{"id":65493,"date":"2026-09-15T15:17:53","date_gmt":"2026-09-15T15:17:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ce-este-o-natiune"},"modified":"2026-09-30T16:18:20","modified_gmt":"2026-09-30T16:18:20","slug":"ce-este-o-natiune","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/ce-este-o-natiune","title":{"rendered":"Ce este o na\u021biune?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Un cititor al rubricii mele din  <em>Conservatorul<\/em>  mi-a pus o \u00eentrebare. Eu  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/in-ce-sens-nu-sunt-un-hayekian\">\u0219i-a amintit<\/a>  c\u0103 norvegienii s-au separat de Suedia \u00een 1905 pentru c\u0103 nu erau suedezi, iar finlandezii de Rusia \u00een 1917 pentru c\u0103 nu erau ru\u0219i. Am remarcat c\u0103 aceste na\u021biuni, precum \u0219i altele, \u00ee\u0219i afirmau identitatea f\u0103r\u0103 a manifesta ostilitate fa\u021b\u0103 de alte na\u021biuni. \u00centrebarea cititorului meu a fost: \u201eCine sunt \u00abaceste na\u021biuni\u00bb? 100% dintre oamenii care tr\u0103iesc acolo? 50%+1? 75%?\u201d Aceasta este o \u00eentrebare intrigant\u0103: Ce define\u0219te o na\u021biune? Ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 cu o minoritate na\u021bional\u0103? Cum r\u0103m\u00e2ne cu elementul coercitiv al na\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bii? \u00centr-adev\u0103r, lordul Acton a observat c\u0103 o societate ar trebui judecat\u0103 dup\u0103 modul \u00een care \u00ee\u0219i trateaz\u0103 minorit\u0103\u021bile.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pe o cale gre\u0219it\u0103: exterminare \u0219i deportare<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uneori, faptul de a face parte dintr-o minoritate a \u00eensemnat exterminare: coloni\u0219tii europeni din America de Nord \u0219i de Sud au ucis popula\u021biile indigene; ru\u0219ii i-au ucis pe circasieni; turcii i-au ucis pe armeni (precum \u0219i pe greci \u0219i kurzi); nazi\u0219tii i-au ucis pe evrei; Khmerii Ro\u0219ii i-au ucis pe \u201eOamenii Noi\u201d. Adesea, aceasta a \u00eensemnat deportare: captivitatea babilonian\u0103 a evreilor \u00een 597 \u00ee.Hr.; expulzarea evreilor din Spania \u00een secolul al XV-lea; expulzarea a 1,5 milioane de cre\u0219tini ortodoc\u0219i (greci) din Turcia \u0219i a 500.000 de musulmani (turci) din Grecia \u00een 1923; mai multe deport\u0103ri \u00een mas\u0103 ale na\u021biunilor mici din Uniunea Sovietic\u0103; expulzarea a 800.000 de evrei din \u021b\u0103rile arabe \u00een 1948 \u0219i dup\u0103 aceea, precum \u0219i fuga a 700.000 de arabi din Israel; exodul a aproape un milion de \u201ePieds-Noir\u201d din Algeria c\u0103tre Fran\u021ba \u00een 1962. Nici expulzarea a dou\u0103sprezece milioane de vorbitori de limb\u0103 german\u0103 din Polonia, Cehoslovacia \u0219i alte \u021b\u0103ri europene dup\u0103 1945 nu ar trebui uitat\u0103. Voltaire nu s-a \u00een\u0219elat prea mult c\u00e2nd a descris istoria lumii ca fiind \u201eo colec\u021bie de crime, nebunii \u0219i nenorociri\u201d.<\/p><div class='related_content'><span>RELATED<\/span><ul><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/andrzej-poczobut-primeste-premiul-pemc'>Andrzej Poczobut prime\u0219te Premiul PEMC<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/in-ce-sens-nu-sunt-un-hayekian'>\u00cen ce sens nu sunt un hayekian<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/de-ce-islanda-a-respins-aderarea-la-ue'>De ce Islanda a respins aderarea la UE<\/li><\/a><\/ul><\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Na\u021biuni prin alegere<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aceste crime oribile nu pot fi \u00eens\u0103 atribuite exclusiv na\u021bionalismului: multe dintre ele au avut loc \u00eenainte ca statul-na\u021biune s\u0103 devin\u0103 un obiectiv politic real. Mai mult, istoricul francez Ernest Renan \u0219i poetul danez N.F.S. Grundtvig au formulat o teorie liberal\u0103 a na\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bii. Renan <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110827065548\/http:\/\/www.cooper.edu\/humanities\/core\/hss3\/e_renan.html\">sus\u021binea<\/a> c\u0103 o na\u021biune este un grup constituit nu neap\u0103rat printr-o limb\u0103 comun\u0103 sau o istorie \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219it\u0103, ci prin voin\u021ba grupului de a fi o na\u021biune. \u00cen celebra sa fraz\u0103, el a numit na\u021biunea un \u201eplebiscit zilnic\u201d. Acest lucru implica dreptul la secesiune: dac\u0103 un grup se identifica ca na\u021biune \u0219i dorea s\u0103-\u0219i formeze propriul stat, ar fi trebuit s\u0103 poat\u0103 face acest lucru. Asta au f\u0103cut norvegienii \u00een 