u021binutul dreptului european nu poate contrazice sau dep\u0103\u0219i dezvoltarea na\u021bional\u0103 a preceptelor constitu\u021bionale care se bucur\u0103 de suprema\u021bie.<\/p>\n<p>Insist\u0103m asupra faptului c\u0103 aceste limite sunt controlate de c\u0103tre institu\u021biile na\u021bionale \u00eenalte men\u021bionate; \u0219i c\u0103 aceste limite sunt determinate de legisla\u021bia na\u021bional\u0103, a\u0219a cum am demonstrat \u00een  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/primacy-of-german-law-over-european-union-law-i\">prima parte a acestui articol<\/a>, care, prin urmare, au prioritate fa\u021b\u0103 de actele autorit\u0103\u021bilor UE \u0219i fa\u021b\u0103 de orice implica\u021bii poten\u021biale ale Germaniei \u00een calitate de stat membru al Uniunii (sau, \u00eenc\u0103 o dat\u0103, ale oric\u0103rui alt stat membru).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>7.- O legitimitate democratic\u0103 superioar\u0103 confirm\u0103 primatul na\u021bional:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>F\u0103r\u0103 ca acesta s\u0103 fie un element absolut indispensabil \u00een opinia Cur\u021bii Constitu\u021bionale germane, <em>Weiss<\/em> stabile\u0219te totu\u0219i o compara\u021bie \u00eentre legitimitatea democratic\u0103 a instan\u021belor Republicii Federale \u0219i cele ale Uniunii Europene &#8211; rezult\u00e2nd o superioritate a primei, inclusiv din acest punct de vedere.<\/p>\n<p>S\u0103 examin\u0103m termenii exac\u021bi ai judec\u0103torilor de la Karlsruhe:<\/p>\n<p>&#8222;<em>Acest lucru se aplic\u0103 \u00eentr-o m\u0103sur\u0103 \u0219i mai mare atunci c\u00e2nd autoritatea public\u0103 este exercitat\u0103 de entit\u0103\u021bi care au doar o rela\u021bie slab\u0103 cu legitimitatea democratic\u0103<\/em>&#8222;.<\/p>\n<p>Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103 Federal\u0103 nu neag\u0103 o anumit\u0103 legitimitate democratic\u0103 din partea organismelor UE. Cu toate acestea, o astfel de legitimitate este &#8222;slab\u0103&#8221;, ceea ce echivaleaz\u0103 \u00een continuare cu preponderen\u021ba na\u021bional\u0103 <em>ut supra<\/em>. \u00cen esen\u021b\u0103, hot\u0103r\u00e2rea din cauza <em>Weiss<\/em> leag\u0103 legitimitatea democratic\u0103 \u00een numele poporului german de identitatea constitu\u021bional\u0103 german\u0103, ceea ce exclude primatul dreptului UE ca o condi\u021bie prealabil\u0103 pentru integrarea european\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Chiar dac\u0103 calitatea democratic\u0103 a institu\u021biilor europene ar fi mai bine fundamentat\u0103, elementele de suveranitate popular\u0103, de control al institu\u021biilor na\u021bionale \u0219i de suprema\u021bie din Legea fundamental\u0103 de la Bonn ar r\u0103m\u00e2ne valabile. Dar lipsa unei legitimit\u0103\u021bi democratice solide, pe care Curtea de la Karlsruhe o denun\u021b\u0103 \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te institu\u021biile, organismele, oficiile \u0219i agen\u021biile Uniunii Europene, nu face dec\u00e2t s\u0103 confirme pozi\u021bia secundar\u0103 a ac\u021biunii lor \u00een raport cu nivelul na\u021bional, care ocup\u0103 oricum primul loc.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen scopuri practice, o Comisie European\u0103 aleas\u0103 \u00eentr-o manier\u0103 mai egalitar\u0103 \u0219i mai transparent\u0103 \u0219i dotat\u0103 cu un <em>modus operandi<\/em> mai pu\u021bin birocratic \u0219i mai pu\u021bin secretos este cu siguran\u021b\u0103 de dorit. Cu toate acestea, o astfel de eventual\u0103 \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bire nu ar implica un impact determinant asupra preten\u021biei UE de suprema\u021bie juridic\u0103 asupra statelor membre.