{"id":50444,"date":"2026-02-09T11:34:57","date_gmt":"2026-02-09T11:34:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/cele-trei-modele-suedeze"},"modified":"2026-02-09T11:37:37","modified_gmt":"2026-02-09T11:37:37","slug":"cele-trei-modele-suedeze","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/cele-trei-modele-suedeze","title":{"rendered":"Cele trei modele suedeze"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At\u00e2t laureatul premiului Nobel <a href=\"https:\/\/cafehayek.com\/2010\/06\/paul-samuelson-misread-hayek.html\">Paul Samuelson<\/a>, c\u00e2t \u0219i cunoscutul economist american <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/the-social-welfare-state\/\">Jeffrey Sachs<\/a> au folosit Suedia ca exemplu de social-democra\u021bie de succes, ilustr\u00e2nd fezabilitatea \u0219i, \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, dezirabilitatea c\u0103ii de mijloc. \u00centr-o <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalekonomi.se\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/53-4-Jonung.pdf\">lucrare<\/a> recent\u0103, economistul suedez Lars Jonung ofer\u0103 o interpretare semnificativ diferit\u0103 a pove\u0219tii suedeze. El face distinc\u021bia \u00eentre trei modele suedeze: liberal \u00een perioada 1870-1950, social-democrat \u00een perioada 1950-2000 \u0219i neoliberal din 2000. \u00cen perioada liberal\u0103, Suedia a cunoscut o cre\u0219tere economic\u0103 rapid\u0103, venitul s\u0103u mediu (PIB pe cap de locuitor) cresc\u00e2nd de la 60 % din venitul mediu \u00een cincisprezece \u021b\u0103ri comparabile la 120 %. Cu toate acestea, \u00een perioada social-democrat\u0103, Suedia a \u00eenceput s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een urma acestor \u021b\u0103ri, venitul s\u0103u mediu sc\u0103z\u00e2nd la 90 % din venitul mediu al acestora. \u00cen a treia perioad\u0103, Suedia \u0219i-a revenit \u00eentr-o oarecare m\u0103sur\u0103, dar nu a ajuns \u00eenc\u0103 pe deplin la nivelul acestor \u021b\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103. Rezultatele lui Jonung sunt prezentate \u00een graficul de mai sus, unde linia \u00eentrerupt\u0103 reprezint\u0103 datele din fiecare an, \u00een timp ce linia continu\u0103 reprezint\u0103 o medie pe nou\u0103 ani.      <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cre\u0219terea economic\u0103 comparativ\u0103<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rezultatele lui Jonung nu arat\u0103 cum a performat Suedia pe cont propriu, ci, mai important, cum a performat \u00een compara\u021bie cu cele cincisprezece \u021b\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103. Acestea sunt Australia, Austria, Belgia, Canada, Danemarca, Finlanda, Fran\u021ba, Marea Britanie, Italia, Japonia, \u021a\u0103rile de Jos, Norvegia, Elve\u021bia, Germania \u0219i Statele Unite. Rezultatele sunt stabile: nu exist\u0103 nicio diferen\u021b\u0103 dac\u0103 Suedia este comparat\u0103 cu cele cinci \u021b\u0103ri mari din grup sau cu cele zece \u021b\u0103ri mai mici. Jonung utilizeaz\u0103 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rug.nl\/ggdc\/historicaldevelopment\/maddison\/releases\/?lang=en\">setul de date<\/a> privind PIB-ul pe cap de locuitor, ajustat \u00een func\u021bie de paritatea puterii de cump\u0103rare, compilat de Angus Maddison \u0219i actualizat de cercet\u0103torii de la Universitatea din Groningen. \u00cen plus, \u00een lucrarea sa, Jonung ofer\u0103 o explica\u021bie plauzibil\u0103 \u00een termeni de institu\u021bii \u0219i stimulente pentru diferen\u021bele dintre cele trei perioade.    <\/p><div class='related_content'><span>RELATED<\/span><ul><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/mass-media-noi-si-vechi'>Mass-media noi \u0219i vechi<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/deschiderea-trebuie-tratata-cu-atentie'>Deschiderea trebuie tratat\u0103 cu aten\u021bie<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/a-fost-john-stuart-mill-un-liberal'>A fost John Stuart Mill un liberal?<\/li><\/a><\/ul><\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Modelul liberal, 1870-1950<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00cencep\u00e2nd cu mijlocul secolului al XIX-lea, economia suedez\u0103 a fost mult liberalizat\u0103. Sistemul breslelor a fost eliminat, restric\u021biile privind mobilitatea \u0219i mai multe reglement\u0103ri \u00een agricultur\u0103 au fost abolite, drepturile de proprietate privat\u0103 au fost consolidate, iar tarifele au fost reduse sau eliminate. Jonung consider\u0103 c\u0103 a fost deosebit de important faptul c\u0103, \u00een 1855, institu\u021biilor financiare li s-a permis s\u0103 stabileasc\u0103 liber ratele dob\u00e2nzilor \u0219i c\u0103, la scurt timp dup\u0103 aceea, a fost \u00eenfiin\u021bat\u0103 o pia\u021b\u0103 bursier\u0103. A ap\u0103rut o pia\u021b\u0103 de capital competitiv\u0103, care a \u00eencurajat inovarea. \u00cen ciuda reintroducerii unor tarife vamale la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al XIX-lea, economia a r\u0103mas \u00een mare parte deschis\u0103. La mijlocul anilor 1930, economia suedez\u0103 a ajuns la nivelul economiilor \u021b\u0103rilor comparabile. C\u00e2nd social-democra\u021bii au venit la putere \u00een 1932, Suedia era deja una dintre cele mai prospere \u021b\u0103ri din lume.      <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Modelul social-democrat, 1950-2000<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00cen timpul celui de-al Doilea R\u0103zboi Mondial, au fost introduse controale monetare \u0219i ale chiriilor, iar social-democra\u021bii, afla\u021bi la putere f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eentrerupere din 1932 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1976, le-au men\u021binut ulterior. Ace\u0219tia au \u00eencercat, de asemenea, s\u0103 reglementeze pia\u021ba de capital, \u00eendep\u0103rt\u00e2nd investi\u021biile de la ini\u021biativele private. Unul dintre efecte a fost sc\u0103derea valorii totale a ac\u021biunilor, ca procent din PIB. Un alt efect a fost acela c\u0103 noii veni\u021bi, antreprenorii \u0219i inovatorii, au \u00eent\u00e2mpinat dificult\u0103\u021bi \u00een a concura pentru capital cu firmele deja stabilite \u0219i cu institu\u021biile publice. Din anii 1950 p\u00e2n\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anilor 1990, num\u0103rul angaja\u021bilor din sectorul public a crescut semnificativ, \u00een timp ce \u00een sectorul privat nu au fost create noi locuri de munc\u0103. Economia a stagnat.     <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Modelul neoliberal, 2000-2020<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00cencet-\u00eencet \u0219i dup\u0103 discu\u021bii aprinse, suedezii au \u00eenceput s\u0103 se retrag\u0103 din modelul social-democrat. Jonung acord\u0103 o mare importan\u021b\u0103 celor dou\u0103 tipuri de dereglementare financiar\u0103: \u00een 1985 au fost eliminate limitele de credit impuse b\u0103ncilor private, iar \u00een 1989 au fost abolite controalele valutare. Impozitele au devenit mai pu\u021bin progresive. Guvernul de coali\u021bie ne-socialist condus de Carl Bildt \u00een 1991-1993 a introdus concuren\u021ba \u00een diverse sectoare dominate anterior de institu\u021biile publice. Acesta a eliminat monopolul guvernamental al radiodifuziunii, a permis flotarea monedei \u0219i a eliminat a\u0219a-numitele fonduri pentru salaria\u021bi, care fuseser\u0103 concepute pentru a transfera controlul asupra economiei c\u0103tre sindicate. Reformele au continuat ulterior, at\u00e2t sub conducerea social-democra\u021bilor, c\u00e2t \u0219i a coali\u021biilor partidelor ne-socialiste. Povara fiscal\u0103 a fost \u00eentr-o oarecare m\u0103sur\u0103 u\u0219urat\u0103, iar \u00eentreprinderile publice au fost privatizate. De\u0219i interesele speciale p\u0103streaz\u0103 unele privilegii, reformele au dus la o cre\u0219tere economic\u0103 re\u00eennoit\u0103. Samuelson \u0219i Sachs s-au \u00een\u0219elat. Lec\u021bia care trebuie \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat\u0103 din Suedia este urm\u0103toarea: Libertatea func\u021bioneaz\u0103.         <\/p>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>At\u00e2t laureatul premiului Nobel Paul Samuelson, c\u00e2t \u0219i cunoscutul economist american Jeffrey Sachs au folosit Suedia ca exemplu de social-democra\u021bie de succes, ilustr\u00e2nd fezabilitatea \u0219i, \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, dezirabilitatea c\u0103ii de mijloc. \u00centr-o lucrare recent\u0103, economistul suedez Lars Jonung ofer\u0103 o interpretare semnificativ diferit\u0103 a pove\u0219tii suedeze. El face distinc\u021bia \u00eentre trei modele suedeze: liberal \u00een perioada [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":82,"featured_media":50304,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[183,184,160],"tags":[2932,589,275,717,554],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[346,406],"types":[456],"class_list":["post-50444","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultura-ro","category-eseuri","category-politica","tag-capital","tag-freedom","tag-growth","tag-innovation","tag-sweden","regions-northern-europe-ro","regions-world-ro","types-opinion-ro"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Cele trei modele suedeze - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/cele-trei-modele-suedeze\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cele trei modele suedeze - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"At\u00e2t laureatul premiului Nobel Paul Samuelson, c\u00e2t \u0219i cunoscutul economist american Jeffrey Sachs au folosit Suedia ca exemplu de social-democra\u021bie de succes, ilustr\u00e2nd fezabilitatea \u0219i, \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, dezirabilitatea c\u0103ii de mijloc. \u00centr-o lucrare recent\u0103, economistul suedez Lars Jonung ofer\u0103 o interpretare semnificativ diferit\u0103 a pove\u0219tii suedeze. 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