{"id":65563,"date":"2026-09-15T15:17:53","date_gmt":"2026-09-15T15:17:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/vad-ar-en-nation"},"modified":"2026-09-30T16:34:50","modified_gmt":"2026-09-30T16:34:50","slug":"vad-ar-en-nation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/sv\/vad-ar-en-nation","title":{"rendered":"Vad \u00e4r en nation?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En l\u00e4sare av min kr\u00f6nika i  <em>De konservativa<\/em>  st\u00e4llde en fr\u00e5ga till mig. Jag  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/where-i-am-not-a-hayekian-2\">hade p\u00e5mint om<\/a>  att norrm\u00e4nnen l\u00f6sgjorde sig fr\u00e5n Sverige 1905 eftersom de inte var svenskar, och finl\u00e4ndarna fr\u00e5n Ryssland 1917 eftersom de inte var ryssar. Jag p\u00e5pekade att dessa och andra nationer h\u00e4vdade sin identitet utan att vara fientliga mot andra nationer. Min l\u00e4sares fr\u00e5ga l\u00f6d: \u201dVilka \u00e4r \u2019dessa nationer\u2019? 100 procent av de m\u00e4nniskor som bor d\u00e4r? 50 procent plus en? 75 procent?\u201d Det \u00e4r en sp\u00e4nnande fr\u00e5ga: Vad utg\u00f6r en nation? Vad h\u00e4nder med en nationell minoritet? Hur \u00e4r det med det tv\u00e5ngsm\u00e4ssiga inslaget i nationstillh\u00f6righeten? Lord Acton konstaterade faktiskt att ett samh\u00e4lle b\u00f6r bed\u00f6mas utifr\u00e5n hur det behandlar sina minoriteter.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fel v\u00e4g: Utrotning och deportation<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ibland har det att tillh\u00f6ra en minoritet inneburit utrotning: europeiska bos\u00e4ttare i b\u00e5de Nord- och Sydamerika utrotade ursprungsbefolkningarna; ryssarna utrotade tjerkesserna; turkarna utrotade armenierna (samt grekerna och kurderna); nazisterna utrotade judarna; R\u00f6da Khmererna utrotade det \u201dnya folket\u201d. Ofta har det inneburit deportation: judarnas babyloniska f\u00e5ngenskap \u00e5r 597 f.Kr.; utvisningen av judar fr\u00e5n Spanien p\u00e5 1400-talet; utvisningen av 1,5 miljoner ortodoxa kristna (greker) fr\u00e5n Turkiet och av 500 000 muslimer (turkar) fr\u00e5n Grekland \u00e5r 1923; flera massdeportationer av sm\u00e5 nationer i Sovjetunionen; f\u00f6rdrivningen av 800 000 judar fr\u00e5n arabiska l\u00e4nder under och efter 1948, samt flykten av 700 000 araber fr\u00e5n Israel; utvandringen av n\u00e4stan en miljon \u201dPieds-Noir\u201d fr\u00e5n Alger till Frankrike 1962. Man b\u00f6r inte heller gl\u00f6mma f\u00f6rdrivningen av tolv miljoner tysktalande fr\u00e5n Polen, Tjeckoslovakien och andra europeiska l\u00e4nder efter 1945. Voltaire hade inte helt fel n\u00e4r han beskrev v\u00e4rldshistorien som \u201den samling brott, d\u00e5rskaper och olyckor\u201d.<\/p><div class='related_content'><span>RELATED<\/span><ul><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/sv\/andrzej-poczobut-tilldelas-pemc-priset'>Andrzej Poczobut tilldelas PEMC-priset<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/sv\/dar-jag-inte-ar-hayekian'>D\u00e4r jag inte \u00e4r hayekian<\/li><\/a><li><a href='https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/sv\/varfor-island-avvisade-ett-eu-medlemskap'>Varf\u00f6r Island avvisade ett EU-medlemskap<\/li><\/a><\/ul><\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nationer efter eget val<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dessa fruktansv\u00e4rda brott kan dock inte enbart tillskrivas nationalismen: m\u00e5nga av dem begicks innan nationalstaten blev ett konkret politiskt m\u00e5l. Dessutom formulerade den franske historikern Ernest Renan och den danske poeten N.F.S. Grundtvig en liberal teori om nationalitet. Renan <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110827065548\/http:\/\/www.cooper.edu\/humanities\/core\/hss3\/e_renan.html\">h\u00e4vdade<\/a> att en nation var en grupp som inte n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndigtvis utgjordes av ett gemensamt spr\u00e5k eller en gemensam historia, utan av gruppens vilja att vara en nation. I sitt minnesv\u00e4rda uttryck kallade han en nation f\u00f6r en daglig folkomr\u00f6stning. Detta innebar r\u00e4tten till sj\u00e4lvbest\u00e4mmande: om en grupp identifierade sig som en nation och ville bilda en egen stat, borde den kunna g\u00f6ra det. Detta var vad norrm\u00e4nnen gjorde 1905, finl\u00e4ndarna 1917 och flera nationer i Europa 1918. Ibland var detta r\u00e4ttvist, till exempel i fallet med de baltiska staterna och Polen. Men ibland var det inte det; till exempel n\u00e4r tjeckerna p\u00e5tvingade sina tyska och