{"id":49247,"date":"2026-01-13T10:12:05","date_gmt":"2026-01-13T10:12:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/varf-uman"},"modified":"2026-01-13T10:12:05","modified_gmt":"2026-01-13T10:12:05","slug":"varf-uman","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/varf-uman","title":{"rendered":"V\u00e2rf uman"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Istoricul suedez Johan Norberg a scris o descriere fascinant\u0103 a \u0219apte civiliza\u021bii, intitulat\u0103 <em>Peak Human: What We Can Learn from the Rise and Fall of Golden Ages<\/em>. V\u00e2rstele sale de aur sunt: Atena dup\u0103 victoria asupra per\u0219ilor la Salamina \u00een 480 \u00ee.Hr.; Republica Roman\u0103 \u0219i \u00eenceputul Imperiului; Califatul Abbasid (750-1258) \u00een ceea ce este acum Orientul Mijlociu; epoca dinastiei Song (960-1279) \u00een China; Rena\u0219terea italian\u0103; Republica Olandez\u0103; \u0219i Anglosfera de la Revolu\u021bia Industrial\u0103. <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deschis, tolerant, descentralizat<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cele \u0219apte epoci de aur ale lui Norberg au fost toate deschise \u0219i tolerante \u0219i descentralizate, fie pentru c\u0103 puterea a fost \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit\u0103 \u00eentre mai multe institu\u021bii, fie pentru c\u0103 conduc\u0103torii au ales s\u0103 se limiteze. Acest lucru a permis indivizilor s\u0103 \u00eenve\u021be at\u00e2t prin imitare, c\u00e2t \u0219i prin inovare. De asemenea, \u00eensemna c\u0103 sistemul \u00eensu\u0219i era corectabil, reinvent\u00e2ndu-se \u00een mod constant \u0219i adapt\u00e2ndu-se la noile circumstan\u021be. Relatarea lui Norberg este conving\u0103toare. La fel sunt \u0219i explica\u021biile sale pentru sf\u00e2r\u0219itul celor \u0219ase civiliza\u021bii c\u0103zute: acestea au fost \u00eenfr\u00e2nte fie de al\u021bii, fie de ele \u00eensele, fie de ambele. Atena a fost cucerit\u0103 de regii macedoneni. Imperiul Roman a dec\u0103zut \u00eencet, nu \u00een ultimul r\u00e2nd dup\u0103 ce \u00eemp\u0103ratul Diocle\u021bian a impus \u00een 301 d.Hr. un control strict al pre\u021burilor pentru a combate infla\u021bia pe care el \u00eensu\u0219i o provocase prin deprecierea monedei. Califatul Abbasid, dinastia Song \u0219i Rena\u0219terea au fost toate distruse sau afectate negativ de invaziile mongole. \u00centr-adev\u0103r, filosoful liberal (clasic) Tom G. Palmer a glumit: &#8222;Lec\u021bia istoriei este: nu te l\u0103sa invadat de mongoli&#8221;. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, Republica Olandez\u0103, amenin\u021bat\u0103 de vecinii ostili, a fost transformat\u0103 treptat \u00eentr-o monarhie mai pu\u021bin liberal\u0103.        <\/p><div class='related_content'><span>RELATED<\/span><ul><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/ue-lanseaza-un-sistem-complet-de-intrare-iesire-o-revizuire-digitala-a-controalelor-la-frontiera'>UE lanseaz\u0103 un sistem complet de intrare\/ie\u0219ire: O revizuire digital\u0103 a controalelor la frontier\u0103<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/intre-loialitate-si-interes-de-ce-europa-trebuie-sa-si-depaseasca-dependenta-de-securitate-fata-de-statele-unite'>\u00centre loialitate \u0219i interes: De ce Europa trebuie s\u0103-\u0219i dep\u0103\u0219easc\u0103 dependen\u021ba de securitate fa\u021b\u0103 de Statele Unite<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/trump-cu-privire-la-nato-corect-si-gresit'>Trump cu privire la NATO: Corect \u0219i gre\u0219it<\/li><\/a><\/ul><\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exemple interesante \u0219i fraze fericite<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Norberg ofer\u0103 multe exemple intrigante pentru a-\u0219i ilustra povestea. Un exemplu este contrastul dintre China secolului al XV-lea \u0219i Europa. \u00cen China, puterea a fost \u00eentotdeauna de\u021binut\u0103 de o singur\u0103 persoan\u0103 \u00eentr-un singur stat. \u00cemp\u0103ra\u021bii Song au fost liberali \u0219i toleran\u021bi; \u00eemp\u0103ra\u021bii Ming nu au fost. C\u00e2nd un \u00eemp\u0103rat Ming a decis \u00een 1433 s\u0103 renun\u021be la toate explor\u0103rile \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate, asta a fost tot. Dar chiar dac\u0103 Cristofor Columb a petrecut dou\u0103zeci de ani \u00een c\u0103utarea unui sponsor, fiind refuzat de regii Portugaliei, Fran\u021bei \u0219i Angliei, el a g\u0103sit \u00een cele din urm\u0103 unul \u00een Isabella \u0219i Ferdinand ai Spaniei, pe baza c\u0103ruia a descoperit America \u00een 1492. Fragmentarea puterii \u00een Europa a \u00eensemnat c\u0103 nu exista o decizie final\u0103 \u00een aceast\u0103 privin\u021b\u0103; exista \u00eentotdeauna posibilitatea de a face apel. Cartea lui Norberg este plin\u0103 de anecdote revelatoare \u0219i de citate potrivite, \u00een timp ce el \u00eensu\u0219i contribuie cu c\u00e2teva fraze fericite: Noi, oamenii, avem dou\u0103 set\u0103ri de baz\u0103: suntem comercian\u021bi \u0219i suntem tribali\u0219ti. &#8211; Istoria este mai mult dec\u00e2t o scen\u0103 a crimei. Este, de asemenea, locul \u00een care au fost dezvoltate idei care au ajutat omenirea s\u0103 identifice faptul c\u0103 ceva este o crim\u0103 \u0219i cum s\u0103 ias\u0103 din ea. &#8211; Roma nu mai era un imperiu cu o armat\u0103, ci o armat\u0103 cu un imperiu. &#8211; Ceea ce este cel mai semnificativ \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu Revolu\u021bia Industrial\u0103 este faptul c\u0103 aceasta nu a r\u0103mas f\u0103r\u0103 av\u00e2nt.           <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span lang=\"IS\">Nu exist\u0103 impozitare f\u0103r\u0103 reprezentare<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span lang=\"IS\">\u00cen timp ce relatarea lui Norberg este, \u00een general, fiabil\u0103, din punctul meu de vedere (\u0219i \u0219tiam foarte pu\u021bine despre califatul abbasid \u0219i dinastia Song), nu sunt de acord cu ideea sa c\u0103 Revolu\u021bia glorioas\u0103 din 1688 a fost \u00een principal un proiect olandez. Norberg sus\u021bine c\u0103 venerabila maxim\u0103 &#8222;No Taxation without Representation&#8221;, care i-a inspirat \u0219i pe revolu\u021bionarii americani, poate fi derivat\u0103 din dreptul roman prin intermediul filosofului juridic olandez Hugo Grotius. Este adev\u0103rat c\u0103 \u00een <i>Digestul<\/i> lui Iustinian exist\u0103 regula,    <\/span><i>Quod omnes similiter tangit, ab omnibus comprobetur, <\/i>Ceea ce \u00eei afecteaz\u0103 pe to\u021bi trebuie s\u0103 fie aprobat de to\u021bi. Dar \u00een <i>Digest<\/i>, acest principiu nu a fost prezentat ca unul general. Acesta se aplica, dup\u0103 cum noteaz\u0103 Norberg, cazului special de \u00eencetare a tutelei comune a mai multor tutori, pentru care to\u021bi trebuiau s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i dea acordul. Ulterior, aceast\u0103 regul\u0103 a fost adesea interpretat\u0103 \u00een sens mai larg, ca cer\u00e2nd prin\u021bului s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i consulte supu\u0219ii cu privire la noile legi. Dar acest lucru era destul de diferit de vechea idee germanic\u0103 de lege, dezvoltat\u0103 prin deliber\u0103rile adun\u0103rilor populare, care nu presupunea neap\u0103rat un prin\u021b. Cele dou\u0103 idei principale care au stat la baza Revolu\u021biei de la 1688 din Anglia \u0219i a Revolu\u021biei de la 1776 din America de Nord, guvernarea prin consim\u021b\u0103m\u00e2nt \u0219i dreptul la rebeliune, au fost formulate mult mai ferm \u00een tradi\u021bia juridic\u0103 germanic\u0103 dec\u00e2t \u00een dreptul roman, unde prin\u021bul era v\u0103zut ca un legiuitor, care trebuia s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i consulte supu\u0219ii, dar nu neap\u0103rat s\u0103 respecte legile acestora. \u00centr-adev\u0103r, \u00een <i>Digest<\/i>, se spune <i><span lang=\"IT\">Quod placuit principi, habet vigorem legis<\/span><\/i><span lang=\"IT\">, <\/span>Ceea ce \u00eel mul\u021bume\u0219te pe prin\u021b are for\u021ba legii. Prin urmare, a\u0219 sugera c\u0103 democra\u021bia reprezentativ\u0103 modern\u0103 poate fi urm\u0103rit\u0103 mai degrab\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la cele dou\u0103 idei germanice ale guvern\u0103rii prin consim\u021b\u0103m\u00e2nt \u0219i ale dreptului de rebeliune, dec\u00e2t p\u00e2n\u0103 la dreptul roman.       <\/p>\n<pre><\/pre>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Istoricul suedez Johan Norberg a scris o descriere fascinant\u0103 a \u0219apte civiliza\u021bii, intitulat\u0103 Peak Human: What We Can Learn from the Rise and Fall of Golden Ages. V\u00e2rstele sale de aur sunt: Atena dup\u0103 victoria asupra per\u0219ilor la Salamina \u00een 480 \u00ee.Hr.; Republica Roman\u0103 \u0219i \u00eenceputul Imperiului; Califatul Abbasid (750-1258) \u00een ceea ce este acum [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":83,"featured_media":49173,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[183],"tags":[2054,2870,1718,268,2871],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[365,406],"types":[456],"class_list":["post-49247","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultura-ro","tag-renaissance","tag-civilisation","tag-england","tag-europe","tag-netherlands","regions-western-europe-ro","regions-world-ro","types-opinion-ro"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>V\u00e2rf uman - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/varf-uman\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"V\u00e2rf uman - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Istoricul suedez Johan Norberg a scris o descriere fascinant\u0103 a \u0219apte civiliza\u021bii, intitulat\u0103 Peak Human: What We Can Learn from the Rise and Fall of Golden Ages. 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