1905, finlandezii \u00een 1917 \u0219i mai multe na\u021biuni din Europa \u00een 1918. Uneori acest lucru a fost just, de exemplu, \u00een cazul statelor baltice \u0219i al Poloniei. Dar alteori nu a fost a\u0219a; de exemplu, c\u00e2nd cehii \u0219i-au impus statul asupra vecinilor lor germani \u0219i slovaci, sau c\u00e2nd s\u00e2rbii au anexat vechile teritorii habsburgice ale Croa\u021biei, Bosniei-Her\u021begovinei \u0219i Sloveniei. <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Modific\u0103ri ale frontierelor prin referendumuri<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Grundtvig, la fel ca Renan,  <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.at\/books?id=B_cxEQAAQBAJ\">organizat<\/a>  c\u0103 o na\u021biune se define\u0219te prin voin\u021ba sa de a fi o na\u021biune. \u00cen disputa dintre Danemarca \u0219i Confedera\u021bia German\u0103 privind Schleswig, cu nordul s\u0103u vorbitor de danez\u0103 \u0219i sudul vorbitor de german\u0103, el a propus organizarea de plebiscite \u00een regiunile disputate: oamenii ar trebui s\u0103 aleag\u0103 \u00eentre Danemarca \u0219i Germania. Acest lucru s-a pus \u00een practic\u0103 \u00een 1920. De altfel, aceasta pare a fi singura solu\u021bie pa\u0219nic\u0103 posibil\u0103 pentru r\u0103zboiul din Ucraina. Dar dac\u0103 plebiscitele din regiunile de frontier\u0103 las\u0103 minorit\u0103\u021bile \u00een enclave, drepturile acestora trebuie garantate, de exemplu, ale vorbitorilor de suedez\u0103 din Insulele \u00c5land finlandeze \u0219i ale vorbitorilor de german\u0103 din Tirolul de Sud italian.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Comer\u021bul liber, concuren\u021ba fiscal\u0103 \u0219i alegerea \u00eentre utopii<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A\u0219adar, r\u0103spunsul meu la \u00eentrebarea cititorului meu ar fi, \u00een parte: dreptul la secesiune; modificarea grani\u021belor prin plebiscite; garantarea drepturilor minorit\u0103\u021bilor. A\u0219 ad\u0103uga \u00eens\u0103 trei considerente care ar reduce, de asemenea, elementul coercitiv al na\u021biunii. \u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, comer\u021bul liber interna\u021bional a permis statelor mici s\u0103 se bucure de beneficiile diviziunii interna\u021bionale a muncii, sporindu-le viabilitatea. \u00cen al doilea r\u00e2nd, concuren\u021ba fiscal\u0103 dintre state (sau regiuni) va limita maltratarea minorit\u0103\u021bilor. \u00cen al treilea r\u00e2nd, a\u0219a cum sus\u021bine Robert Nozick  <a href=\"https:\/\/ia600106.us.archive.org\/12\/items\/robert-nozick-anarchy-state-and-utopia\/Robert%20Nozick%20-%20Anarchy%20State%20and%20Utopia.pdf\">a sus\u021binut<\/a>, cu c\u00e2t statul este mai pu\u021bin intruziv, cu at\u00e2t poate servi mai bine drept cadru pentru diverse utopii, comunit\u0103\u021bi formate din proprie voin\u021b\u0103: comuni\u0219tii ar putea \u00eenfiin\u021ba comunit\u0103\u021bi f\u0103r\u0103 proprietate privat\u0103; unele comunit\u0103\u021bi ar putea fi mai permisive, altele mai tradi\u021bionale. Singura condi\u021bie ar fi dreptul de intrare \u0219i de ie\u0219ire. Na\u021biunea ar trebui s\u0103 fie un c\u0103min, nici o \u00eenchisoare, nici o fort\u0103rea\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Un cititor al rubricii mele din Conservatorul mi-a pus o \u00eentrebare. Eu \u0219i-a amintit c\u0103 norvegienii s-au separat de Suedia \u00een 1905 pentru c\u0103 nu erau suedezi, iar finlandezii de Rusia \u00een 1917 pentru c\u0103 nu erau ru\u0219i. Am remarcat c\u0103 aceste na\u021biuni, precum \u0219i altele, \u00ee\u0219i afirmau identitatea f\u0103r\u0103 a manifesta ostilitate fa\u021b\u0103 de [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":83,"featured_media":60974,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2062],"tags":[1207,589,3520,2778,1028],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[365],"types":[456],"class_list":["post-65493","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lumea","tag-deportation","tag-freedom","tag-genocide","tag-nation-state","tag-nationalism","regions-western-europe-ro","types-opinion-ro"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ce este o na\u021biune? - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/ro\/ce-este-o-natiune\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ce este o na\u021biune? - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Un cititor al rubricii mele din Conservatorul mi-a pus o \u00eentrebare. Eu \u0219i-a amintit c\u0103 norvegienii s-au separat de Suedia \u00een 1905 pentru c\u0103 nu erau suedezi, iar finlandezii de Rusia \u00een 1917 pentru c\u0103 nu erau ru\u0219i. 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