<\/p>\n<p>Este cu o oarecare team\u0103 s\u0103 citim c\u0103, \u00een 2020, instan\u021ba de la Karlsruhe trebuie s\u0103 semnaleze un defect de reprezentare din partea organismelor UE. \u00cen cea mai faimoas\u0103 hot\u0103r\u00e2re a lor cu privire la principiul primatului, hot\u0103r\u00e2rea <em>Solange<\/em> din 1974, magistra\u021bii germani au avertizat deja asupra faptului c\u0103 autorit\u0103\u021bile UE nu au nivelul democratic pe care Republica Federal\u0103 \u00eel cerea pentru ca \u00eentregul con\u021binut al Legii fundamentale s\u0103 cedeze ipotetic \u00een fa\u021ba dispozi\u021biilor suprana\u021bionale.<\/p>\n<p>Aproape cincizeci de ani mai t\u00e2rziu, cea mai \u00eenalt\u0103 autoritate juridic\u0103 a na\u021biunii germane consider\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 insuficient\u0103 calitatea democratic\u0103 european\u0103. Ipotezele \u0219i scepticismul lui <em>Solange<\/em> cu privire la primat nu s-au schimbat. De unde se poate deduce c\u0103 Germania, cel mai bogat stat din Uniunea European\u0103, conduce \u00een topul euroscepticismului na\u021bional, \u00eenaintea Poloniei, Ungariei, Rom\u00e2niei, Danemarcei sau Olandei, care au elaborat \u0219i ele pe aceast\u0103 tem\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>8.- Primatul cererii nu implic\u0103 un primat de validitate:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen dou\u0103 r\u00e2nduri, pe parcursul \u00eentregii hot\u0103r\u00e2ri, magistra\u021bii germani men\u021bioneaz\u0103 termenul<em>&#8222;prioritate de aplicare<\/em>&#8222;<em>(Anwendungsvorrang<\/em>), a\u0219a cum este acordat dreptului Uniunii Europene.<\/p>\n<p>De\u0219i aceste dou\u0103 referiri pot fi calificate drept <em>obiter dicta<\/em>, cititorul se va \u00eentreba ce implic\u0103 ele: s-a acordat sau nu prioritate dreptului UE?<\/p>\n<p>Chiar dac\u0103 primatul UE a fost inventat ca o fantezie nejustificabil\u0103 de c\u0103tre Curtea de Justi\u021bie a Uniunii Europene, \u00een ce m\u0103sur\u0103 a acceptat-o Germania \u0219i \u00een ce m\u0103sur\u0103 se poate presupune c\u0103 alte na\u021biuni se simt t\u00e2r\u00e2te de o astfel de constr\u00e2ngere, pentru a accepta un level-playing field \u00eentre cele dou\u0103zeci \u0219i \u0219apte de state membre?<\/p>\n<p>Hot\u0103r\u00e2rea <em>Costa\/ENEL<\/em>, \u00een care Curtea de Justi\u021bie a Uniunii Europene a conceput principiul primatului dreptului UE, con\u021binea termenul &#8222;<em>Vorrang&#8221;<\/em> \u00een versiunea oficial\u0103 german\u0103, &#8222;primac\u00eda&#8221; \u00een textul spaniol sau &#8222;supremacy&#8221; \u00een limba englez\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Dar <em>Vorrang<\/em> nu este acela\u0219i lucru cu <em>Anwendungsvorrang<\/em>; primul constituie genul, iar cel de-al doilea specia. \u00centr-adev\u0103r, doctrina germanic\u0103 distinge dou\u0103 tipuri de preceden\u021b\u0103, prioritate sau primat: primatul validit\u0103\u021bii ( <em>Geltungsvorrang<\/em> ) \u0219i primatul aplic\u0103rii ( <em>Anwendungsvorrang<\/em> recunoscut de autorii lui <em>Weiss<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>Primatul validit\u0103\u021bii este o form\u0103 de solu\u021bionare a conflictului dintre dou\u0103 norme juridice, prin care una dintre ele este ignorat\u0103 pentru a fi utilizat\u0103 doar cea considerat\u0103 superioar\u0103 sau care de\u021bine primatul.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen cazul primatului aplic\u0103rii, o regul\u0103 de solu\u021bionare a conflictului (sau o norm\u0103 de conflict, de\u0219i este mai degrab\u0103 o regul\u0103 dec\u00e2t o norm\u0103) este utilizat\u0103 pentru a determina care dintre cele dou\u0103 precepte juridice trebuie s\u0103 fie aplicat \u0219i \u00een ce m\u0103sur\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>\u0218i iat\u0103 ce au f\u0103cut judec\u0103torii de la Karlsruhe. Norma de conflict este \u00eens\u0103\u0219i Legea fundamental\u0103 de la Bonn, care stabile\u0219te condi\u021biile \u00een care dreptul na\u021bional poate ceda \u00een fa\u021ba dreptului Uniunii Europene, dup\u0103 cum am ar\u0103tat.