slovakiska grannar sin stat, eller n\u00e4r serberna annekterade de gamla habsburgska omr\u00e5dena Kroatien, Bosnien-Hercegovina och Slovenien. <\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gr\u00e4ns\u00e4ndringar genom folkomr\u00f6stningar<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Grundtvig, precis som Renan,  <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.at\/books?id=B_cxEQAAQBAJ\">h\u00f6lls<\/a>  att en nation definieras av sin vilja att vara en nation. I tvisten mellan Danmark och Tyska f\u00f6rbundet om Schleswig, med dess dansktalande norra del och tysktalande s\u00f6dra del, f\u00f6reslog han folkomr\u00f6stningar i de omtvistade regionerna: befolkningen skulle v\u00e4lja mellan Danmark och Tyskland. Detta genomf\u00f6rdes \u00e5r 1920. F\u00f6r \u00f6vrigt verkar detta vara den enda m\u00f6jliga fredliga l\u00f6sningen p\u00e5 kriget i Ukraina. Men om folkomr\u00f6stningar i gr\u00e4nsregioner leder till att minoriteter hamnar i enklaver m\u00e5ste deras r\u00e4ttigheter garanteras, till exempel de svensktalande p\u00e5 de finska \u00c5land\u00f6arna och de tysktalande i det italienska Sydtyrolen.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Frihandel, skattekonkurrens och ett val mellan utopier<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mitt svar p\u00e5 l\u00e4sarens fr\u00e5ga skulle allts\u00e5 delvis vara: r\u00e4tten till uttr\u00e4de; gr\u00e4ns\u00e4ndringar genom folkomr\u00f6stningar; garantier f\u00f6r minoriteters r\u00e4ttigheter. Men jag skulle vilja l\u00e4gga till tre \u00f6verv\u00e4ganden som ocks\u00e5 skulle minska det tv\u00e5ngsm\u00e4ssiga inslaget i nationstillh\u00f6righeten. F\u00f6r det f\u00f6rsta har internationell frihandel gjort det m\u00f6jligt f\u00f6r sm\u00e5 stater att dra nytta av den internationella arbetsf\u00f6rdelningen, vilket har gjort dem mer livskraftiga. F\u00f6r det andra kommer skattekonkurrens mellan stater (eller regioner) att motverka misshandel av minoriteter. F\u00f6r det tredje, som Robert Nozick  <a href=\"https:\/\/ia600106.us.archive.org\/12\/items\/robert-nozick-anarchy-state-and-utopia\/Robert%20Nozick%20-%20Anarchy%20State%20and%20Utopia.pdf\">h\u00e4vdade<\/a>, ju mindre ingripande staten \u00e4r, desto b\u00e4ttre kan den fungera som ram f\u00f6r olika utopier, gemenskaper som man sj\u00e4lv v\u00e4ljer att ing\u00e5 i: kommunister skulle kunna bilda gemenskaper utan privat egendom; vissa gemenskaper skulle kunna vara liberala, andra mer traditionella. Den enda best\u00e4mmelsen skulle vara r\u00e4tten att komma in och l\u00e4mna gemenskapen. Nationerna b\u00f6r vara ett hem, varken ett f\u00e4ngelse eller en f\u00e4stning.<\/p>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>En l\u00e4sare av min kr\u00f6nika i De konservativa st\u00e4llde en fr\u00e5ga till mig. Jag hade p\u00e5mint om att norrm\u00e4nnen l\u00f6sgjorde sig fr\u00e5n Sverige 1905 eftersom de inte var svenskar, och finl\u00e4ndarna fr\u00e5n Ryssland 1917 eftersom de inte var ryssar. Jag p\u00e5pekade att dessa och andra nationer h\u00e4vdade sin identitet utan att vara fientliga mot andra [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":83,"featured_media":60976,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2058],"tags":[1207,589,3520,2778,1028],"editorial-positions":[],"regions":[359],"types":[453],"class_list":["post-65563","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-varlden","tag-deportation","tag-freedom","tag-genocide","tag-nation-state","tag-nationalism","regions-western-europe-sv","types-opinion-sv"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Vad \u00e4r en nation? - The Conservative<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theconservative.online\/sv\/vad-ar-en-nation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sv_SE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Vad \u00e4r en nation? - The Conservative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"En l\u00e4sare av min kr\u00f6nika i De konservativa st\u00e4llde en fr\u00e5ga till mig. Jag hade p\u00e5mint om att norrm\u00e4nnen l\u00f6sgjorde sig fr\u00e5n Sverige 1905 eftersom de inte var svenskar, och finl\u00e4ndarna fr\u00e5n Ryssland 1917 eftersom de inte var ryssar. 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D. Phil. Politics Oxford 1985. Professor of Politics 1988\u20132023. Professor Emeritus since 2023. Member of the Board of Directors Mont Pelerin Society 1998\u20132004. Member of the Board of Overseers Central Bank of Iceland 2001\u20132009. 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