{"id":51451,"date":"2026-02-28T13:20:36","date_gmt":"2026-02-28T13:20:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/mutilarea-genitala-a-femeilor-o-analiza-a-procedurilor-judiciare-din-irlanda-si-a-initiativelor-ecr"},"modified":"2026-02-28T13:20:36","modified_gmt":"2026-02-28T13:20:36","slug":"mutilarea-genitala-a-femeilor-o-analiza-a-procedurilor-judiciare-din-irlanda-si-a-initiativelor-ecr","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/mutilarea-genitala-a-femeilor-o-analiza-a-procedurilor-judiciare-din-irlanda-si-a-initiativelor-ecr","title":{"rendered":"Mutilarea genital\u0103 a femeilor. O analiz\u0103 a procedurilor judiciare din Irlanda \u0219i a ini\u021biativelor ECR"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u00cen luna ianuarie a acestui an, un cuplu a mers \u00een instan\u021b\u0103 \u00een Irlanda pentru a ob\u021bine ca condamn\u0103rile lor anterioare pentru mutilare genital\u0103 feminin\u0103 s\u0103 fie declarate eroare judiciar\u0103. S-ar putea s\u0103 nu sune ca o poveste cu semnifica\u021bie european\u0103, dar este, deoarece modul \u00een care a fost tratat acest caz – \u0219i modul \u00een care a fost rezolvat – expune probleme care dep\u0103\u0219esc cu mult o sal\u0103 de judecat\u0103 din Dublin. <\/p>\n

Contextul este acesta. \u00cen septembrie 2016, doi p\u0103rin\u021bi originari dintr-o parte francofon\u0103 a Africii \u0219i-au dus fiica \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 de 21 de luni la un spital din Dublin pentru c\u0103 s\u00e2ngera din organele genitale. Ei au spus c\u0103 feti\u021ba a c\u0103zut pe o juc\u0103rie \u00een timp ce nu purta scutec. Medicii care au examinat-o nu au fost convin\u0219i de aceast\u0103 explica\u021bie \u0219i au suspectat c\u0103 a avut loc o MGF. <\/p>\n

\u00cen timpul procesului, care a avut loc \u00een ianuarie 2020, ridic\u00e2nd \u00eentreb\u0103ri cu privire la dreptul la un proces rapid, martorii exper\u021bi au descris v\u0103t\u0103marea ca fiind \u00een concordan\u021b\u0103 cu ceea ce se nume\u0219te \u00een mod oficial FGM de tip 1 – \u00eendep\u0103rtarea capului clitorisului \u0219i a glandului – \u0219i au spus c\u0103 nu se potrive\u0219te cu povestea pe care p\u0103rin\u021bii au dat-o. Juriul a condamnat p\u0103rin\u021bii pentru ambele capete de acuzare. Tat\u0103l a primit o pedeaps\u0103 de cinci ani \u0219i jum\u0103tate pentru MGF \u0219i trei ani pentru cruzime fa\u021b\u0103 de copil, iar mama a primit o pedeaps\u0103 de patru ani \u0219i nou\u0103 luni pentru MGF \u0219i doi ani \u0219i nou\u0103 luni pentru cruzime. <\/p>\n

Pentru un scurt moment de str\u0103lucire, a p\u0103rut c\u0103 Irlanda a ob\u021binut \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it, dup\u0103 mul\u021bi ani \u00een care activi\u0219tii au cerut s\u0103 se fac\u0103 mai mult, prima sa condamnare pentru MGF \u00een temeiul Legii din 2012 privind justi\u021bia penal\u0103 (mutilarea genital\u0103 a femeilor), o lege care prevede pedepse de p\u00e2n\u0103 la 14 ani.<\/p>\n

\u0218i apoi, la fel ca visul unei tinere de la \u021bar\u0103 de a deveni \u00eentr-o zi actri\u021b\u0103, totul a \u00eenceput s\u0103 se destrame rapid.<\/p>\n

\u00cen noiembrie 2021, Curtea de Apel a anulat condamn\u0103rile dup\u0103 ce a constatat c\u0103 problemele substan\u021biale legate de modul \u00een care au fost traduse m\u0103rturiile au f\u0103cut ca procesul ini\u021bial s\u0103 fie incorect.<\/p>\n

Numai acest lucru ar trebui s\u0103 dea de g\u00e2ndit. Dac\u0103 serviciile de traducere \u00eentr-o sal\u0103 de judecat\u0103 irlandez\u0103 au fost at\u00e2t de slabe \u00eenc\u00e2t o condamnare pentru o infrac\u021biune grav\u0103 nu a putut fi men\u021binut\u0103, trebuie s\u0103 ne \u00eentreb\u0103m c\u00e2t de des se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 acest lucru \u00een cazuri care nu atrag acest nivel de aten\u021bie. <\/p>\n