<\/p>\n<p>Trebuie reamintit, \u00eenc\u0103 o dat\u0103, faptul c\u0103 Constitu\u021bia german\u0103 este stabilit\u0103 ca regul\u0103 de coliziune, iar Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103 Federal\u0103 ca autoritate de interpretare \u0219i de punere \u00een aplicare a acestei reguli, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t primatul de aplicare proclamat (care nu este primat) este justificat \u00een termenii s\u0103i proprii.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>9.- Solu\u021bia de coordonare contrazice primatul:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>O ultim\u0103 considera\u021bie infirm\u0103, at\u00e2t din punct de vedere juridic, c\u00e2t \u0219i faptic, preten\u021bia de \u00eent\u00e2ietate a dreptului UE \u00een Germania \u0219i, \u00een consecin\u021b\u0103, \u00een \u00eentreaga Uniune.<\/p>\n<p>Dup\u0103 ce men\u021bioneaz\u0103 preceden\u021ba aplic\u0103rii, a\u0219a cum s-a explicat mai sus, judec\u0103torii constitu\u021bionali vorbesc despre<em>&#8222;coordonarea<\/em>&#8221; \u00eentre nivelurile na\u021bional \u0219i european. Dar coordonarea corespunde unor puteri similare, deoarece primatul unuia asupra celuilalt ar corespunde mai degrab\u0103 subordon\u0103rii, \u0219i nu coordon\u0103rii.<\/p>\n<p>Pe o linie la fel de conciliant\u0103, neg\u00e2nd astfel o suprema\u021bie european\u0103, Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103 din Karlsruhe adaug\u0103 c\u0103 tensiunile care apar \u00eentre organismele na\u021bionale \u0219i cele europene trebuie rezolvate<em>&#8222;sub forma unei cooper\u0103ri&#8230; prin respect \u0219i \u00een\u021belegere reciproc\u0103<\/em>&#8222;.<\/p>\n<p>Cititorul ar putea crede c\u0103 o astfel de terminologie este mai degrab\u0103 specific\u0103 politicii dec\u00e2t \u0219tiin\u021bei juridice, deoarece termeni precum coordonare, cooperare, respect sau \u00een\u021belegere nu aduc prea mult\u0103 siguran\u021b\u0103 juridic\u0103 \u00een rezolvarea cazurilor ulterioare.<\/p>\n<p>Din fericire, magistra\u021bii germani adaug\u0103 indicii relevante pentru \u00een\u021belegerea \u0219i aplicarea acestui principiu de coordonare.<\/p>\n<p>Pe de o parte, Curtea de Justi\u021bie a Uniunii Europene nu trebuie s\u0103 aplice dreptul comunitar f\u0103r\u0103 a \u021bine seama de practica judec\u0103torilor \u0219i instan\u021belor na\u021bionale. S\u0103 ne referim aici la sec\u021biunea anterioar\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 reamintim \u00eenc\u0103 o dat\u0103 c\u0103 nu exist\u0103 un primat al validit\u0103\u021bii, oric\u00e2t de mult <em>Costa\/ENEL<\/em> \u0219i-a \u00eenceput c\u00e2ntecul de primat<em>(Vorrang<\/em>) acum cincizeci de ani, \u00een forma generic\u0103 \u0219i ambigu\u0103 pe care am subliniat-o.<\/p>\n<p>Pe de alt\u0103 parte, Curtea de Justi\u021bie a Uniunii Europene are competen\u021ba de a interpreta \u0219i de a aplica tratatele Uniunii pentru a asigura uniformitatea \u0219i coeren\u021ba dreptului european, prin mandatul tratatelor men\u021bionate; dar aceast\u0103 competen\u021b\u0103 nu este exclusiv\u0103, \u00eentruc\u00e2t &#8222;<em>statele membre r\u0103m\u00e2n st\u0103p\u00e2nii tratatelor, iar Uniunea European\u0103 nu a evoluat \u00eentr-un stat federal<\/em>&#8222;.<\/p>\n<p>Aceast\u0103 afirma\u021bie, care merit\u0103 s\u0103 amintim c\u0103 provine din Germania, stabile\u0219te c\u0103, dac\u0103 statele membre r\u0103m\u00e2n st\u0103p\u00e2nii tratatelor \u0219i nu exist\u0103 un stat federal superior lor, acestea \u00ee\u0219i p\u0103streaz\u0103 \u0219i competen\u021ba de a interpreta aceste tratate.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen condi\u021bii normale, autoritatea judiciar\u0103 na\u021bional\u0103 ar trebui s\u0103 considere obligatorie o interpretare a dreptului UE de c\u0103tre Curtea de Justi\u021bie a Uniunii; cu toate acestea, atunci c\u00e2nd o astfel de interpretare este<em>&#8222;obiectiv arbitrar\u0103<\/em>&#8222;, instan\u021bele na\u021bionale trebuie s\u0103 ia m\u0103suri pentru a corecta excesul.