Un nou proces \u00een 2023 s-a \u00eencheiat cu un juriu nehot\u0103r\u00e2t. \u00cen 2024, DPP a introdus un nolle prosequi, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 efectiv c\u0103 statul a renun\u021bat la caz deoarece nu existau suficiente dovezi pentru a ob\u021bine o condamnare. Din punct de vedere juridic, acest lucru nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 cuplul era nevinovat, dar este destul de departe de stadiul \u00een care se aflau lucrurile \u00een 2020. <\/p>\n

Cuplul a solicitat un certificat de eroare judiciar\u0103, care a progresat prin 2025 \u0219i \u00een acest an, pe baza unor dovezi noi \u0219i semnificative.<\/p>\n

Profesorul Birgitta Ess\u00e9n, o specialist\u0103 cu peste 25 de ani de experien\u021b\u0103 \u00een domeniul MGF, a examinat fizic copilul \u00een 2023. Ess\u00e9n a g\u0103sit organe genitale intacte. Un clitoris vizibil sub prepu\u021b, nicio cicatrice, niciun semn de t\u0103iere. Ea a clasificat anatomia ca fiind normal\u0103 \u0219i a spus c\u0103 era incompatibil\u0103 cu MGF de tip 1 sau 2, ambele l\u0103s\u00e2nd cicatrici permanente. \u021aesutul era moale \u0219i flexibil, ceea ce nu te-ai a\u0219tepta s\u0103 g\u0103se\u0219ti \u00eentr-o zon\u0103 care a fost mutilat\u0103. <\/p>\n

Nici aceasta nu a fost o opinie izolat\u0103. Profesorul Cecilia Berger, care a fost expertul acuz\u0103rii, a concluzionat, de asemenea, c\u0103 constat\u0103rile sale nu sus\u021bin MGF. \u0218i o examinare video din 2019 a copilului, care nu a fost dezv\u0103luit\u0103 \u00een timpul procesului ini\u021bial, a sus\u021binut aceea\u0219i concluzie. Punctul de vedere al lui Ess\u00e9n a fost c\u0103 rana ini\u021bial\u0103 ar fi putut fi trauma accidental\u0103 pe care p\u0103rin\u021bii au descris-o tot timpul. <\/p>\n

A\u0219adar, avem acum un cuplu condamnat pentru mutilarea copilului lor, \u00eencarcerat, separat de familia sa, pe baza unei m\u0103rturii medicale pe care exper\u021bi ulteriori, inclusiv unul dintre cei ai acuz\u0103rii, au contrazis-o. \u0218i o prob\u0103 video care nu a fost prezentat\u0103 juriului. <\/p>\n

Aproximativ 200 de milioane de femei \u0219i fete au fost afectate de MGF \u00een \u00eentreaga lume, iar aproximativ o jum\u0103tate de milion numai \u00een UE fie au trecut prin aceasta, fie sunt considerate \u00een pericol. \u00cen Irlanda, cifrele furnizate de AkiDwA \u00een 2017 estimeaz\u0103 num\u0103rul acestora la 5 790. Belgia, conform datelor care au ap\u0103rut \u00een cadrul unei audieri a Parlamentului European \u00een 2019, avea 4 000 de fete expuse riscului. FGM are loc \u00een statele membre ale UE la copiii care cresc \u00een ora\u0219ele europene. <\/p>\n

Nu exist\u0103 nicio lege a UE care s\u0103 se ocupe \u00een mod specific de MGF, iar protec\u021biile care exist\u0103 \u00een legisla\u021bia mai larg\u0103 sunt cel pu\u021bin inegale. Optsprezece state membre au legi specifice privind MGF. Nou\u0103 nu au nicio dispozi\u021bie penal\u0103 specific\u0103 \u00een acest sens. Cerin\u021bele de raportare pentru medici \u0219i asistente variaz\u0103 foarte mult, iar serviciile specializate de sprijin pentru victime sunt fragmentate sau inexistente, \u00een func\u021bie de locul \u00een care v\u0103 afla\u021bi. <\/p>\n

Grupul ECR a fost mai vocal \u00een aceast\u0103 privin\u021b\u0103 dec\u00e2t majoritatea, o mare parte din aten\u021bie fiind atras\u0103 asupra acestei probleme de Assita Kanko, membr\u0103 a ECR. Kanko, europarlamentar din Burkinab\u00e9, a suferit ea \u00eens\u0103\u0219i MGF la v\u00e2rsta de cinci ani. Kanko a co-negociat noua directiv\u0103 a UE privind MGF \u0219i a fost un actor-cheie \u00een promovarea, \u00een mod consecvent, a unor norme care s\u0103 se aplice \u00een mod uniform \u00een toate statele membre. <\/p>\n