<\/p>\n<p>Cu aceast\u0103 ocazie, Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103 Federal\u0103 a Germaniei consider\u0103 c\u0103 acesta este cazul \u0219i, \u00een consecin\u021b\u0103, procedeaz\u0103 la interpretarea dreptului european, mai ales \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te principiile de atribuire \u0219i propor\u021bionalitate, ambii piloni fundamentali ai dreptului UE.<\/p>\n<p>Constat\u00e2nd c\u0103 principiul propor\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bii nu a fost respectat, Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103 german\u0103 anuleaz\u0103 hot\u0103r\u00e2rea anterioar\u0103 a Cur\u021bii de Justi\u021bie a Uniunii Europene, consider\u00e2nd-o ca nefiind obligatorie \u0219i inaplicabil\u0103 \u00een Germania.<\/p>\n<p>Cititorul poate evalua dac\u0103 calificarea exerci\u021biului Cur\u021bii Europene de la Luxemburg drept arbitrar \u0219i dispropor\u021bionat este \u00een conformitate cu cooperarea, respectul \u0219i \u00een\u021belegerea care trebuie s\u0103 guverneze o rezolvare<em>&#8222;coordonat\u0103&#8221;<\/em> a conflictelor la ambele niveluri, na\u021bional \u0219i european.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen orice caz, concluzion\u0103m c\u0103 negarea preten\u021biei de primat juridic al UE venit\u0103 din partea Germaniei prin <em>Solange<\/em> \u00een 1974 este confirmat\u0103 acum de <em>Weiss<\/em>; profesorul Bill Davies a sintetizat-o magistral atunci c\u00e2nd a analizat activitatea jurisdic\u021bional\u0103 de la Karlsruhe:<\/p>\n<p>&#8222;<em>Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103 Federal\u0103, atunci c\u00e2nd a fost chemat\u0103 s\u0103 se pronun\u021be cu privire la primatul juridic european, a fost prins\u0103 \u00eentr-o furtun\u0103 de percep\u021bii contrare \u00een Republica Federal\u0103 Germania postbelic\u0103. Cele dou\u0103 op\u021biuni pe care le-ar putea alege Curtea &#8211; s\u0103 refuze primatul \u0219i s\u0103 protejeze instrumentele juridice na\u021bionale sau s\u0103 accepte primatul \u0219i s\u0103 submineze integritatea constitu\u021bional\u0103 na\u021bional\u0103 &#8211; erau la fel de nepl\u0103cute \u0219i favorabile dezbaterilor \u0219i controverselor. \u00cen cele din urm\u0103, Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103 Federal\u0103 a ales calea ap\u0103r\u0103rii ordinii na\u021bionale.<\/em>&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Miguel Toledano \u0219i Jorge Mart\u00ednez sunt consilieri ai Grupului Conservatorilor \u0219i Reformi\u0219tilor Europeni (ECR).<\/p>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[Prima parte a acestui articol poate fi g\u0103sit\u0103 aici ]. 5.- Suveranitatea german\u0103 prevaleaz\u0103 asupra primatului comunitar:RELATEDCine are mai mult\u0103 \u00eencredere \u00een judec\u0103tori \u0219i \u00een sistemul de justi\u021bie?Judec\u0103tori, Trump \u0219i suveranitate: Ce cred cu adev\u0103rat aleg\u0103torii ECRRe\u00eennoirea CGPJ \u00een Spania: Sf\u00e2r\u0219itul unei perioade de blocaj politic \u00cen primul dintre temeiurile juridice \u00een temeiul c\u0103rora Curtea [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":2611,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[184,263,160],"tags":[211,210],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[329,338,365],"types":[456,438],"class_list":["post-2968","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-eseuri","category-legal-ro","category-politica","tag-legal","tag-primacy","regions-central-europe-ro","regions-eastern-europe-ro","regions-western-europe-ro","types-opinion-ro","types-press-releases-ro"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>PRIMATUL DREPTULUI GERMAN ASUPRA DREPTULUI UNIUNII EUROPENE (II) - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/primatul-dreptului-german-asupra-dreptului-uniunii-europene-ii\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PRIMATUL DREPTULUI GERMAN ASUPRA DREPTULUI UNIUNII EUROPENE (II) - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[Prima parte a acestui articol poate fi g\u0103sit\u0103 aici ]. 5.- Suveranitatea german\u0103 prevaleaz\u0103 asupra primatului comunitar:RELATEDAndaluzia arat\u0103 calea de urmat pentru dreapta spaniol\u0103. 