Ea a ob\u021binut adoptarea unei rezolu\u021bii \u00een Parlamentul European, sus\u021binut\u0103 de \u0219ase grupuri politice, prin care se solicit\u0103 efectuarea de activit\u0103\u021bi practice \u00een acest sens: formarea persoanelor care lucreaz\u0103 cu comunit\u0103\u021bile cu risc, schimbul de informa\u021bii peste grani\u021be, utilizarea canalelor diplomatice pentru a promova toleran\u021ba zero. Rezolu\u021bia a f\u0103cut, de asemenea, o remarc\u0103 care nu ar trebui f\u0103cut\u0103, dar se pare c\u0103 trebuie – MGF nu este limitat\u0103 la o singur\u0103 parte a lumii. Ea este prezent\u0103 \u00een Europa \u0219i se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 sau, mai exact, se face copiilor europeni. <\/p>\n

\u00cen 2019, deputatul european Anneleen Van Bossuyt a organizat o audiere cu ocazia Zilei interna\u021bionale a toleran\u021bei zero pentru MGF. Grupul a solicitat, de asemenea, ca banii UE s\u0103 fie direc\u021biona\u021bi c\u0103tre cercetarea privind reversul chirurgical \u0219i ca \u00eentreaga problem\u0103 s\u0103 fie ridicat\u0103 la rang de prioritate politic\u0103 de baz\u0103, \u00een loc s\u0103 fie tratat\u0103 ca ceva care apar\u021bine ajutorului pentru dezvoltare \u0219i nic\u0103ieri altundeva. <\/p>\n

Toate acestea sunt destul de corecte. Dar cazul irlandez se afl\u0103 \u00eentr-o situa\u021bie ciudat\u0103 al\u0103turi de toate aceste pledoarii, deoarece ridic\u0103 o \u00eentrebare cu privire la cel\u0103lalt cap\u0103t al procesului. <\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 Europa va urm\u0103ri \u00een mod eficient MGF, \u0219i ar trebui s\u0103 fac\u0103 acest lucru cu pl\u0103cere, atunci standardele probatorii trebuie s\u0103 fie solide. Cazul irlandez este un exemplu edificator a ceea ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd acestea nu sunt. Evalu\u0103rile medicale au condus la o condamnare, \u00een ciuda faptului c\u0103 evalu\u0103rile ulterioare ale exper\u021bilor, inclusiv ale propriului specialist al acuz\u0103rii, au contrazis aceste evalu\u0103ri. Probele video care ar fi trebuit s\u0103 fie prezentate juriului nu au fost prezentate. E\u0219ecurile de traducere au compromis corectitudinea procesului \u00een sine. <\/p>\n

E\u0219ecurile \u00een asigurarea unor procese echitabile pun \u00een pericol capacitatea noastr\u0103 de a solu\u021biona aceste probleme prin intermediul instan\u021bei.<\/p>\n

Mai simplu spus, instan\u021bele europene trebuie s\u0103 se ocupe acum de o practic\u0103 extrem de sensibil\u0103 din punct de vedere cultural, pe care anumite persoane vor \u00eencerca s\u0103 o apere \u0219i\/sau s\u0103 o normalizeze \u0219i care se \u00eent\u00e2lne\u0219te aproape \u00een \u00eentregime \u00een r\u00e2ndul migran\u021bilor din anumite motive – deschiz\u00e2nd posibilitatea unei rezisten\u021be politice sau culturale la o supraveghere juridic\u0103 mai strict\u0103 pe motive de discriminare rasial\u0103. Sistemele trebuie s\u0103 fie eficiente, riguroase \u0219i echitabile pentru a se asigura c\u0103 urm\u0103ririle penale de succes sunt acoperite \u00een toate sensurile. <\/p>\n

Ob\u021binerea de condamn\u0103ri este important\u0103. S\u0103 le ob\u021binem corect este de o importan\u021b\u0103 crucial\u0103. Iar pentru ca activitatea ECR de armonizare a protec\u021biei \u00een UE s\u0103 \u00eensemne ceva \u00een practic\u0103, aceasta trebuie s\u0103 includ\u0103 standarde probatorii coerente \u0219i o \u00eencredere real\u0103 \u00een expertiza recunoscut\u0103 la nivel interna\u021bional, nu doar legi mai dure pe h\u00e2rtie. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cen luna ianuarie a acestui an, un cuplu a mers \u00een instan\u021b\u0103 \u00een Irlanda pentru a ob\u021bine ca condamn\u0103rile lor anterioare pentru mutilare genital\u0103 feminin\u0103 s\u0103 fie declarate eroare judiciar\u0103. S-ar putea s\u0103 nu sune ca o poveste cu semnifica\u021bie european\u0103, dar este, deoarece modul \u00een care a fost tratat acest caz – \u0219i modul […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":68,"featured_media":49831,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[200],"tags":[],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[406],"types":[456],"class_list":["post-51451","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sanatate","regions-world-ro","types-opinion-ro"],"yoast_head":"\nMutilarea genital\u0103 a femeilor. 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