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The ECJ on 08 April 2020 ordered Poland to suspend its controversial Disciplinary Chamber of the Supreme Court 'with regard to disciplinary cases concerning judges'. The EU's top court argued the new disciplinary regime, which was adopted in Poland in 2017 to handle disciplinary cases against judges, does not guarantee independence and impartiality under EU law. 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Dar harta partidelor politice are un spa\u021biu golPrioritatea na\u021bional\u0103 dup\u0103 Overton Shift: \u00centrebarea la care dreapta european\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 r\u0103spund\u0103 acumPedro, cel Mare? \u00centre autonomie \u0219i teatru \u00cen primul dintre temeiurile [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/primatul-dreptului-german-asupra-dreptului-uniunii-europene-ii","og_site_name":"The Conservative","article_published_time":"2022-07-13T09:03:55+00:00","og_image":[{"width":920,"height":613,"url":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/w_56012132.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"theconservative","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Scris de":"theconservative","Timp estimat pentru citire":"16 minute"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/primatul-dreptului-german-asupra-dreptului-uniunii-europene-ii#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/primatul-dreptului-german-asupra-dreptului-uniunii-europene-ii"},"author":{"name":"theconservative","@id":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro#\/schema\/person\/5e21e1987b64e214571052e6c09d979a"},"headline":"PRIMATUL DREPTULUI GERMAN ASUPRA DREPTULUI UNIUNII EUROPENE (II)","datePublished":"2022-07-13T09:03:55+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/primatul-dreptului-german-asupra-dreptului-uniunii-europene-ii"},"wordCount":3209,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/primatul-dreptului-german-asupra-dreptului-uniunii-europene-ii#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/w_56012132.jpg","keywords":["Legal","Primacy"],"articleSection":["eseuri","Legal","Politic\u0103"],"inLanguage":"ro-RO","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/primatul-dreptului-german-asupra-dreptului-uniunii-europene-ii#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/primatul-dreptului-german-asupra-dreptului-uniunii-europene-ii","url":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/primatul-dreptului-german-asupra-dreptului-uniunii-europene-ii","name":"PRIMATUL DREPTULUI GERMAN ASUPRA DREPTULUI UNIUNII EUROPENE (II) - The Conservative","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/primatul-dreptului-german-asupra-dreptului-uniunii-europene-ii#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/primatul-dreptului-german-asupra-dreptului-uniunii-europene-ii#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/w_56012132.jpg","datePublished":"2022-07-13T09:03:55+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro#\/schema\/person\/5e21e1987b64e214571052e6c09d979a"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/primatul-dreptului-german-asupra-dreptului-uniunii-europene-ii#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"ro-RO","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/primatul-dreptului-german-asupra-dreptului-uniunii-europene-ii"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ro-RO","@id":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/primatul-dreptului-german-asupra-dreptului-uniunii-europene-ii#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/w_56012132.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/w_56012132.jpg","width":920,"height":613,"caption":"epa08350989 (FILE) - A view of the emblem of the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ) at the main entrance of its headquarters in Luxembourg, 19 December 2019 (reissued 08 April 2020). 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